Efficient remediation of different concentrations of Cr-contaminated soils by nano zero-valent iron modified with carboxymethyl cellulose and biochar.

Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is widely used in soil remediation due to its high reactivity. However, the easy agglomeration, poor antioxidant ability and passivation layer of Fe-Cr coprecipitates of nZVI have limited its application scale in Cr-contaminated soil remediation, especially in high concentration of Cr-contaminated soil. Herein, we found that the carboxymethyl cellulose on nZVI particles could increase the zeta potential value of soil and change the phase of nZVI. Along with the presence of biochar, 97.0% and 96.6% Cr immobilization efficiency through CMC-nZVI/BC were respectively achieved in high and low concentrations of Cr-contaminated soils after 90-days remediation. In addition, the immobilization efficiency of Cr(VI) only decreased by 5.1% through CMC-nZVI/BC treatment after 10 weeks aging in air, attributing to the strong antioxidation ability. As for the surrounding Cr-contaminated groundwater, the Cr(VI) removal capacity of CMC-nZVI/BC was evaluated under different reaction conditions through column experiments and COMSOL Multiphysics. CMC-nZVI/BC could efficiently remove 85% of Cr(VI) in about 400 hr when the initial Cr(VI) concentration was 40 mg/L and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. This study demonstrates that uniformly dispersed CMC-nZVI/BC has an excellent remediation effect on different concentrations of Cr-contaminated soils.

Ultrastrong Nanopapers with Aramid Nanofibers and Silver Nanowires Reinforced by Cellulose Nanofibril-Assisted Dispersed Graphene Nanoplates for Superior Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

High-strength, lightweight, ultrathin, and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with a high shielding effectiveness (SE) are essential for modern integrated electronics. Herein, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are employed to homogeneously disperse graphene nanoplates (GNPs) into an aramid nanofiber (ANF) network and silver nanowire (AgNW) network, respectively, producing high-performance nanopapers. These nanopapers, featuring nacre-mimetic microstructures and layered architectures, exhibited high tensile strength (601.11 MPa) and good toughness (103.56 MJ m-3) with a thickness of only 24.58 µm. Their specific tensile strength reaches 447.59 MPa·g-1·cm3, which is 1.74 times that of titanium alloys (257 MPa·g-1·cm3). The AgNW/GNP composite conductive layers exhibit an electrical conductivity of 12010.00 S cm-1, providing the nanopapers with great EMI shielding performance, achieving an EMI SE of 63.87 dB and an EMI SE/t of 25978.80 dB cm-1. The nanopapers also show reliable durability, retaining a tensile strength of 500.96 MPa and an EMI SE of 57.59 dB after 120,000 folding cycles. Additionally, they have a good electrical heating performance with a fast response time, low driving voltage, effective deicing capability, and reliable heating capacity in water. This work presents a strategy to develop a high-performance nanopaper, showing great potential for applications in electromagnetic compatibility, national defense, smart electronics, and human health.

Development of a cationic bacterial cellulose film loaded with anionic liposomes for prolonged release of oxacillin in wound dressing applications.

Dressings should protect wounds, promote healing, absorb fluids, and maintain moisture. Bacterial cellulose is a biopolymer that stands out in biomaterials due to its high biocompatibility in several applications. In the area of dressings, it is already marketed as an alternative to traditional dressings. However, it lacks any intrinsic activity; among these, the need for antimicrobial activity in infected wounds stands out. We developed a cationic cellulose film by modifying cellulose with 1-(5-carboxypentyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide, enhancing its wettability (contact angle: 26.6°) and water retention capacity (2714.37 %). This modified film effectively retained oxacillin compared to the unmodified control. Liposomal encapsulation further prolonged oxacillin release up to 11 days. Both oxacillin-loaded films and liposomal formulations demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings demonstrate the potential of chemically modified cellulose as a platform for controlled anionic antibiotics and/or their formulations delivery in wound care.

Gellan gum-cellulose hydrogel incorporating with graphene oxide and magnetic nanoparticles as a novel nanocatalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrano derivatives.

In this project, a highly efficient catalyst with a remarkable yield of over 97 % was developed for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives. A Gellan Gum-Cellulose hydrogel was prepared using Glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker, which served as the matrix for further modifications. Synthesized graphene oxide was then incorporated into the hydrogel structure using a modified Hummers method, enhancing the catalytic properties of the material. To facilitate the separation and recovery of the catalyst, the resulting structure was magnetized, leading to the formation of a magnetic nanocomposite. Even after undergoing four cycles of catalyst recovery, the GG-Cell hydrogel/GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite retained 90 % of its initial catalytic activity, highlighting its robustness and stability. Detailed physical and chemical analyses were conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the synthesized magnetic catalyst, contributing to the advancement of the field of catalysis and holding great potential for various applications in organic synthesis and related fields.

In situ synthesis of MIL-125 on cinnamon stick and improved via carboxymethyl cellulose: A sustainable approach for super-high crystal violet adsorption.

In the current study, a biowaste cinnamon stick (CS) was used as an adsorbent and modified via in-situ techniques with titanium-based metal organic framework (MIL-125@CS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC/MIL-125@CS). The prepared samples were characterized by various techniques, then utilized for toxic crystal violet (CV) dye removal. CV adsorption was examined for the effects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time, initial concentration, temperature and anion/cation/natural organic material (NOM). CV removal rate remarkably decreased at low pHs due to the degradation of CV and wavelength shift in the strongly acidic region. The kinetic and isotherm results showed that CMC/MIL-125@CS reached equilibrium much faster (30 min) and much higher adsorption capacity (6750.58 mg/g) than CS and MIL-125@CS. Furthermore, the samples were efficiently regenerated and reusable over five cycles, demonstrating significant adsorption rates. Functional material design approaches yielded superior CV adsorption performance.

Blood-responsive mussel-inspired hydrogels for hemostasis, antibacterial action, and wound healing.

Rapid hemostasis, potent antimicrobial activity, and efficient wound management are critical factors in enhancing the survival of trauma patients. Chitosan, as a green and sustainable biomaterial with low cost, degradability and biocompatibility, is widely used in the biomedical field. However, chitosan dissolves in an acidic environment, which is not conducive to wound healing. In this study, chitosan was chemically modified to address this limitation. A mussel-inspired hydrogel composed of caffeic acid-grafted chitosan, gallic acid-grafted chitosan, and oxidized microcrystalline cellulose (CHI-C/CSG/OMCC) was designed. This hydrogel exhibits blood-responsive gelation behavior and offers a synergistic combination of tissue adhesion, antimicrobial properties, and tissue repair capabilities. The carboxyl, hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl and aldehyde groups within the hydrogel system endowed the hydrogel with excellent adhesion properties (53.1 kPa adhesion strength to porcine skin-adherent tissues), biocompatibility, and excellent antimicrobial properties. Surprisingly, this hydrogel not only achieved rapid and effective hemostasis, but also effectively promoted wound healing in a mouse skin injury model. In addition, its remarkable efficacy in stopping bleeding within approximately 2 min without rebleeding was demonstrated in a porcine model of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. This blood-responsive ternary hydrogel offers a promising alternative to wound management materials due to its excellent overall performance and superior efficacy in all phases of wound healing.

A novel Pickering emulsion gels stabilized by cellulose nanofiber/dihydromyricetin composite particles: Microstructure, rheological behavior and oxidative stability.

Particle concentrations (w) and oil content (Φ) are crucial factors influencing the gel stability of Pickering emulsions. To understand the stabilization mechanism comprehensively, we prepared emulsion gels stabilized by CNF/DMY composite particles at various w (0.5-1.5 wt%) and Φ (0.2-0.6, v/v). The microstructure revealed the adsorption of these particles at the oil-water interface, with excess particles forming a three-dimensional network structure in the continuous phase. Rheological studies showed that the network structure of Pickering emulsions was significantly influenced by w and Φ, resulting in improved emulsion gel strength that hindered the movement of oil droplets and oxygen in the continuous phase, thereby enhancing emulsion stability. Three scenarios for the critical strain (γco) were observed: at Φ = 0.2, γco decreased with increasing w, while at Φ = 0.4, γco increased with increasing w. At Φ = 0.6, γco remained relatively constant regardless of w. In conclusion, adjusting particle concentration and oil content enabled the control of microstructure, rheological properties, and antioxidant capacity of emulsion gels. These findings could be a valuable resource for formulating and ensuring the quality of emulsion gel-based products in the food industry.

Bacterial Cellulose Incorporating Multicolor Fluorescent Probes for Visual Acidity Detection in Paper-Based Cultural Relics.

Paper-based cultural relics often undergo acidification and deterioration during long-term preservation. Accurate detection of paper acidity is of great significance to assess aging status and extend the preservation lifetime of paper-based cultural relics. Rapid identification of the acidification degree and acid distribution across multiple regions of paper is essential. Inspired by fluorescent sensing technology, pH-sensitive cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) and rhodamine B (RB) fluorescent probes are synthesized and incorporated onto the nanofibers of a bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane to enable visual acidity detection of paper. Due to the complementary pH detection range of CdTe QDs and RB probes, the composite BC membrane exhibits a clear pH response across an acidic to neutral range (pH 3.0-7.5). Notably, the contrasting fluorescent colors of the two probes within the BC membrane allow for easy visualization of paper pH and acidity distribution with the naked eyes. A distinct color transition from red to green was observed on the fluorescent BC membrane when it is applied to a model paper with a gradient pH distribution. The feasibility of this method was verified by using the flat-headed pH electrode method. Additionally, common metal ions in most paper fillers, inks, pigments, as well as some sugars and amino acids showed minimal interference with the pH response of the composite BC membrane, highlighting its potential and broad applicability for visual acidity detection in paper-based cultural relics.

Seeking materials from nature for interrupting eye damage: Ultraviolet to blue light blocking clear cellulose films enabled by curcumin.

The harms caused by ultraviolet (UV) and blue light to eyes are attracting momentous concern due to growing exposure to artificial illumination and modern IT devices. Herein, a simple and eco-friendly adsorption approach was employed to integrate curcumin, a natural bioactive compound, into the cellulose substrate for the development of flexible and biodegradable filters capable of blocking harmful light. The curcumin/cellulose films demonstrate excellent UV-screening competence and photostability, with UV-A and UV-B screening ratios ranging from 92.8 % to 100 % and 89.2 % to 100 %, respectively. The films could block >96 % of blue light in the wavelength range of 400-500 nm. Meanwhile, the films maintain high transmittance (85.2-89.4 %) and low haze (2.0-2.7 %). The films can efficiently block blue light emanated from sunlight, light-emitting diodes, lighting systems, computer and mobile phone screens. Encouragingly, the incorporation of curcumin led to a substantial increase in the water contact angle, elevating it from 41.6 to 81.3°. Furthermore, the films exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties, biodegradability, and tensile strength in excess of 72 MPa. Therefore, these films fabricated entirely from natural resources have the potential to achieve practical applications such as food packaging and spectacle lens, especially suitable for electronic screen protectors.

Carboxylated cellulose-derived carbon mediated flower-like bismuth oxyhalides for efficient Cr(VI) reduction under visible light.

Exquisitely tailoring the morphologies of photocatalysts could achieve high activities. In this study, the morphological transformation of bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX, X = Br, I and Cl) from disordered lamellae to regular flowers was facilely achieved via the use of carboxylated cellulose-derived carbon (CDC). The sphere-like structure and abundant surface functional groups of CDC induce the formation of such flower-like morphologies of BiOX/CDC, and this morphology results in a pronounced increase in surface area (e.g., the surface area of BiOBr increases from 3 to 106 m2 g-1) and porosity. Combined with the good light absorption and conductivity of CDC, the flower-like BiOX/CDC exhibited impressive photocatalytic activity under visible light. Regarding the probing Cr(VI) reduction reaction, the representative BiOBr/CDC is capable of reducing 98% of Cr(VI) within 30 min of visible-light illumination, which is markedly greater than those of pure BiOBr (6%) and CDC (16%). Likewise, BiOI/CDC and BiOCl/CDC also have decent photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction capacities (89% for BiOI/CDC and 69% for BiOCl/CDC) under visible light in comparison with pristine BiOI (13%) and BiOCl (1.5%). This work furnishes a novel and facile approach to tune photocatalyst morphologies and sheds light on the great potential of biomass-derived carbon, which may enlighten the judicious design of photocatalysts with high efficiency.

Biosynthesis of positively charged bacterial cellulose hydrogel with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory function for efficient wound healing.

In bacterial cellulose (BC)-based living materials, the effective and permanent incorporation of bactericidal agents into BC remains a persistent challenge. In this study, midazole quaternary ammonium salt was grafted onto a dispersion of bacterial cellulose, which was subsequently directly added to the fermentation medium of BC-producing bacteria to obtain BC-based hydrogel materials (BC/BC-[PQVI]Br) with inherent antibacterial properties. The BC/BC-[PQVI]Br hydrogel prepared in this study exhibits favorable tensile properties, with a maximum tensile stress of 970 KPa and water retention for up to 6 h. Moreover, it demonstrates acceptable antibacterial activity against S. aureus (93 %) and E. coli (71 %), respectively. Additionally, the hydrogel displays a high cell survival rate of 98 % after contact with NIH3T3 cells, indicating its non-cytotoxic nature. Furthermore, the mouse wound experiment confirms the excellent wound healing effect of the hydrogel. This research presents an innovative approach towards developing environmentally friendly active wound dressings with microbial-derived antibacterial functionality.

Green synthesis of multifunctional bamboo-based nonwoven fabrics for medical treatment.

Medical nonwovens fabrics are pivotal materials in modern healthcare systems, and find extensively application in surgical gowns, masks, nursing pads, and surgical instrument packaging. As healthcare requirements evolve and medical technology advances, the demand for functional nonwoven medical devices is continuously increasing. In addition, numerous environmental challenges and the need to transition to a sustainable society have increased the popularity of studies on environmentally friendly multifunctional nonwoven materials prepared from biomass fibers. Therefore, in this study, ecofriendly bamboo fibers were used to fabricate multifunctional medical nonwoven materials with superhydrophobic, antibacterial, flame-retardant, and biocompatible properties. Specifically, ZIF-67 was grown in situ on natural bamboo cellulose fibers (BCFs) extracted from natural bamboo and coated with polydimethylsiloxane to construct an environmentally friendly and versatile nonwoven fabric. The treated nonwoven fabric exhibited superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 163° and possess excellent self-cleaning properties. The antibacterial activity of the samples was investigated by the plate-counting method; the results showed that the untreated BCFs did not exhibit antibacterial activity, whereas the treated bamboo nonwoven fabrics demonstrated significant antibacterial activity (p < 0.001), with an antibacterial rate of >99 % against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. In addition, when the samples were exposed to different temperatures (-4 and 50 °C) and humidities (0 % and 95 %), they demonstrated an antibacterial activity of >99 % against E. coli (F5,10 = 0.602; p = 0.670) and S. aureus (F4,10 = 0.289; p = 0.879). The heat release rate and smoke production rate of the nonwoven fabric decreased by 54.64 % and 93.18 %, respectively, compared to those of the BCFs, indicating excellent flame retardancy. The nonwoven fabric also exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility and breathability, ensuring user comfortability. This research not only has significant implications for producing low-cost, environmentally friendly, sustainable, and multifunctional medical products and openi up new pathways for the diversified utilization of bamboo, thereby expanding its applicability.

Development of cellulose acetate poly acrylonitrile (CAPA)-SiC/epoxy coating to mitigate corrosion of copper in chloride containing solutions.

A new conducting polymer of the cellulose acetate poly acrylonitrile (CAPA)-SiC composite was produced using an in situ oxidative polymerization technique in an aqueous medium. SiC was synthesized from Cinachyrella sp. as a source of carbon and silicon at 1200 °C under an argon atmosphere via a catalytic reduction process. The structure and morphology of the CAPA-SiC composite were characterized using surface area studies (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface morphology (SEM & TEM). To protect copper, the produced CAPA-SiC composite was mixed with commercial epoxy paint using a casting technique, and the copper surface was coated with the three components of the CAPA-SiC/epoxy paint mixture. The corrosion inhibition improvement of the CAPA-SiC/paint coating was assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy followed by Tafel polarization measurements in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The corrosion protection ability of the CAPA-SiC/epoxy coating was found to be outstanding at 97.4% when compared to that of a CAPA/paint coating. SEM and XRD were used to illustrate the coating on the copper surface.

Recent advances in moisture-induced electricity generation based on wood lignocellulose: Preparation, properties, and applications.

Moisture-induced electricity generation (MEG), which can directly harvest electricity from moisture, is considered as an effective strategy for alleviating the growing energy crisis. Recently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing MEG active materials from wood lignocellulose (WLC) due to its excellent properties including environmental friendliness, sustainability, and biodegradability. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in MEG based on WLC (wood, cellulose, lignin, and woody biochar), covering its principles, preparation, performances, and applications. In detail, the basic working mechanisms of MEG are discussed, and the natural features of WLC and their significant advantages in the fabrication of MEG active materials are emphasized. Furthermore, the recent advances in WLC-based MEG for harvesting electrical energy from moisture are specifically discussed, together with their potential applications (sensors and power sources). Finally, the main challenges of current WLC-based MEG are presented, as well as the potential solutions or directions to develop highly efficient MEG from WLC.

Barnacle-inspired and polyphenol-assisted modification of bacterial cellulose-based wound dressings for promoting infectious wound healing.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an ideal candidate for wound dressings due to its natural origin, exceptional water-holding capacity, pliability, biocompatibility, and high absorption capability. However, the lack of essential antimicrobial activity limits its biomedical applications. This study reported BC-based wound dressings containing silk fibroin protein (SF), offering the potential for biomimetic properties, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for polyphenol-assisted surface modification to promote infectious wound healing. Glycerol was used as the carbon source to promote the formation of an adhesive layer by facilitating the ß-sheet folding of SF, and different concentrations of EGCG were employed to interact with SF through strong hydrogen bonding facilitated by the polyphenolic groups. The functionalized membrane exhibited outstanding water-holding capacity, swelling ratio, and degradation properties, along with enhanced hydrophilicity, adhesiveness, and a remarkable free radical scavenging ability. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed its potent bacteriostatic activity. The composite membrane displayed excellent biocompatibility, including cellular and hemocompatibility. Importantly, it effectively promoted wound healing in murine back infections. These findings suggest the significant feasibility of the innovative modification approach, and that functionalized membranes have great potential as wound-dressing materials for infection management in future clinical applications.

Development of stopped-flow hyper-CEST NMR method on recirculating hyperpolarization system as applied to void space analysis in polymers.

129Xe NMR spectroscopy of polymers can provide important information on void spaces, sometimes called free volume, in polymers. Unfortunately, the spectroscopy's low sensitivity has limited its widespread use in both academic and industrial research. In order to overcome such a difficult situation, hyper-CEST method which employs hyperpolarization and CEST techniques, is examined after the introduction of recirculation and subtraction modes. Alongside the incorporated stopped-flow technique, these modes were very efficient in detecting very weak hidden signals from cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and silk fibroin (SF) films and in discussing the void space in these polymers. From the analysis of detailed saturation frequency dependence in the increment of 100 Hz, the chemical shifts of hidden peaks were successfully determined to give reasonable values for the size of void space in CNF and SF. Application on thermoplastic polyurethane film also supported our method of analysis. The subtraction mode was very efficient in judging the presence or absence of any peak at a fixed saturation frequency. These facts support that the mode will surely be useful in the future exploratory study of very weak hidden signals.

Click-Chemistry-Enabled Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Single-Stranded DNA for Directed Assembly.

Controlling the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) requires precise control over their surface chemistry for the directed assembly of advanced nanocomposites with tailored mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. In this work, in contrast to traditional chemistries, we conducted highly selective click-chemistry functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with complementary DNA strands via a three-step hybridization-guided process. By grafting terminally functionalized oligonucleotides through copper-free click chemistry, we successfully facilitated the assembly of brushlike DNA-modified CNCs into bundled nanostructures with distinct chiral optical dichroism in thin films. The complexation behavior of grafted DNA chains during the evaporation-driven formation of ultrathin films demonstrates the potential for mediating chiral interactions between the DNA-branched nanocrystals and their assembly into chiral bundles. Furthermore, we discuss the future directions and challenges that include new avenues for the development of functional, responsive, and bioderived nanostructures capable of dynamic reconfiguration via selective complexation, further surface modification strategies, mitigating diverse CNC aggregation, and exploring environmental conditions for the CNC-DNA assembly.

Synthesis of cellulose nanofibers from jute fiber by using chemomechanical method.

Background: Jute fiber is one of the most versatile natural fibers that is widely used as a raw material for packaging, textiles, and construction; and as a reinforcement in composite materials for heavy-duty applications. In the past, acid hydrolysis and mechanical treatment via the ball milling method were common in the extraction of cellulose nanofiber (CNFs) from natural plant fibers. However, there are some drawbacks of using those methods where there will be a huge quantity of acidic wastewater generated when the acid hydrolysis method is performed. Method: This study investigated the potential use of a combination of chemical and mechanical methods in the extraction of jute CNFs. Through this method, the jute fibers were first chemically treated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chlorite (NaClO 2) and sulphuric acid (H 2SO 4) to remove the non-cellulosic elements followed by mechanical milling by using a planetary ball mill. Results: The shape and size of the obtained CNFs were observed under a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). This study revealed that jute CNFs were successfully extracted through the combination of chemical and mechanical treatment methods where the obtained CNFs reveal themselves in smooth fibrous morphology with a diameter of 23 nm and 150-200nm in length. Conclusions: Jute cellulose nanofibers were successfully drawn out from raw jute fibers by means of a combination of chemical and mechanical treatment. The results obtained confirmed that the chemomechanical method is an effective technique for isolating the CNFs and its potential use as reinforcement material was explained.

Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: Optimization strategy using iranian nabat industry waste.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer has found extensive applications across different fields due to its nanostructure and biomaterial performance. This study focused on optimizing yield of BC produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus CH1, isolated from kombucha SCOBY. The study aimed to use Nabat industry waste (NIW) as a cost-effective alternative carbon source for submerged fermentation. To optimize the fermentation criteria, the central composite design was used with the inoculation amount (1.5-4.5 % VV-1), NIW (0-1%), and fermentation time (3-7 days) as independent variables. The impressive results indicated the yield was enhanced up to 45.543 gL-1 at 3.013 % VV-1 of inoculation, 0.516 % NIW, and 7 days of stirred fermentation. SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA were applied to evaluate the characteristics of freeze-dried BC, such as the three-dimensional, porous structure, crystalline peaks, amorphous haloes, and thermal stability. The physicochemical properties of BC including high moisture content (93.022 ± 0.472 %), water absorption rate (569.473 ± 3.739 %), water-holding capacity (1333.016 ± 3.680 %), porosity (166.247 ± 2.055 %), and low water activity (0.296 ± 0.030 %) were achieved. Rheological properties of BC suspensions showed that G' dominated over G″, with tan δ values lower than 1. These characteristics indicate NIW and stirred fermentation conditions are a promising method for producing BC in high yield.

Cattle manure composting driven by a microbial agent: A coupled mechanism involving microbial community succession and organic matter conversion.

Aerobic composting has been used as a mainstream treatment technology for agricultural solid waste resourcing. In the present study, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of the addition of a microbial agent (LD) prepared by combining Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus paralicheniformis and Irpex lacteus in improving the efficiency of cattle manure composting. Our results showed that addition of 1.5 % LD significantly accelerated compost humification, i.e., the germination index and lignocellulose degradation rate of the final compost product reached values of 92.20 and 42.29 %, respectively. Metagenomic sequencing results showed that inoculation of cattle manure with LD increased the abundance of functional microorganisms. LD effectively promoted the production of humus precursors, which then underwent reactions through synergistic abiotic and biotic pathways to achieve compost humification. This research provides a theoretical basis for the study of microbial enhancement strategies and humus formation mechanisms in the composting of livestock manure.