ABSTRACT
Interactions between host and gut microbial communities are modulated by diets and play pivotal roles in immunological homeostasis and health. We show that exchanging the protein source in a high fat, high sugar, westernized diet from casein to whole-cell lysates of the non-commensal bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath is sufficient to reverse western diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota to a state resembling that of lean, low fat diet-fed mice, both under mild thermal stress (T22 °C) and at thermoneutrality (T30 °C). Concomitant with microbiota changes, mice fed the Methylococcus-based western diet exhibit improved glucose regulation, reduced body and liver fat, and diminished hepatic immune infiltration. Intake of the Methylococcu-based diet markedly boosts Parabacteroides abundances in a manner depending on adaptive immunity, and upregulates triple positive (Foxp3+RORγt+IL-17+) regulatory T cells in the small and large intestine. Collectively, these data point to the potential for leveraging the use of McB lysates to improve immunometabolic homeostasis.
Subject(s)
Intestine, Large/immunology , Intestine, Small/immunology , Methylococcus capsulatus/immunology , Microbiota/immunology , Proteins/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Animals , Diet , Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology , Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism , Homeostasis/immunology , Interleukin-17/immunology , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Intestine, Large/metabolism , Intestine, Large/microbiology , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Intestine, Small/microbiology , Male , Methylococcus capsulatus/chemistry , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism , Obesity/immunology , Proteins/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolismABSTRACT
Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust may cause lung cancer in humans. Mechanisms include DNA-damage and inflammatory responses. Here, the potential of NIST SRM2975 diesel exhaust particles (DEP) to transform human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3) in vitro was investigated. Long-term exposure of HBEC3 to DEP led to increased colony growth in soft agar. Several DEP-transformed cell lines were established and based on the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) marker genes, one of them (T2-HBEC3) was further characterized. T2-HBEC3 showed a mesenchymal/fibroblast-like morphology, reduced expression of CDH1, and induction of CDH2 and VIM. T2-HBEC3 had reduced migration potential compared with HBEC3 and little invasion capacity. Gene expression profiling showed baseline differences between HBEC3 and T2-HBEC3 linked to lung carcinogenesis. Next, to assess differences in sensitivity to DEP between parental HBEC3 and T2-HBEC3, gene expression profiling was carried out after DEP short-term exposure. Results revealed changes in genes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics and lipids, as well as inflammation. HBEC3 displayed a higher steady state of IL1B gene expression and release of IL-1ß compared with T2-HBEC3. HBEC3 and T2-HBEC3 showed similar susceptibility towards DEP-induced genotoxic effects. Liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry was used to measure secretion of eicosanoids. Generally, major prostaglandin species were released in higher concentrations from T2-HBEC3 than from HBEC3 and several analytes were altered after DEP-exposure. In conclusion, long-term exposure to DEP-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Differences between HBEC3 and T2-HBEC3 regarding baseline levels and DEP-induced changes of particularly CYP1A1, IL-1ß, PGE2, and PGF2α may have implications for acute inflammation and carcinogenesis.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Bronchi/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Transcriptome/drug effects , Vehicle Emissions/toxicity , Bronchi/metabolism , Bronchi/ultrastructure , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Line, Transformed , DNA Damage , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/ultrastructure , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Interleukin-1beta/geneticsABSTRACT
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed noncutaneous cancer in men in Western countries. As in the normal prostate, the initial stages of prostate cancer progression depend on androgens that increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Androgen-deprivation therapy is the major course of treatment in recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. However, in most cases prostate cancer progresses to an apoptosis-resistant androgen-independent stage for which there is no available therapy. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression, and how prostate cancer cells evade apoptotic mechanisms that give rise to their uncontrolled growth behavior. Here, we have reviewed the most important signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer apoptosis and cell growth and how they may be deregulated during prostate cancer progression.