Impact of Nitrogen on the Selective Closure of Stacking Faults in 3C-SiC.

Despite the promising properties, the problem of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) heteroepitaxy on silicon has not yet been resolved and its use in microelectronics is limited by the presence of extensive defects. In this paper, we used microphotoluminescence (µ-PL), molten KOH etching, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) to investigate the effect of nitrogen doping on the distribution of stacking faults (SFs) and assess how increasing dosages of nitrogen during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth inhibits the development of SFs. An innovative angle-resolved SEM observation approach of molten KOH-etched samples resulted in detailed statistics on the density of the different types of defects as a function of the growth thickness of 3C-SiC free-standing samples with varied levels of nitrogen doping. Moreover, we proceeded to shed light on defects revealed by a diamond-shaped pit. In the past, they were conventionally associated with dislocations (Ds) due to what happens in 4H-SiC, where the formation of pits is always linked with the presence of Ds. In this work, the supposed Ds were observed at high magnification (by HRSTEM), demonstrating that principally they are partial dislocations (PDs) that delimit an SF, whose development and propagation are suppressed by the presence of nitrogen. These results were compared with VESTA simulations, which allowed to simulate the 3C-SiC lattice to design two 3C-lattice domains delimited by different types of SFs. In addition, through previous experimental evidence, a preferential impact of nitrogen on the closure of 6H-like SFs was observed as compared to 4H-like SFs.

New Approaches and Understandings in the Growth of Cubic Silicon Carbide.

In this review paper, several new approaches about the 3C-SiC growth are been presented. In fact, despite the long research activity on 3C-SiC, no devices with good electrical characteristics have been obtained due to the high defect density and high level of stress. To overcome these problems, two different approaches have been used in the last years. From one side, several compliance substrates have been used to try to reduce both the defects and stress, while from another side, the first bulk growth has been performed to try to improve the quality of this material with respect to the heteroepitaxial one. From all these studies, a new understanding of the material defects has been obtained, as well as regarding all the interactions between defects and several growth parameters. This new knowledge will be the basis to solve the main issue of the 3C-SiC growth and reach the goal to obtain a material with low defects and low stress that would allow for realizing devices with extremely interesting characteristics.

Effect of Nitrogen and Aluminum Doping on 3C-SiC Heteroepitaxial Layers Grown on 4° Off-Axis Si (100).

This work provides a comprehensive investigation of nitrogen and aluminum doping and its consequences for the physical properties of 3C-SiC. Free-standing 3C-SiC heteroepitaxial layers, intentionally doped with nitrogen or aluminum, were grown on Si (100) substrate with different 4° off-axis in a horizontal hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. The Si substrate was melted inside the CVD chamber, followed by the growth process. Micro-Raman, photoluminescence (PL) and stacking fault evaluation through molten KOH etching were performed on different doped samples. Then, the role of the doping and of the cut angle on the quality, density and length distribution of the stacking faults was studied, in order to estimate the influence of N and Al incorporation on the morphological and optical properties of the material. In particular, for both types of doping, it was observed that as the dopant concentration increased, the average length of the stacking faults (SFs) increased and their density decreased.

Characterization of 4H- and 6H-Like Stacking Faults in Cross Section of 3C-SiC Epitaxial Layer by Room-Temperature µ-Photoluminescence and µ-Raman Analysis.

We report a comprehensive investigation on stacking faults (SFs) in the 3C-SiC cross-section epilayer. 3C-SiC growth was performed in a horizontal hot-wall chemical vapour deposition (CVD) reactor. After the growth (85 microns thick), the silicon substrate was completely melted inside the CVD chamber, obtaining free-standing 4 inch wafers. A structural characterization and distribution of SFs was performed by µ-Raman spectroscopy and room-temperature µ-photoluminescence. Two kinds of SFs, 4H-like and 6H-like, were identified near the removed silicon interface. Each kind of SFs shows a characteristic photoluminescence emission of the 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC located at 393 and 425 nm, respectively. 4H-like and 6H-like SFs show different distribution along film thickness. The reported results were discussed in relation with the experimental data and theoretical models present in the literature.

Temperature Investigation on 3C-SiC Homo-Epitaxy on Four-Inch Wafers.

In this work, results related to the temperature influence on the homo-epitaxial growth process of 3C-SiC is presented. The seed for the epitaxial layer was obtained by an innovative technique based on silicon melting: after the first step of the hetero-epitaxial growth process of 3C-SiC on a Si substrate, Si melts, and the remaining freestanding SiC layer was used as a seed layer for the homo-epitaxial growth. Different morphological analyses indicate that the growth temperature and the growth rate play a fundamental role in the stacking faults density. In details, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman analysis show the strict relationship between growth temperature, crystal quality, and doping incorporation in the homo-epitaxial chemical vapor deposition CVD growth process of a 3C-SiC wafer. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectra show a considerable reduction of point defects during homo-epitaxy at high temperatures.

3C-SiC Growth on Inverted Silicon Pyramids Patterned Substrate.

This work reports on the properties of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) grown epitaxially on a patterned silicon substrate composed of squared inverted silicon pyramids (ISP). This compliant substrate prevents stacking faults, usually found at the SiC/Si interface, from reaching the surface. We investigated the effect of the size of the inverted pyramid on the epilayer quality. We noted that anti-phase boundaries (APBs) develop between adjacent faces of the pyramid and that the SiC/Si interfaces have the same polarity on both pyramid faces. The structure of the heterointerface was investigated. Moreover, due to the emergence of APB at the vertex of the pyramid, voids buried on the epilayer form. We demonstrated that careful control of the growth parameters allows modification of the height of the void and the density of APBs, improving SiC epitaxy quality.

Theoretical and experimental study of the role of cell-cell dipole interaction in dielectrophoretic devices: application to polynomial electrodes.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effect of cell-cell dipole interactions in the equilibrium distributions in dielectrophoretic devices. METHODS: We used a three dimensional coupled Monte Carlo-Poisson method to theoretically study the final distribution of a system of uncharged polarizable particles suspended in a static liquid medium under the action of an oscillating non-uniform electric field generated by polynomial electrodes. The simulated distributions have been compared with experimental ones observed in the case of MDA-MB-231 cells in the same operating conditions. RESULTS: The real and simulated distributions are consistent. In both cases the cells distribution near the electrodes is dominated by cell-cell dipole interactions which generate long chains. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between real and simulated cells' distributions demonstrate the method's reliability. The distribution are dominated by cell-cell dipole interactions even at low density regimes (105 cell/ml). An improved estimate for the density threshold governing the interaction free regime is suggested.