Distribution, seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in Brazil: Official data, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic disease in Brazil, and evidence-based assessments of the available literature on its seroprevalence and risk factors are limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review and summarize studies related to seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis in the entire Brazil, in addition to comparing published data with the most recent official reports. Articles available in scientific databases and published between October 2006 and October 2021 were evaluated. Forty-five publications were included in the meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of brucellosis and 29 publications in the review on risk factors. The largest number of publications was found for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (n=4), and the highest and lowest seroprevalences were observed in Acre (11%; 95% CI: 8.0-14.0%) and in the Federal District (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.2-0.7%). The main risk factors were the purchase of animals for breeding, vaccination, the number of heifers (female ≥2 years), the presence of calving paddocks and the occurrence of abortions. The need for new official studies has been suggested to determine the true prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, supported by the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis.

Multi-locus sequencing typing reveals geographically related intraspecies variability of Sporothrix brasiliensis.

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by pathogenic Sporothrix species. Among them, Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main species associated with endemic regions in South America, especially Brazil. It is highly virulent and can be spread through zoonotic transmission. Molecular epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the extent of genetic variation, to investigate outbreaks, and to identify genotypes associated with antifungal resistance and susceptibility. This study investigated the sequence variation of different constitutive genes and established a novel multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. brasiliensis. Specific primers were designed for 16 genes using Primer-BLAST software based on the genome sequences of three S. brasiliensis strains (ATCC MYA-4823, A001 and A005). Ninety-one human, animal, and environmental S. brasiliensis isolates from different Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast) andtwo isolates from Paraguay were sequenced. The loci that presented the highest nucleotide diversity (π) were selected for the MLST scheme. Among the 16 studied genetic loci, four presented increased π value and were able to distinguish all S. brasiliensis isolates into seven distinct haplotypes. The PCR conditions were standardized for four loci. Some of the obtained haplotypes were associated with the geographic origin of the strains. This study presents an important advance in the understanding of this important agent of sporotrichosis in Brazil. It significantly increased the discriminatory power for genotyping of S. brasiliensis isolates, and enabled new contributions to the epidemiological studies of this human and animal pathogen in Brazil and in other countries.

Herd-level based seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii in cows in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.

We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥ 24 months (n = 1,895) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cutoff of 64. Of the 434 farms investigated, 197 had at least one seropositive cow (prevalence of 49.0%; 95% CI = 44.3%-53.8%), and the prevalence at animal level was 18.0% (95% CI = 5.3%-21.1%). The antibody titers ranged from 64 to 1024, with the most frequent titers being 64 (10.8%) and 128 (3.7%). The risk factors identified were property located in Sertão region (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07), property located in Agreste/Zona da Mata regions (OR = 2.00), animal purchasing (OR = 2.68), herd size of 34-111 animals (OR = 2.91) and herd size > 111 animals (OR = 6.97). The results suggest the wide distribution of T. gondii infections in cattle throughout the state of Paraíba, and the risk factors identified are not possible to correct.

Herd and animal level prevalences and risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in cattle in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil.

Bovine neosporosis is a globally important disease, causing abortions and significant economic losses. In Brazil, studies on neosporosis in cattle are few and based on limited samples and/or from limited areas. We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Neospora caninum infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, using a planned sampling. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥24 months (n = 1891) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cut-off point the antibody titer 200. Herd-level and animal-level seroprevalences were 17.8% (95% CI = 14.3%-21.8%) and 18.1% (95% CI = 14.7%-22.1%), respectively. The factors associated with N. caninum infection were farm located in the Sertão mesoregion (Prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.37), mixed production (PR = 1.64), herd size of 34-111 animals (PR = 3.50) and herd size >111 animals (PR = 6.14). The results indicate high N. caninum circulation in the bovine population of the state of Paraíba, semiarid of Brazil, mainly in the Sertão mesoregion, where the highest apparent herd and animal-level prevalences of positive herds were identified. Control strategies should be adopted to mitigate the impact of disease on cattle production, as well as it's suggested the encouragement of conducting surveys in wildlife from Caatinga biome, mainly canids, to provide information on the importance of these animals on the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis.

High herd-level seroprevalence and associated factors for bovine leukemia virus in the semi-arid Paraíba state, Northeast Region of Brazil.

Epidemiological surveys that investigate infectious diseases such as enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) are important. Furthermore, estimating the prevalence of such infectious diseases and associated factors is key to assess the disease impact and design control programs. In this study, we identified a high herd-level seroprevalence of EBL in cattle from the semi-arid Paraíba state, Northeast Region of Brazil, using a planned cross-sectional survey. Herd-level and animal-level prevalence were estimated using a two-stage random sampling survey. In total, 2067 cows aged ≥24 months from 400 herds were sampled. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect specific antibodies directed to the bovine leukosis virus gp51 antigen in both individual and pooled sera. The herd-level and animal-level prevalence was 23.4 % (95 % CI = 19.2-28.1 %) and 10.8 % (95 % CI = 7.5 %-15.3 %), respectively. There were no significant clusters of positive herds (within a radius of 2 km). The factors associated with herd-level prevalence were the exclusive use of hand milking (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.88), herd size (PR = 1.005), artificial insemination (PR = 2.03), purchase of animals in the previous year (PR = 1.87), and peri-urban farms (PR = 2.09). Prevention measures should be applied at the herd-level, particularly for farms located in peri-urban areas, focusing on good hygiene in hand milking, robust practices and standards for artificial insemination, and serological testing of animals prior to purchase.

Spatial analysis for bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus type 1 infections in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) cause reproductive problems in cattle and restrictions on international trade in animals worldwide. Both infections were detected in cattle herds in the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, however, the spatial distribution and geographic identification of positive herds for these viruses has never been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the spatial pattern of apparent prevalence estimate and to identify spatial clustering of positive herds of BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in cattle herds from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: The herd-level prevalence for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in Paraíba were, respectively, 65.5% (95% CI: 61.1-69.7) and 87.8% (95% CI: 84.5-90.5). The average apparent within-herd prevalence of BVDV was 31.8% and of BoHV-1 was 62.4%. The predicted prevalence was highest (0.42-0.75) for BVDV in the west, north and eastern part of Sertão and in the central and eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. For BoHV-1, the highest predicted prevalence (0.74-0.97) was in some local areas across Sertão and throughout the eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. Six significant clusters were detected for BVDV, a primary cluster covering the eastern Sertão region, with 11 herds, radius of 24.10 km and risk relative (RR) of 2.21 (P <  0.001) and five smaller significant clusters, involving one or two herds in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a high RR. A significant clustering of BoHV-1 positive herds (P <  0.001) was detected in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a radius of 77.17 km and a RR of 1.27, with 103 cases. Consistency was found between kriging and SatScan results for identification of risk areas for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections. CONCLUSIONS: The clusters detected contemplated different areas of the state, with BVDV cluster located in the Sertão and BoHV-1 in Agreste/Zona da Mata stratum. Through the risk mapping, it was possible to identify the areas in which the risk is significantly elevated, coincided with areas where there are borders with other states and in which there is a high movement of animals.

Herd-level prevalence and risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.

Serological surveys based on a planned sampling on bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in Brazilian cattle herds are scarce. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine herd- and animal-level seroprevalences and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level seroprevalence for BVDV infection in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, from September 2012 to January 2013. The state was divided into three sampling strata, and for each stratum, the prevalence of herds infected with BVDV and the prevalence of seropositive animals was estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. In total, 2443 animals were sampled from 478 herds. A virus-neutralization test was used for BVDV antibody detection. A herd was considered positive when at least one seropositive animal was detected. The herd- and animal-level prevalences in the State of Paraíba were 65.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 61.1-69.7%) and 39.1% (95% CI = 33.1-45.6%), respectively. The frequency of seropositive animals per herd ranged from 10 to 100% (median of 50%). The risk factors identified were as follows: more than six calves aged ≤12 months (odds ratio (OR) = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.08-6.66), animal purchasing (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.08-2.55), pasture rental (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.35-3.55), and presence of veterinary assistance (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.10-3.79). Our findings suggest that the implementation of control and prevention measures among farmers, with the aim of preventing dissemination of the agent in the herds, is necessary. Special attention should be given to addressing the identified risk factors, such as sanitary control prior to animal purchasing and to discourage the pasture rental, as well as to encourage the vaccination in the herds.

Frequência de anemia infecciosa equina em equinos nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará durante o ano de 2010 / Frequency of equine infectious anemia in equine in the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará, Northeastern Brazil during 2010

A frequência de equinos soro-reagentes para o vírus da Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE) foi investigada, durante o ano de 2010, em 5615 animais originários de 209 municípios de três estados do nordeste do Brasil: Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Os soros foram examinados com o emprego do teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) produzido com o antígeno p26. Dos 5615 animais examinados, 151 (2,69%) foram soropositivos. As proporções de animais reatores positivos por estado foram: Paraíba (2,86%), Rio Grande do Norte (1,29%) e Ceará (3,10%). Tomando-se por base a menor proporção de resultados positivos encontrada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, o estado da Paraíba apresentou uma odds ratio de 2,64 (IC 95% = 1,33-5,36; p = 0,004) e o Ceará de 2,87 (IC 95% = 1,48-5,71; p = 0,001). Na Paraíba houve o registro de animais soropositivos em todos os meses do ano, com frequência mínima (0,58%) em julho e máxima (5,82%) em junho; no Rio Grande do Norte de março a maio e de julho a novembro, com variação de 0% em janeiro, fevereiro, junho e dezembro a 3,61% em maio; e no Ceará em todos os meses com frequência mínima (1,10%) em agosto e máxima (7,29%) no mês de dezembro.

During the year of 2010 the frequency of equines sero-reactants to the Infectious Anemia vírus (EIA) was investigatedin 5,615 animals originated from 209 counties of three northeastern brazilian states: Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. The serum samples were examined by an agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) produced with p26 antigen. Of the 5,615 animals examined 151 (2.69%) were seropositive to EIA. The proportion of seroreactant animals per state were: Paraíba (2.86%), Rio Grande do Norte (1.29%) and Ceará (3.10%). Paraíba presented an odds ratio of 2.64 (95% CI = 1.33-5.36; p = 0.004), while Ceará had an odds ratio of 2.87 (95% CI = 1.48-5.71; p = 0.001) both of them compared with Rio Grande do Norte. Paraíba had seropositive animals in all months of the year, with frequency ranging from 0.58% in July to 5.82% in June; in Rio Grande do Norte from March to May and from July to November ranging from 0% in January, February, June and December to 3.61% in May; and in Ceará in all months ranging from 1.10% in August to 7.29% in December.

Detection of brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba state, in the northeast region of Brazil

To determine the presence of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil, 80 animals slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city were used. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected by jugular venopuncture from each animal, and after slaughter, testicles, epidydimus and uterus were aseptically collected. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis and B. abortus infections, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Rose Bengal (RBT) tests were carried out, respectively. In addition, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples. Six animals (7.5 percent) tested positive for the presence of B. ovis antibodies and all animals tested negative for the presence of B. abortus antibodies. One AGID-positive animal tested positive at uterine swab culture. PCR was able to amplify DNA of Brucella spp. from the pool of testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples from AGID-positive animals. This is the first report of isolation and detection of B. ovis DNA by PCR in ovine from the Northeast region of Brazil.

Detection of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil.

To determine the presence of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil, 80 animals slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city were used. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected by jugular venopuncture from each animal, and after slaughter, testicles, epidydimus and uterus were aseptically collected. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis and B. abortus infections, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Rose Bengal (RBT) tests were carried out, respectively. In addition, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples. Six animals (7.5%) tested positive for the presence of B. ovis antibodies and all animals tested negative for the presence of B. abortus antibodies. One AGID-positive animal tested positive at uterine swab culture. PCR was able to amplify DNA of Brucella spp. from the pool of testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples from AGID-positive animals. This is the first report of isolation and detection of B. ovis DNA by PCR in ovine from the Northeast region of Brazil.

Soroprevalência e fatores de risco para a língua azul em carneiros das mesorregiões do Sertão e da Borborema, semi-árido do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Seroprevalence and risk factors for Bluetongue in rams of the Sertão and Borborema mesoregions, semi-arid of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil

Neste estudo foi determinada a prevalência de anticorpos contra o vírus da língua azul em carneiros das mesorregiões do Sertão e da Borborema, semi-árido do Estado da Paraíba, bem como foram identificados os fatores de risco associados à infecção. A amostragem foi delineada para a determinação da prevalência de propriedades positivas (focos) e de animais soropositivos por mesorregião. Foi realizada uma seleção aleatória de unidades primárias, composta por 189 propriedades no Sertão e 100 propriedades na Borborema. Dentro das unidades primárias, foram amostrados todos os carneiros (unidades secundárias), resultando em 321 animais no Sertão e 185 na Borborema. Na ocasião da coleta, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico por propriedade. Para o diagnóstico sorológico, foi utilizada a prova de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA), com antígeno produzido na Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais). Uma propriedade foi considerada foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Na mesorregião do Sertão, as prevalências de focos e de animais soropositivos foram de 11,6 por cento [7,8 por cento - 17,1 por cento] e 8,4 por cento [5,7 por cento - 12,3 por cento], respectivamente. Na mesorregião da Borborema, a prevalência de focos foi de 0,0 por cento [0,0 por cento - 3,6 por cento] e a prevalência de animais soropositivos foi de 0,0 por cento [0,0 por cento - 2,0 por cento]. Os fatores de risco associados à língua azul foram a não realização de higiene das instalações (OR = 5,51) e a vermifugação dos animais duas a quatro vezes ao ano (OR = 4,44).

The prevalence of antibodies against Bluetongue virus in rams of the Sertão and Borborema mesoregions, semi-arid of the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, was determined, and risk factors for the infection were identified. The sampling was delineated for the determination of the prevalence of positive herds and seropositive animals for each mesoregion. Herds (primary units) were randomly selected in the Sertão mesoregion (n = 189) and in the Borborema mesoregion (n = 100). Within the primary units, all rams (secondary units) were sampled, resulting in 321 animals of the Sertão mesoregion and in 185 animals of the Borborema mesoregion. During collection, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to each herd. For serological diagnosis, the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) with antigen produced in the School of Veterinary Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais was carried out. Herds with at least one positive animal were considered positive. In Sertão mesoregion, the prevalence of positive herds and seropositive animals were 11.6 percent [7.8 percent - 17.1 percent] and 8.4 percent [5.7 percent - 12.3 percent], respectively. In Borborema mesoregion, the prevalence of positive herds was 0.0 percent [0.0 percent - 3.6 percent] and the prevalence of seropositive animals was 0.0 percent [0.0 percent - 2.0 percent]. The risk factors associated with Bluetongue were lack of cleaning and disinfection of facilities (OR = 5.51), and administration of anti-parasitic treatment twice to four times per year (OR = 4.44).

Concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de oito antimicrobianos frente isolados de Streptococcus suis / Mininum inhibitory concentration of eigth antibiotics toward isolates of Streptococcus suis

Avaliou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 75 isolados de Streptococcus suis frente a oito antimicrobianos freqüentemente utilizados no controle da infecção por esse microrganismo. A CIM foi realizada em placas previamente preparadas com ágar sangue, contendo concentrações variando de 0,25 a 256 μg/ml dos seguintes antimicrobianos: amoxicilina, ampicilina, penicilina, ceftiofur sódico, florfenicol, lincomicina, penicilina, sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim e tetraciclina. A amoxicilina nas concentrações de 1 e 2 μg/ml, o florfenicol a 1 μg/ml e o sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim nas concentrações de 2 e 8 μg/ml, foram os antimicrobianos frente aos quais os microrganismos apresentaram menor resistência. Em contraste, a ampicilina, tetraciclina, ceftiofur sódico e lincomicina, foram menos efetivos, apresentando CIM de (64 e 128 μg/ml), (64 e 128 μg/ml), (128 e 256 μg/ml) e (>256 μg/ml), respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a amoxicilina e o florfenicol são os antibióticos de escolha para o tratamento de infecções pelo S. suis em suínos.

The minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined toward amoxicilin, ampicilin, penicillin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, lincomycin, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and tetracycline for 75 strains of Streptococcus suis. The MIC was performed on sheep blood agar plates containing concentrations varying from 0,25 to 256 μg/ml of the antibiotic described above. The amoxicilin in the concentrations of 1 and 2 μg/ml, florfenicol in the concentration of 1 μg/ml and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the concentrations of 2 e 8 μg/ml, were the antibiotics that presented minor resistance. In contrast, the ampicilin, tetracycline, ceftiofur and lincomycin, presented MIC of 64 and 128 μg/ml, 64 and 128 μg/ml, 128 and 256 μg/ml and >256 μg/ml, respectively. The results of this study show that the amoxicilin and florfenicol are the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of diseases by S. suis in swine.

Distrofia muscular nutricional em ovinos na Paraíba / Nutritional muscular dystrophy in sheep in Paraíba

Descreve-se um surto de distrofia muscular nutricional em ovinos no semi-árido Nordestino. Foram afetados animais de 3-4 meses de idade, da raça Dorper, pesando 30-40 kg. Os animais eram alimentados, à vontade, com leite, ração balanceada, capim Tifton e sal mineral. Dos 70 animais Dorper, 6 adoeceram e morreram em um período de 48 horas. Apresentaram temperatura, entre 40 e 41ºC, incoordenação com posterior paralisia e decúbito, depressão, prostração e diminuição dos reflexos pupilar e de ameaça, flacidez da língua e mandíbula, salivação, edema submandibular, dispnéia e aumento da freqüência cardíaca. A morte ocorreu após curso clínico de 6- 12 horas. Na necropsia de 3 animais, os músculos esqueléticos estavam de coloração pálida, o fígado estava aumentado de volume e de coloração amarelada, os gânglios parotídeos, submandibulares, retrofaríngeos, prescapulares e mediastínicos estavam aumentados de volume e avermelhados e os pulmões apresentavam áreas vermelhas. Na histologia havia necrose segmentar de todos os músculos examinados e congestão dos gânglios linfáticos e pulmão. Posteriormente mais três animais adoeceram, sendo tratado com oxitetraciclina e complexo vitamínico A,D e E. Desses 3 animais, 2 morreram e um sobreviveu. Na mesma fazenda havia e não adoeceram 20 ovinos da raça Santa Inês, da mesma idade que os animais afetados, que recebiam a mesma alimentação exceto o leite, e 900 ovinos de outras idades. A superalimentação em animais com rápido crescimento e o estresse causado pela restrição de água durantes 2 dias, para aumentar o consumo de leite, parecem ter sido fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência da doença. É possível, também, que algum dos minerais suplementados tenha antagonizado o Se presente na alimentação.

Soroprevalência de leptospirose em cães errantes da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in stray dogs from Patos city, state of Paraíba, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de leptospirose em cães errantes da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de fevereiro a abril de 2003, com a colheita de 130 amostras de soro canino. O diagnóstico da leptospirose foi determinado pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica, utilizando-se uma coleção de 22 variantes sorológicas. Para a caracterização dos sorovares mais prováveis, levou-se em conta a titulação e a freqüência. A prevalência encontrada foi de 20 por cento, com maior frequência dos sorovares autumnalis (20 por cento), pomona (17,5 por cento), grippotyphosa (10 por cento) e patoc (10 por cento).