Projections of future forest degradation and CO2 emissions for the Brazilian Amazon.

In recent years, the area affected by forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon has frequently been higher than deforestation. From August 2006 to July 2019, the degraded area totaled 194,058 km2, representing almost two times the 99,630 km2 deforested in the same period. The impacts of degradation include biodiversity loss and changes in the carbon stocks, affecting the CO2 balance and future climate changes. This paper aims to explore socioeconomic and environmental factors that influence forest degradation, project future scenarios, and assess the impact on the regional carbon balance, combining forest degradation and deforestation-related processes (clear-cut deforestation and secondary vegetation dynamics). We show that, while net CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2050 are 0.74 Gt CO2 in the Sustainable scenario, this value reached 22.63 Gt CO2 in the Fragmentation scenario, an increasingly plausible scenario given the recent trends in the region.

New land-use change scenarios for Brazil: Refining global SSPs with a regional spatially-explicit allocation model.

The future of land use and cover change in Brazil, particularly due to deforestation and forest restoration processes, is critical for the future of global climate and biodiversity, given the richness of its five biomes. These changes in Brazil depend on the interlink between global factors due to its role as one of the main exporters of commodities globally and the national to local institutional, socioeconomic, and biophysical contexts. Aiming to develop scenarios that consider the balance between global (e.g., GDP growth, population growth, per capita consumption of agricultural products, international trade policies, and climatic conditions) and local factors (e.g., land use, agrarian structure, agricultural suitability, protected areas, distance to roads, and other infrastructure projects), a new set of land-use change scenarios for Brazil were developed that aligned with the global structure Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCPs) developed by the global change research community. The narratives of the new scenarios align with SSP1/RCP 1.9 (Sustainable development scenario), SSP2/RCP 4.5 (Middle of the road scenario), and SSP3/RCP 7.0 (Strong inequality scenario). The scenarios were developed by combining the LuccME spatially explicit land change allocation modeling framework and the INLAND surface model to incorporate the climatic variables in water deficit. Based on detailed biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors for each biome in Brazil, we have created spatially explicit scenarios until 2050, considering the following classes: forest vegetation, grassland vegetation, planted pasture, agriculture, a mosaic of small land uses, and forestry. The results aim to detail global models regionally. They could be used regionally to support decision-making and enrich the global analysis.

Land use change emission scenarios: anticipating a forest transition process in the Brazilian Amazon.

Following an intense occupation process that was initiated in the 1960s, deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased significantly since 2004, stabilizing around 6000 km(2) yr(-1) in the last 5 years. A convergence of conditions contributed to this, including the creation of protected areas, the use of effective monitoring systems, and credit restriction mechanisms. Nevertheless, other threats remain, including the rapidly expanding global markets for agricultural commodities, large-scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects, and weak institutions. We propose three updated qualitative and quantitative land-use scenarios for the Brazilian Amazon, including a normative 'Sustainability' scenario in which we envision major socio-economic, institutional, and environmental achievements in the region. We developed an innovative spatially explicit modelling approach capable of representing alternative pathways of the clear-cut deforestation, secondary vegetation dynamics, and the old-growth forest degradation. We use the computational models to estimate net deforestation-driven carbon emissions for the different scenarios. The region would become a sink of carbon after 2020 in a scenario of residual deforestation (~1000 km(2) yr(-1)) and a change in the current dynamics of the secondary vegetation - in a forest transition scenario. However, our results also show that the continuation of the current situation of relatively low deforestation rates and short life cycle of the secondary vegetation would maintain the region as a source of CO2 - even if a large portion of the deforested area is covered by secondary vegetation. In relation to the old-growth forest degradation process, we estimated average gross emission corresponding to 47% of the clear-cut deforestation from 2007 to 2013 (using the DEGRAD system data), although the aggregate effects of the postdisturbance regeneration can partially offset these emissions. Both processes (secondary vegetation and forest degradation) need to be better understood as they potentially will play a decisive role in the future regional carbon balance.

Deforestation scenarios for the Bolivian lowlands.

Tropical forests in South America play a key role in the provision of ecosystem services such as carbon sinks, biodiversity conservation, and global climate regulation. In previous decades, Bolivian forests have mainly been deforested by the expansion of agricultural frontier development, driven by the growing demands for beef and other productions. In the mid-2000s the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) party rose to power in Bolivia with the promise of promoting an alternative development model that would respect the environment. The party passed the world's first laws granting rights to the environment, which they termed Mother Earth (Law No. 300 of 2012), and proposed an innovative framework that was expected to develop radical new conservation policies. The MAS conservationist discourse, policies, and productive practices, however, have since been in permanent tension. The government continues to guarantee food production through neo-extractivist methods by promoting the notion to expand agriculture from 3 to 13 million ha, risking the tropical forests and their ecosystem services. These actions raise major environmental and social concerns, as the potential impacts of such interventions are still unknown. The objective of this study is to explore an innovative land use modeling approach to simulate how the growing demand for land could affect future deforestation trends in Bolivia. We use the LuccME framework to create a spatially-explicit land cover change model and run it under three different deforestation scenarios, spanning from the present-2050. In the Sustainability scenario, deforestation reaches 17,703,786 ha, notably in previously deforested or degraded areas, while leaving forest extensions intact. In the Middle of the road scenario, deforestation and degradation move toward new or paved roads spreading across 25,698,327 ha in 2050, while intact forests are located in Protected Areas (PAs). In the Fragmentation scenario, deforestation expands to almost all Bolivian lowlands reaching 37,944,434 ha and leaves small forest patches in a few PAs. These deforestation scenarios are not meant to predict the future but to show how current and future decisions carried out by the neo-extractivist practices of MAS government could affect deforestation and carbon emission trends. In this perspective, recognizing land use systems as open and dynamic systems is a central challenge in designing efficient land use policies and managing a transition towards sustainable land use.

O lugar do lazer nas políticas públicas: Um olhar sobre alguns cenários / Leisure place in public policy: A look at some scenarios

Esse artigo teve o objetivo de revisar na literatura científica vigente como o lazer é compreendido nas políticas públicas. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, a partir das bases de dados eletrônicos. Foram pesquisados artigos dos anos de 2003 a 2012. Os 17 artigos que atenderam os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos foram divididos em duas categorias: Perspectiva crítica e Perspectiva funcionalista. Percebeu-se que o fenômeno do lazer, na maioria dos projetos de esporte e lazer, é compreendido numa perspectiva funcionalista. De fato, políticas públicas de lazer atuais não têm esse fenômeno como principal objetivo, deixando-o como segundo plano, visto que outros direitos são tratados como prioridade.

This paper aimed to review the current scientific literature, analysing how leisure is understood in public policies. We performed an integrative review from electronic databases. The review was based on papers from 2003 to 2012. The 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were divided into two categories: critical perspective and functionalist perspective. We realized that the phenomenon of leisure in most sports and leisure projects is understood in a functionalist perspective. Indeed, public leisure policies nowadays do not have this phenomenon as the main goal, leaving it unattended, whereas other rights are treated as priority.

O jogo das cidades em tempos de megaeventos esportivos: algumas reflexões / El juego de ciudades en tiempos de megaeventos deportivos: algunas reflexiones / The game of cities in times of mega sporting events: some reflections

O ensaio objetiva analisar aspectos referentes aos megaeventos esportivos propostos para acontecer no Brasil, com o intuito de compreender seus possíveis impactos. Neste texto, são apontadas situações que o Brasil está vivendo na fase que antecede aos megaeventos, no que se refere às transformações das cidades, aos impactos no cotidiano dos moradores decorrentes de todas as mudanças exigidas, aos possíveis legados e, por fim, como a Educação Física situa-se nesse processo. Sediar megaeventos esportivos remete a estratégias complexas, sendo de fundamental importância a participação da comunidade, uma responsável gestão pública e estudos científicos, técnicos e operacionais que identifiquem, com profundidade, tais impactos.

This paper examines aspects related to mega sporting events proposed in Brazil in order to understand their potential impacts. It points out situations that Brazil is experiencing in times preceding those mega events, with regard to changes in cities, impacts on residents’ daily lives as a result of all the changes required, their possible legacy, and finally, the place of Physical Education in the process. Hosting mega sporting events implies complex strategies and crucial aspects include community participation, responsible public management as well as scientific, technical and operational studies that identify such impacts in depth.

El estudio objetiva analizar aspectos relacionados a los megaeventos deportivos que deben ocurrir en Brasil, con el fin de comprender sus posibles impactos. El texto señala situaciones que Brasil vive en la fase que precede a los megaeventos en lo que se refiere a las transformaciones de las ciudades, los impactos en el cotidiano de los habitantes como consecuencia de los cambios exigidos, los posibles legados y, finalmente, cómo se sitúa la educación física en este proceso. Acoger a megaeventos deportivos remite a estrategias complejas, y es de fundamental importancia la participación de la comunidad, una responsable gestión pública y estudios científicos, técnicos y operacionales que identifiquen con profundidad tales impactos.

As mudanças do Programa Dança Curitiba: a questão dos espaços / Changes of program "Dança Curitiba": the question of spaces

Buscou-se analisar neste estudo como aconteceram determinadas transformações do Programa ?Dança Curitiba?, a partir de sua criação e desenvolvimento pela Secretaria Municipal de Esporte, Lazer e Juventude de Curitiba, bem como investigar quais foram os fatos que demarcaram tais mudanças. Partiu-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, em que os dados obtidos apontaram para alterações em relação aos espaços de desenvolvimento do programa. Entre elas: uma lei que proibiu o uso de parques e praças de Curitiba, a infraestrutura de alguns espaços e a instabilidade climática da cidade em questão. Nesse sentido, infere-se que essas variações podem restringir o público que assiste aos eventos do programa, assim como dificultar seu acesso.

This study investigates how certain transformations happened of the Program ?Dança Curitiba?, from its creation and development by the Municipal Sport, Recreation and Youth Curitiba, and to investigate what were the facts that such changes demarcated. Starting from a qualitative approach, wherein the data pointed to changes in relation to the spaces of program development. Among them: a law that banned the use of parks and squares of Curitiba, the infrastructure of some spaces and climatic instability of the city concerned. Accordingly, it is inferred that these variations may restrict the audience attending the event program and hinder their access.

Espaço, lugar e brincadeiras: o que pensam os professores e o que vivem os alunos / Space, place and play: what they think teachers and students living

Este artigo explora o brincar das crianças nos espaços públicos e de contraturno escolar, em um bairro da cidade de Curitiba (PR), na perspectiva de professores e educadores. As etapas de investigação foram: seleção dos espaços e tempos do brincar, aplicação de questionários e observação. Com base nos dados consideramos que: os espaços para a vivência do lúdico são prioritariamente a escola e os espaços de contraturno escolar; os tempos para o brincar são o recreio, os tempos livres nos contraturnos escolares e possivelmente os fins de semana. Sendo assim, inferimos necessidade de: intensificar a oferta e a manutenção de espaços e equipamentos públicos; aumentar o envolvimento dos pais, professores e educadores no estímulo das experiências lúdicas

This article explores the play of children in public spaces and count ar­round school in a district of the city of Curitiba­PR, in view of teachers and educators. The state of research were: selection of spaces and times of play, questionnaires and observation. From the data we consider that: the spaces for the experience of the school are primarily recreational spaces and counter­round school, and the times for the "play" are the playground at school, free time in school and shift counter possibly weekends. Therefore, we infer the need to: enhance the supply and maintenance of public spaces and equipment, in addition to a greater involvement of parents, teachers and educators in the stimulation of recreational experiences