ABSTRACT
Huangqin decoction (HQD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for ulcerative colitis. However, the pharmacology and molecular mechanism of HQD on ulcerative colitis is still unclear. Combined microarray analysis, network pharmacology, and molecular docking for revealing the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanism of HQD against ulcerative colitis. TCMSP, DrugBank, Swiss Target Prediction were utilized to search the active components and effective targets of HQD. Ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained by microarray data from the GEO database (GSE107499). Co-targets between HQD and ulcerative colitis are obtained by Draw Venn Diagram. PPI (Protein-protein interaction) network was constructed by the STRING database. To obtain the core target, topological analysis is exploited by Cytoscape 3.7.2. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis was performed to Metascape platform, and molecular docking through Autodock Vina 1.1.2 finished. 161 active components with 486 effective targets of HQD were screened. 1542 ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained with |Log2FC|> 1 and adjusted P-value < 0.05. The Venn analysis was contained 79 co-targets. Enrichment analysis showed that HQD played a role in TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, etc. IL6, TNF, IL1B, PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG with the highest degree from PPI network were successfully docked with 19 core components of HQD, respectively. According to ZINC15 database, quercetin (ZINC4175638), baicalein (ZINC3871633), and wogonin (ZINC899093) recognized as key compounds of HQD on ulcerative colitis. PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG are potential therapeutic targets of HQD. HQD can act on multiple targets through multi-pathway, to carry out its therapeutic role in ulcerative colitis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy , Colon/drug effects , Computational Biology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Network Pharmacology , Scutellaria baicalensis , Systems Integration , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology , Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism , Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology , Colon/immunology , Colon/metabolism , Colon/pathology , Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Databases, Genetic , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics , Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Flavanones/isolation & purification , Flavanones/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gene Regulatory Networks , Humans , Molecular Docking Simulation , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Protein Interaction Maps , Quercetin/isolation & purification , Quercetin/pharmacology , Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry , Th17 Cells/drug effects , Th17 Cells/immunology , Th17 Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
Medicinal plant species contain vast and unexploited riches of chemical substances with high medical potential making these plant species valuable as biomedicine sources. Cassia fistula L is an important medicinal plant used in many traditional medicinal systems including Ayurveda and Chinese Traditional Medicine. It is a deciduous medium sized tree with elongated and rod-shaped fruits having pulp and have bright yellow flowers, earning the name 'Yellow Shower'. The present review provides a version of updated information on its botanical description and pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, hepatoprotective among other activities. Pharmacological reviews on medicinal plants will provide valuable information; thus, Cassia fistula L can provide important discoveries of valuable bioactive natural products facilitating in developing novel pharmaceuticals products.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Cassia , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antitussive Agents/isolation & purification , Antitussive Agents/pharmacology , Cassia/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Humans , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Agastache mexicana is a popular plant of great demand in folk medicine, essentially due to its calming properties and for alleviating arthritic, muscular and abdominal pain. Despite its spectrum for pain relief, pharmacological studies of its bioactive constituents have been barely investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate protective properties of the A. mexicana and bioactive compounds improving pathological gastrointestinal conditions in rodents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Different doses of the essential oil of A. mexicana ssp. mexicana and ssp. xolocotziana (30-562.2 mg/kg, i.p.) and individual monoterpenes (3-300 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated in an abdominal pain model. The most active monoterpene limonene and sulfasalazine (reference drug, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) were also evaluated in the oxazolone-induced colitis model using an oral gavage, where some inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Finally, colonic histological assessment and gastroprotection in the absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model were explored. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the essential oil of both subspecies produced a significant reduction in the abdominal writhes, where monoterpenes limonene and pulegone were partially responsible bioactive metabolites. Limonene showed the major antinociceptive efficacy in the writhing test. It also significantly decreased hyperalgesia, pathological biomarkers, and colonic inflammatory cytokines in the oxazolone-induced colitis model, as well as prevention in gastric damage. CONCLUSIONS: Present results provide scientific evidence to reinforce the use of A. mexicana in the traditional medicine for gastrointestinal conditions, mainly related to pain and inflammation, demonstrating the potential of monoterpenes as natural products in the therapeutics of gastrointestinal affections such as ulcer, colitis, and abdominal pain.
Subject(s)
Agastache/chemistry , Analgesics/pharmacology , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/isolation & purification , Animals , Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Limonene/administration & dosage , Limonene/isolation & purification , Limonene/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Monoterpenes/chemistry , Monoterpenes/isolation & purification , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/isolation & purification , Pain/drug therapy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sulfasalazine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
High platelet reactivity and gastric mucosal injury after aspirin (ASA) treatment are associated with poor compliance and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have been widely used for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) in addition to antiplatelet drugs in China; however, the joint effect and possible mechanism of PNS in addition to ASA on platelet activation and gastric injury remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the combinational effects of PNS with ASA, and to explore the underlying mechanism via arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathway using lipidomic analysis. In a randomized, assessor-blinded trial, 42 patients with stable coronary heart disease (SCHD) and chronic gastritis were randomly assigned to receive ASA (nâ¯=â¯21) or PNSâ¯+â¯ASA (nâ¯=â¯21) for 2 months. Compared with ASA alone, PNSâ¯+â¯ASA further inhibited CD62p expression, GPIIb-IIIa activation and platelet aggregation and led to increased platelet inhibition rate. PNSâ¯+â¯ASA suppressed the activity of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and decreased the production of TXB2, PGD2, PGE2, 11-HETE, the downstream oxylipids of AA/COX-1 pathway in platelets, compared with ASA alone. The severity of dyspepsia assessment (SODA) results showed that patients in PNSâ¯+â¯ASA group exhibited relieved dyspeptic symptoms as compared with those in ASA group, which might be associated with enhanced secretion of gastrin and motilin. In vivo study of myocardial infarction rats demonstrated that PNS attenuated ASA-induced gastric mucosal injury, which was related to markedly boosted gastric level of 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin (PG)F1α, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and PGE2 from AA/PG pathway in response to PNSâ¯+â¯ASA compared with ASA alone. In summary, our study demonstrated that the combination of PNS and ASA potentiated the antiplatelet effect of ASA via AA/COX-1/TXB2 pathway in platelets, and mitigated ASA-related gastric injury via AA/PG pathway in gastric mucosa.
Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Blood Platelets/drug effects , Coronary Disease/drug therapy , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Gastritis/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Panax notoginseng , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Platelet Activation/drug effects , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Saponins/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Animals , Aspirin/adverse effects , Beijing , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Chronic Disease , Coronary Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Disease/metabolism , Cytoprotection , Drug Synergism , Female , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Gastritis/diagnosis , Gastritis/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Humans , Lipidomics , Male , Middle Aged , Panax notoginseng/chemistry , Plant Extracts/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/adverse effects , Rats, Wistar , Saponins/adverse effects , Saponins/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Malvaviscus arboreus is traditionally used in Mexico and Central America for culinary and medicinal purposes. Leaves and flowers of this species are commonly used for preparation of salads, herbal teas and herbal dyes. Panamanian, Guatemalan and Mexican healers use this medicinal plant for the management of fever, respiratory complications, dysentery, liver and gallbladder problems, stomachache and gastritis between other health troubles. AIM OF THE STUDY: Considering the traditional use of M. arboreous as well as its content in flavonoids and other polyphenols, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of an aqueous extract and identify the potential bio-active principles from flowers of this species. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fresh flowers of Malvaviscus arboreus were collected, dried, and macerated with water. The aqueous extract (ExAq) was partitioned using an immiscible mixture of water and ethyl acetate, giving an aqueous (MaAq) and organic (MaEA) fractions. The gastroprotective effect was carried out using an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer experimental test in male rats. While tween 20 was used as a negative control, famotidine (10 mg/kg) and L-arginine (300 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated by several chromatographic techniques and the chemical characterization was carried out by means of the analysis of the NMR spectra in one and two dimensions. RESULTS: The integrate extract (ExAq) to 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg showed gastroprotective effect with high levels of 97.8%, 79.5% and 91.1% respectively. The organic fraction (MaEA) displayed a protection of 91.2%, 96.0% and 99.4% when it was evaluated at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Comparison of these results with famotidine at 10 mg/kg (83% of gastroprotection) indicated that ethyl acetate fraction showed a better gastroprotection. The bio-guided separation of this organic mixture, allowed obtaining the most active fraction (C1F4, 60 mg/kg) which was finally purified to obtain two glycosylated flavonols: kaempferol 3-O-D-sophoroside (1) and kaempferol 3-O-D-sambubioside (2). This mixture of flavonoids (40 y 60 mg/kg) showed 93.7 and 92% of gastroprotective activity respectively. CONCLUSION: This study allowed demonstrating that an aqueous extract and its organic fraction (MaEA) from M. arboreous contain glycosylated flavonoids (1 and 2) which are responsible of the gastroprotective properties of M. arboreous. These results will be used in the future development of a standardized treatment useful in the therapeutic management of gastric ulcers.
Subject(s)
Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use , Glycosides/therapeutic use , Kaempferols/therapeutic use , Malva , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control , Animals , Anti-Ulcer Agents/isolation & purification , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ethanol/toxicity , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Kaempferols/isolation & purification , Male , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced , Stomach Ulcer/pathologyABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The conventional naturopaths of Punjab Province (Pakistan) have trivial usage of Anagallis arvensis Linn.(Primulaceae) for cure of diarrhea, constipation, asthma as well as hypertension. AIM: Present research was focused to discover comprehensive mechanism of spasmogenic, spasmolytic, bronchorelaxant and hypotensive folkloric usage of Anagallis arvensis Linn.. METHODOLOGY: The crude extract of Anagallis arvensis Linn. (Aa.Cr) & its (aqueous & organic) portions tested in-vitro on isolated jejunum, ileum, trachea, aorta, paired atria preparations as well as in-vivo in mice & normotensive anaesthetized rats. The responses have been noted by transducers (isotonic & isometric) coupled to Power Lab. RESULT: Anagallis arvensis Linn. (Aa.Cr; crude aqueous-alcoholic extract) produced contractile action at low concentrations but relaxant action was observed by increasing concentrations on spontaneous contractions of isolated jejunum of rabbit. But, pre-treatment of tissue with atropine prior extract caused suppression of contractile effect indicating presence of cholinergic muscarinic response of Aa.Cr. It also triggered relaxation of high Potassium -stimulated contractions of jejunum with subsequent non-parallel right move in Ca++ CRCs. Moreover, Aa.Cr relaxed carbachol - & high Potassium - stimulated contractions in trachea of rabbit but observed relaxant effect was powerful against CCh (1 µM)- stimulated contractions with rightside parallel move of CCh-curves succeeded by non-parallel move, like Dicyclomine, having dual activities. The Aa.Cr also showed relaxant result on Phenylephrine and High Potassium -prompted contractions in endothelium intact aorta. The fractionation revealed segregations of contractile & relaxant effects in relevant aqueous & organic portions. The Intravenous administration of Aa.Cr to ketamine-diazepam anaesthetized normo-tensive albino rats resulted in decreased MABP, SBP & DBP. The Aa.Cr applied negative (-) inotropic & chronotropic action on paired atria. The Aa.Cr also exhibited anti-diarrheal action in mice against castor oil prompted diarrhea and also mitigated distance covered by charcoal meal in gastrointestinal tract in a manner comparable with loperamide. CONCLUSION: These results revealed presence of CCB and selective muscarinic agonist activity in Aa.Cr, hence validating folkloric practice of Anagallis arvensis Linn. in diarrhea, constipation, asthma & hypertension.
Subject(s)
Anagallis , Bronchodilator Agents/pharmacology , Folklore , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Medicine, Traditional , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Parasympatholytics/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Anagallis/chemistry , Animals , Bronchodilator Agents/isolation & purification , Ethnopharmacology , Female , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Pakistan , Parasympatholytics/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Rabbits , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Vasodilation/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: As the largest genus of Gentianaceae family, the Gentiana genus harbors over 400 species, widely distributed in the alpine areas of temperate regions worldwide. Plants from Gentiana genus are traditionally used to treat a wide variety of diseases including easing pain dispelling rheumatism, and treating liver jaundice, chronic pharyngitis and arthritis in China since ancient times. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms, toxicology and pharmacological activities of the researched species of genus Gentiana is provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The used information in this review is based on various databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley online library, Wanfang Data, Web of Science) through a search using the keyword "Gentiana" in the period of 1981-2019. Besides, other ethnopharmacological information was acquired from Chinese herbal classic books and Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 edition. RESULTS: The plants from Gentiana genus have a long tradition of various medicinal uses in Europe and Asia. Phytochemical studies showed that the main bioactive components isolated from this genus includes iridoids xanthones and flavonoids. These compounds and extracts isolated from this genus show a wide range of protective activities including hepatic protection, gastrointestinal protection, cardiovascular protection, immunomodulation, joint protection, pulmonary protection, bone protection and reproductive protection. Molecular mechanism studies also indicated several potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of certain diseases by plants from this genus. Besides, natural products from this plant show no significant animal toxicity, cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. CONCLUSION: This review summarized the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and molecular mechanism of genus Gentiana, providing references and research tendency for plant-based drug development and further clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Ethnopharmacology/methods , Gentiana , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Animals , Cardiovascular Agents/isolation & purification , Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Ethnopharmacology/trends , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Phytochemicals/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Coptis chinensis Franch is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbs in China and was firstly recorded in "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" in the Han Dynasty. The medical records in past thousands years have fully confirmed the clinical efficacies of Coptis chinensis Franch against intestinal diseases. The polysaccharides in herbal medicines can be digested by the flora and uptaken by the Peyer's patches (PPs) in intestine. It can be reasonably presumed that the polysaccharides in Coptis chinensis Franch (CCP) should be one of the critical element in the regulation of intestinal microenvironment. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study intended to explore the dynamic regulation of CCP on intestinal microenvironment from the perspective of the intestinal mucosal immunity and the intestinal flora, in order to provide a new research perspective for the pharmacological mechanism of Coptis chinensis Franch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The absorption and distribution of CCP in intestinal tissues were observed after the perfusion of FITC labeled CCP. The influences of CCP on intestinal flora were evaluated by the 16sRNA gene illumina-miseq sequencing after gavage. The regulations of CCP on intestinal mucosal immunity were evaluated by the immunohistochemical analysis of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) secretion in PPs and intestinal epithelial tissue. RESULTS: With the self-aggregation into particles morphology, CCP can be up-taken by PPs and promote the IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-ß secretion in PPs in a dose-dependent manner. The CCP can also be utilized by the intestinal flora and dynamically regulate the diversity, composition and distribution of the intestinal flora. The temporal regulations of CCP on IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-ß secretions in intestinal epithelial tissues are consistent with the variation tendency of intestinal flora. CONCLUSION: CCP can provide effective, dynamical and dose-dependent regulations on intestinal microenvironment, not only the intestinal flora but also the PPs and intestinal epithelium related immune response. These may be involved in the multiple biological activities of Coptis chinensis Franch.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Coptis , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects , Intestines/drug effects , Peyer's Patches/drug effects , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Animals , Bacteria/growth & development , Coptis/chemistry , Cytokines/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Intestines/immunology , Intestines/microbiology , Male , Peyer's Patches/immunology , Peyer's Patches/microbiology , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolismABSTRACT
To investigate the effect of Poria and effective constituents on gastrointestinal injury animals in the area of the side effects which caused by Rhubarb. Mice were administered i.g. with Rhubarb until the induction of diarrhea followed by gastrointestinal injury. The gastrointestinal injured mice were treated with high, medium and low doses of poria water extract and it's subfractionsâfor 5 days. All indexes were determined to evaluate the action of poria in the pair treatment. The results showed that the higher dose of poria water decoction was discovered to be the most effective dose to treat gastrointestinal injury induced by rhubarb. Body weight, thymus and spleen indexes, the small intestinal propulsion rate and D-xylose absorption in mice with diarrhea and intestinal injury were analyzed to reveal the significant difference with the model group (P<0.01). EAF (Ethyl Acetate Fraction), PEF (Petroleum Ether Fraction) and CPF (Crude Polysaccharide Fraction) not only increase the levels of AMS, GAS and VIP significantly but also ameliorate diarrhea and intestinal injury situation compared with the model group (P<0.01). EAF, PEF and CPF were the most effective components to alleviate diarrhea and gastrointestinal injury induced by rhubarb.
Subject(s)
Colon/drug effects , Defecation/drug effects , Diarrhea/prevention & control , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Rheum , Wolfiporia , Amylases/blood , Animals , Colon/metabolism , Colon/pathology , Colon/physiopathology , Diarrhea/chemically induced , Diarrhea/metabolism , Diarrhea/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Gastrins/blood , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Intestine, Small/physiopathology , Male , Mice , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism , Wolfiporia/chemistry , Xylose/bloodABSTRACT
In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide (BSP) was extracted and purified from pseudobulb of Bletilla striata. The preliminary structure and gastroprotective activity of BSP were analyzed. Results indicate that BSP is a glucomannan with a molar ratio of 7.45:2.55 (Man:Glc), and its molecular weight is approximately 1.7 × 105 Da. BSP displayed outstanding protective action against ethanol-induced GES-1 cell injury in vitro, as well as, excellent gastroprotective activity in vivo. Especially, a high-dose of BSP (100 mg/kg) could reduce the ulcer index of the gastric mucosa and increase the percentage of ulcer inhibition, which possibly caused by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway in gastric tissue. Interestingly, BSP exhibited a comparative gastroprotective activity to that of positive control (omeprazole). In summary, our results indicated that BSP could be considered as a potential supplement for the prevention of gastric injury.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Mannans/pharmacology , Orchidaceae/chemistry , Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Catalase/metabolism , Cell Line , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Ethanol/antagonists & inhibitors , Ethanol/toxicity , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Gastrointestinal Agents/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Germ-Free Life , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Humans , Male , Malondialdehyde/antagonists & inhibitors , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Mannans/chemistry , Mannans/isolation & purification , Mice , Molecular Weight , Omeprazole/pharmacology , Solubility , Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced , Stomach Ulcer/metabolism , Stomach Ulcer/pathology , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
This study examined the beneficial effects of porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) on intestinal epithelial cells, in terms of cell proliferation and migration and elucidated the potential molecular mechanism of action of PHP. Purified PHP is a homogenous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2.01â¯×â¯105â¯Da, intrinsic viscosity [η] of 463.76â¯mL/g, and radius of gyration of 61.2â¯nm. When the intestinal epithelial wound healing activity of PHP was investigated in vitro using the IEC-6 cell line (intestinal epithelial cells-6), it was found that PHP could promote cell migration and proliferation. PHP enhanced the protein expression of cell division control protein 42, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase, which suggest that PHP might modulate the expression of these proteins to improve intestinal epithelial healing. Thus, this study indicated that PHP could serve as a potential source of functional food constituents for intestinal epithelial protection and restoration.
Subject(s)
Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Porphyra/chemistry , Sepharose/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics , Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Agents/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Intestinal Mucosa/cytology , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Molecular Weight , Paxillin/genetics , Paxillin/metabolism , Pseudopodia/drug effects , Pseudopodia/metabolism , Rats , Sepharose/chemistry , Sepharose/isolation & purification , Sepharose/pharmacology , Viscosity , cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics , cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
The intestinal epithelial layer serves as a physical and functional barrier between the microbe-rich lumen and immunologically active submucosa; it prevents systemic translocation of microbial pyrogenic products (e.g. endotoxin) that elicits immune activation upon translocation to the systemic circulation. Loss of barrier function has been associated with chronic 'low-grade' systemic inflammation which underlies pathogenesis of numerous no-communicable chronic inflammatory disease. Thus, targeting gut barrier dysfunction is an effective strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of chronic disease. This review intends to emphasize on the beneficial effects of herbal formulations, phytochemicals and traditional phytomedicines in attenuating intestinal barrier dysfunction. It also aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of intestinal-level events leading to a 'leaky-gut' and systemic complications mediated by endotoxemia. Additionally, a variety of detectable markers and diagnostic criteria utilized to evaluate barrier improving capacities of experimental therapeutics has been discussed. Collectively, this review provides rationale for targeting gut barrier dysfunction by phytotherapies for treating chronic diseases that are associated with endotoxemia-induced systemic inflammation.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Endotoxemia/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Bacteria/immunology , Bacteria/metabolism , Chronic Disease , Dysbiosis , Endotoxemia/metabolism , Endotoxemia/microbiology , Endotoxemia/pathology , Endotoxins/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Permeability , Plant Extracts/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. commonly known as ananthamool is a climbing perennial plant which is widely used in Indian traditional medicine. T. indica exhibits diverse range of pharmacological activities viz. antiasthmatic, antidiarrheal, anticancer, antiarthritic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: Present review aims to grant an up-to-date insight into the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of T. indica, exploring its future research and opportunities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comprehensive information regarding T. indica was collected using the keywords Tylophora indica or Indian ipecac or ananthamool in various electronic databases ACS, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, Springer Link and Wiley. In addition, some books and book chapters were also consulted. RESULTS: T. indica has been traditionally used in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the form of various preparations like powder, decoction, pulp, paste and extract alone or in combination with other herbs against various ailments like skin disorders, inflammation, cough, asthma, diarrhea, cancer, microbial infections etc. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on T. indica revealed its potential as antiasthmatic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiarrheal agent etc. A diverse range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from T. indica namely alkaloids (Tylophorine, Tylophorinine, Tylophorinidine), flavonoids (Kaempferol & Quercetin) terpenoids (α-Amyrin & ß-Amyrin) and sterols (ß-sitosetrol). Amongst which phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids isolated from roots and leaves are largely explored and considered to be the most active constituent of plant. CONCLUSION: Present review provides an insight into botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of T. indica. As an important traditional Indian medicine, few ethnobotanicals use of T. indica have been supported by modern pharmacological studies, especially in asthma, cancer and inflammation. Among compounds from various phytochemical classes, phenanthoindolizidine alkaloids namely tylophorine and tylophorinidine alkaloids have been considered as bioactive components of the plant and widely investigated. However, further identification, isolation and quantification employing some advanced hyphenated techniques viz. LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR to discover new pharmacologically active phytoconstituents in the management of different diseases. Several investigators have highlighted possible therapeutic roles of T. indica extracts and isolated compounds. Moreover, information about various aspects of T. indica pertaining to phytochemistry, toxicology and quality control are still unresolved. Further in-depth studies are required to discover key features viz. structure activity relationships, mode of action, safety and toxicity and therapeutic potentials T. indica in clinical settings.
Subject(s)
Ethnopharmacology/methods , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Tylophora , Animals , Ethnopharmacology/trends , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Medicine, Traditional/trends , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Aucklandia costus Falc. a medicinal plant is native to the Himalayan region and synonymous with Saussurea costus, Saussurea lappa, and Aucklandia lappa. It has an ancient background of being used ethnopharmacologically for various body ailments. According to Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Costus roots are recommended for leukoderma, liver, kidney, blood disorders, Qi stagnation, and tridosha. Root and powder are used orally with warm water to cure gastric problems, and the paste is applied to the inflamed area to relieve pain. Root paste is applied on the skin to cure boils, blisters, and leprosy. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present review is to establish a correlation among the ethnopharmacological uses and scientific studies conducted on A. costus with chemical constituents, safety & toxicity data including future directions for its conservation with higher yield and effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted by studying books, research papers, and literature in history, agroforestry, phytopharmacology of Himalayan plants using international databases, publication, Red data book, and reports. The search engines: Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley Inter-science, Indian Materia Medica, Science Direct, and referred journals are referenced. RESULTS: The literature collected from databases, journals, websites, and books mentioned the use of costus roots in local and traditional practices. CITES included A. costus in a critically endangered category due to lack of cultural practices and overexploitation from wild. A. costus roots are known since 13th century for use in ancient Ayurvedic products but the scientific evaluation is of future research interest. A correlation of traditional uses with scientific studies has been explored to assess the effect of root powder, extract, oil and isolated constituents: Costunolids, Saussureamine B and Dehydrocostus lactone etc. in gastric ulceration and lesions; inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation, mucin production, number of immune cells, eosinophils, and expression and secretion of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in asthma. The inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators is also reported by Cynaropicrin, Alantolactone, Caryophyllene, Costic acid. Also, the sesquiterpene lactones has profound effect in inhibition of inflammatory stages and induced apoptotic cascades in cancer. Very few data on the safety and toxicity of plant parts have been noted which needs to be evaluated scientifically. CONCLUSION: A. costus have been noted to have remarkable effect for gastric, hepatic, inflammatory, respiratory, cancer, skin problems but there were several errors in selection of plant material, authentification, selection of dose, assessment, selection of standard and control have been identified. Therefore, a schematic drug development and research strategy exploiting the potential of plant extract, fraction, products and probable constituents, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, cynaropicrin, saussureamine assuring dose-response relationship and safety may be determined under pre-clinical which may be extrapolated to clinical level. An evaluation of phytochemicals in A. costus collected from different geographical location in Himalayas may be drawn to identify and conserve the higher yielding plant.
Subject(s)
Endangered Species/trends , Ethnopharmacology/trends , Plants, Medicinal , Saussurea , Analgesics/isolation & purification , Analgesics/therapeutic use , China/ethnology , Dermatologic Agents/isolation & purification , Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use , Ethnopharmacology/methods , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , India/ethnology , Medicine, Ayurvedic/methods , Medicine, Ayurvedic/trends , Pakistan/ethnologyABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Maytenus robusta Reissek (Celesteraceae), popularly named as cafezinho do mato or coração de bugre, is employed to treat inflammatory digestive diseases in the south of Brazil. However, despite popular usage, the effects of this species on an experimental model of ulcerative colitis are unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effects of M. robusta extract (HEMR) on colon and liver from mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, the cytotoxicity of HEMR and its effects on ROS and nitrite production in IEC-6 cells were evaluated. The experimental colitis was established by adding 3% DSS on drinking water of mice and the effects of HEMR (1-100 mg/kg, p.o, once a day by 7 days) in colonic and hepatic tissues were analyzed. RESULTS: The HEMR (1-100 µg/mL) did not alter the cell viability but reduced nitrite production of IEC-6 stimulated by LPS. Moreover, HEMR (100 mg/Kg) attenuates macro and microscopic alterations in the colon from mice exposed to DSS, as evidenced by a reduction of the colon shortening, attenuation of the epithelial erosion, submucosal edema and preservation of the Goblet cells integrity, as well as the restoration of mucin depletion. The treatment with HEMR increased GSH amount, reduced LOOH levels and normalizes CAT activity in the colon. The group treated with HEMR showed increased GST activity, reduced MPO activity and decreased inflammatory cytokines secretion (TNF and IL-6) in the colonic tissue. In the liver, HEMR increased GST activity, decreased the GPx activity and reduced IL-6 levels. Furthermore, the HEMR treatment reduced AST and ALT serum levels in mice exposed to DSS. Finally, the HEMR was able to reduce intestinal transit. CONCLUSIONS: HEMR treatment minimizes inflammation of the colon and maintaining the antioxidant homeostasis. In addition, HEMR may be a potential tool to prevent hepatic injury secondary to ulcerative colitis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Colitis/prevention & control , Colon/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Maytenus , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Line , Colitis/chemically induced , Colitis/metabolism , Colitis/pathology , Colon/metabolism , Colon/pathology , Cytokines/metabolism , Dextran Sulfate , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Liver/metabolism , Maytenus/chemistry , Mice , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , RatsABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Based on traditional medicine, infusions of Bidens species (Asteraceae) have been successfully used in the treatment of acute and chronic enteritis. Additionally, ethnopharmacological reports demonstrating the gastrointestinal, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic and immunomodulatory potency of Bidens tripartita Linn. (Asteraceae) and its constituents make the plant a particularly interesting herbal drug candidate for the supportive treatment of functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to verify the effects of B. tripartita and its main flavonoid constituents on intestinal contractility patterns under ex vivo conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of B. tripartita preparations and their main flavonoids were identified using an alternative model of porcine isolated jejunum specimens. Using LC-ESI-MS, the effects of six different standardized extracts, aqueous (BT1), methanolic 50% (BT2), methanolic (BT3), diethyl ether (BT4), ethyl acetate (BT5) and butanol (BT6) (0.001-0.1 mg/mL), as well as three pure isolated flavonoids, luteolin (LUT), cynaroside (CYN) and flavanomarein (ION) (0.001-100 µM), were evaluated towards spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced motility. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: s: The results showed the potent prokinetic effects of the B. tripartita extracts and their flavonoids on jejunum smooth muscle. The myocontractile effect was observed on both spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced contractility. There were no substantial differences in the magnitude of myocontractile effects between all six extracts with the exception of the butanol extract which seemed to have a slightly stronger prokinetic effect than the other extracts. The use of extracts at the highest tested concentrations provoked an approximately 1.5-fold increased reaction to acetylcholine compared to the control treatment. The myocontractile effect of the single flavonoids justifies the hypothesis that these secondary metabolites are responsible for the prokinetic activity of all the tested extracts. Among the tested flavonoids, CYN appeared to be the most potent ingredient of B. tripartita; the increase in the response to acetylcholine in the presence of this compound exceeded 250% of the control reaction. In view of the obtained results, the range of functional gastrointestinal disorders in which B. tripartita could be expected to bring benefits include the predominantly constipative phases of irritable bowel syndrome and dyspeptic complaints in which treatment protocols usually involve gastroprokinetics.
Subject(s)
Bidens , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Jejunum/drug effects , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Bidens/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , In Vitro Techniques , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Sus scrofaABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Molokhia is highly consumed in Egypt as edible and medicinal plants, and its leaves are used for the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY: High-fat diet (HFD) induces gut dysbiosis, which is closely linked to metabolic diseases including obesity and leaky gut. The effects of molokhia (Corchorus olitorius L.) on anti-obesity and gut health were investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of a water-soluble extract from molokhia leaves (WM) on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on body weight, gut permeability, hormone levels, fecal enzyme activity of the intestinal microflora, and gut microbiota in HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice were examined. RESULTS: WM treatment significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mice treated with 100 mg/kg WM had 13.1, 52.4, and 17.4% significantly lower body weights, gut permeability, and hepatic lipid accumulation than those in the HFD group, respectively. In addition, WM influenced gut health by inhibiting metabolic endotoxemia and colonic inflammation. It also altered the composition of the gut microbiota; in particular, it increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased that of Desulfovibrio. CONCLUSION: Our results extend our understanding of the beneficial effects of WM consumption, including the prevention of gut dysbiosis and obesity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Colitis/prevention & control , Colon/microbiology , Corchorus , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Obesity/prevention & control , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipocytes/drug effects , Adipocytes/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Obesity Agents/isolation & purification , Bacteria/enzymology , Bacteria/growth & development , Biomarkers/blood , Colitis/metabolism , Colitis/microbiology , Corchorus/chemistry , Diet, High-Fat , Disease Models, Animal , Dysbiosis , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/microbiology , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sophora alopecuroides L. is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional medicine for the management conditions including inflammatory and gastrointestinal disease. However, the therapeutic mechanism of Sophora alopecuroides L.particularly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the treatment effects of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L. in ulcerative colitis (UC) mice model and explore the therapeutic mechanism of KDZ on UC based on bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Colitis were induced in BALB/c mice by administering 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. The mice were then given KDZ (300, 150 and 75 mg/kg) and the positive drug sulfasalazine (SASP, 450 mg/kg) via oral administration for 7 days. The levels of 23 bile acids in the liver, bile, serum, cecum content and colon were determined through ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The cecum microbiota was characterized through high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing. RESULTS: KDZ treatment significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI) scores and ameliorated colonic injury in DSS-treated mice. The expression of IL-1ß and TGF-ß1 were suppressed, yet, IL-10 was up-regulated by KDZ and SASP treatment compared with those in the model group. Meanwhile, the serum contents of total bile acid and total cholesterol in the DSS group increased significantly compared with those in the control group, but reversed by SASP and KDZ. The relative abundance of Firmicutes increased after KDZ was administration, whereas the abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased. αMCA, ßMCA, ωMCA and CA in the SASP and KDZ groups did not differ from those in the control group, whereas these parameters significantly increased in the DSS group. CONCLUSIONS: KDZ had a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis by mitigating colonic injury, preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis and regulating bile acid metabolism.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/pharmacology , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Cecum/drug effects , Colitis, Ulcerative/prevention & control , Colon/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sophora , Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Animals , Cecum/metabolism , Cecum/microbiology , Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism , Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology , Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology , Colon/metabolism , Colon/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Dysbiosis , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Sophora/chemistryABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Numerous studies have pointed to profound nongustatory roles of tastants and the corresponding taste receptors expressed in the alimentary canal in the modulation of digestive and metabolic functions. Already in early reports, the intriguing possibility to use tastants as drug-like effectors for the treatment of metabolic diseases was raised. With this review, focusing on the most recent literature, we intend to question how close we meanwhile came to the initial promise - the use of tastants as medicines. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the enormous complexity and experimental variability of studies investigating the effects of tastants on physiological functions still has not revealed a common fundament from which subsequent therapeutic measures could be designed, more and more evidence is mounting on an involvement of taste receptors and taste signaling molecules in the maintenance and fine regulation of gastrointestinal functions and immunity. SUMMARY: Although the initial goal - using tastants to treat metabolic disorders - has, by far, not been reached, numerous promising findings suggest that dietary interventions could be devised to support conventional therapies in the future.
Subject(s)
Diet Therapy/trends , Gastrointestinal Agents/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Taste , Animals , Diet Therapy/methods , Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology , Humans , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/physiology , Taste/drug effects , Taste/physiologyABSTRACT
Porcine pancreatic extracts (PPE), also named pancreatin, are commonly used as a global source of pancreatic enzymes for enzyme replacement therapy in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. They are considered as a good substitute of human pancreatic enzymes and they have become a material of choice for in vitro models of digestion. Nevertheless, while the global PPE contents in lipase, protease and amylase activities are well characterized, little is known about individual enzymes. Here we characterized the lipase, phospholipase, cholesterol esterase and galactolipase activities of PPE and compared them with those of porcine (PPJ) and human (HPJ) pancreatic juices. The phospholipase to lipase activity ratio was similar in PPJ and HPJ, but was 4-fold lower in PPE. The galactolipase and cholesterol esterase activities were found at lower levels in PPJ compared to HPJ, and they were further reduced in PPE. The enzymes known to display these activities in HPJ, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) and carboxylester hydrolase/bile salt-stimulated lipase (CEH/BSSL), were identified in PPJ using gel filtration experiments, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS analysis. The galactolipase and cholesterol esterase activities of PPE indicated that PLRP2 and CEH/BSSL are still present at low levels in this enzyme preparation, but they were not detected by mass spectrometry. Besides differences between porcine and human enzymes, the lower levels of phospholipase, galactolipase and cholesterol esterase activities in PPE are probably due to some proteolysis occurring during the production process. In conclusion, PPE do not provide a full substitution of the lipolytic enzymes present in HPJ.