Revisão sistemática do benefício cosmético da aplicação tópica do filtrado de fermentação / Systematic review of cosmetic benefit of topical application of ferment filtrate

O filtrado de fermentação, (FF), um subproduto de leveduras rico em nutrientes, é usado cosmeticamente no leste da Ásia desde a década de 1970. Revisamos sistematicamente os efeitos deste ativo tópico na saúde da pele e determinamos as limitações nos estudos disponíveis. A literatura recente mostrou evidências na redução do tamanho dos poros, e tambem da aspereza, hiperpigmentação e vermelhidão. No entanto, esses estudos são limitados em eficácia devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra, muitas variáveis e capacidade limitada de validação externa. Devido ao aumento de produtos cosméticos contendo esse ingrediente, é necessária uma análise crítica da literatura disponível e futura para evitar a desinformação do consumidor

Ferment filtrate (FF), a by-product of nutrient-rich yeast, is believed to be used cosmetically in East Asia since the 1970s. We systematically reviewed the topical effects of ferment filtrate on skin health and determined limitations in the available studies. Recent literature has shown evidence in reducing the baseline fluctuation of pore size, roughness, hyperpigmentation, and redness. However, these studies are limited in efficacy due to their small sample size, their confounding variables, and their limited generalizability. Because of the increase of cosmetic products containing this ingredient, critical analysis of the available and future literature is necessary to prevent consumer misinformation.

A Study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of community pharmacists to antibiotic resistance in Trinidad

•Antibiotic misuse accelerates the natural process of development of antibiotic resistance •The increasing antibiotic ineffectiveness is a threat to the practice of medicine, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality as there are an estimated 750,000 deaths annually due to bacteria resistant sepsis •The presence of multi-dug resistant bacteria in North American and Europe has implications for the Caribbean •Education plays an important role in tackling antibiotic resistance •Although Caribbean physicians are aware of antibiotic resistance, this knowledge does not affect prescribing habits •Previous research among pharmacy students in Trinidad identified good knowledge, but the attitude towards use of antibiotics was poor •Research among pharmacists in Brazil identified causes of antibiotic resistance but the role of the law was not explored

Reduced Gritty Perseverance Partially Explains the Relationship Between Overinvolved Parenting and Stress in Physician Assistant Graduate Students.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to assess the role of noncognitive factors (socioeconomic status [SES], overinvolved parenting, and grit) in predicting perceived stress and grade point average (GPA) among graduate students enrolled in a physician assistant (PA) program. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey study, 98 PA students completed surveys measuring SES, overinvolved parenting, grit (passion), grit (perseverance), self-reported GPA, and perceived stress. RESULTS: More overinvolved parenting was reported by PA students under the age of 25 years compared to those over the age of 25. Lower SES predicted higher perceived stress. After controlling for SES, grit (perseverance) partially mediated the relationship between overinvolved parenting and perceived stress. Neither parenting style nor grit was associated with GPA. CONCLUSIONS: Younger PA students reported higher levels of overinvolved parenting. The relationship between experiences with overinvolved parenting and current levels of stress in PA school is partially explained by reduced gritty resilience.

Conservative management versus open reduction and internal fixation for mid-shaft clavicle fractures in adults--the Clavicle Trial: study protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Clavicle fractures account for around 4% of all fractures and up to 44% of fractures of the shoulder girdle. Fractures of the middle third (or mid-shaft) account for approximately 80% of all clavicle fractures. Management of this group of fractures is often challenging and the outcome can be unsatisfactory. In particular it is not clear whether surgery produces better outcomes than non-surgical management. Currently there is much variation in the use of surgery and a lack of good quality evidence to inform our decision. METHODS/DESIGN: We aim to undertake a multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness and safety of conservative management versus open reduction and internal fixation for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures in adults. Surgical treatment will be performed using the Acumed clavicle fixation system. Conservative management will consist of immobilisation in a sling at the side in internal rotation for 6 weeks or until clinical or radiological union. We aim to recruit 300 patients. These patients will be followed-up for at least 9 months. The primary endpoint will be the rate of non-union at 3 months following treatment. Secondary endpoints will be limb function measured using the Constant-Murley Score and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score at 3 and 9 months post-operatively. DISCUSSION: This article presents the protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. It gives extensive details of, and the basis for, the chosen methods, and describes the key measures taken to avoid bias and to ensure validity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: United Kingdom Clinical Research Network ID: 8665. The date of registration of the trial is 07/09/2006. The date the first patient was recruited is 18/12/2007.

Incidental learning of abstract rules for non-dominant word orders.

One way in which adult second language learners may acquire a word order that differs from their native language word order is through exposure-based incidental learning, but little is known about that process and what constrains it. The current studies examine whether a non-dominant word order can be learned incidentally, and if so, whether the rule can be generalized to new words not previously seen in the non-dominant order. Two studies examined the incidental learning of rules underlying the order of nouns and verbs in three-word strings. The self-timed reading speeds of native English speakers decreased as a result of practice with a non-dominant rule (words ordered either as "verb noun noun" or "noun noun verb"). The same pattern of results was also found for new words ordered according to the previously encountered rule, suggesting learning generalized beyond the specific instances encountered. A second experiment showed such rule learning could also occur when the nouns were replaced with pronounceable pseudowords. Learning was therefore possible in the absence of any pre-existing relationships between the items. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.

Studying overt word reading and speech production with event-related fMRI: a method for detecting, assessing, and correcting articulation-induced signal changes and for measuring onset time and duration of articulation.

A quantitative method is introduced for detecting and correcting artifactual signal changes in BOLD time series data arising from the magnetic field warping caused by motion of the articulatory apparatus when speaking aloud, with extensions to detection of subvocal articulatory activity during silent reading. Whole-head images allow the large, spike-like signal changes from the moving tongue and other components of the articulatory apparatus to be detected and localized in time, providing a measure of the time of vocalization onset, the vocalization duration, and also an estimate of the magnitude and shape of the signal change resulting from motion. Data from brain voxels are then examined during the vocalization period, and statistical outliers corresponding to contamination from articulatory motion are removed and replaced by linear interpolation from adjacent, uncontaminated data points. This quantitative approach to cleansing brain time series data of articulatory-motion-induced artifact is combined with a pre-scanning training regimen that reduces gross head movement during reading aloud to the levels observed during reading silently, which can be corrected with available image registration techniques. The combination of quantitative analysis of articulatory motion artifacts and pre-scanning training makes possible a much wider range of tasks involving overt speech than are currently being used in fMRI studies of language and cognition, as well as characterization of subvocal movements of the articulatory apparatus that are relevant to theories of reading skill, verbal rehearsal in working memory, and problem solving.