[Andrology and penile cancer. Recommendations during COVID-19 pandemia.] / Andrología y cáncer de pene. Recomendaciones durante la pandemia COVID-19.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic which has affected Spain since the beginning of 2020 compels us to determine recomendations for the practice of Andrology in present times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A web search is carried out in English and Spanish and a joint proposal is defined by experts in Andrology from different regions of Spain. RESULTS: Most diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in Andrology can be safey postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online consultations and outpatient surgeries must be encouraged. Andrologic emergencies and penile cancer management should be considered high priority, and should be diagnosed and treated promptly even in the most severe phases of the pandemic.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia COVID-19 que ha afectado a España desde comienzos de 2020 obliga a definir unas recomendaciones para la práctica de la Andrología en la actualidad.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una búsqueda web en inglés y español y se define una propuesta conjunta por parte de expertos en Andrología de distintas regiones de España.RESULTADOS: La mayor parte de los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en Andrología pueden ser demorados con seguridad durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se debe fomentar la consulta telemática y la cirugía ambulatoria. Las urgencias andrológicas y el manejo del cáncer de pene deben considerarse una prioridad alta, diagnosticándose y tratándose con brevedadi ncluso en las fases más severas de la pandemia.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer detection.

OBJECTIVES: The prostate cancer screening based on systematic biopsies in patients with elevated PSA values has low sensitivity and low specificity. We assessed the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) as a screening tool for prostate cancer detection. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients with suspicious signs of prostate cancer who underwent prostate mpMRI before the biopsy. Patients underwent either targeted biopsy or systematic biopsy, depending on the presence or not of mpMRI lesions. Cancer diagnosis was confirmed from pathologic findings in biopsy samples. RESULTS: The final record included 148 patients with a median of 3 previous negative biopsies (IQR 1-5).Cancer was diagnosed in 21 patients (14%); of them, 18 had highly suspicious mpMRI lesions (53% positive predictive value), 2 had lesions of other suspicion degree, and one had no mpMRI lesions. Cancer diagnosis was ruled out in 111 patients over 114 without highly suspicious mpMRI lesions (97% negative predictive value). In a multivariate analysis including PSA levels, abnormal DRE, the presence of mpMRI lesions, and the presence of highly suspicious mpMRI lesions, only the presence of highly suspicious mpMRI lesions significantly predicted cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of highly suspicious lesions in prostate mpMRI examination has moderate sensitivity and high specificity in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with multiple previous negative biopsies. The use of mpMRI should be considered as a screening tool for prostate cancer in routine clinical practice.

OBJETIVOS: El cribado de cáncer de próstata basado en biopsias sistemáticas en pacientes con valores de PSA elevados tiene baja sensibilidad y especificidad. Evaluamos la utilización de RMN multiparamétrica (RMN mp) como herramienta de cribado para la detección del cáncer de próstata. MÉTODOS: Analizamos retrospectivamente una cohorte de pacientes con signos sospechosos de cáncer de próstata que fueron sometidos a RMNmp de próstata antes de la biopsia. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia dirigida o sistemática, dependiendo de la presencia o no de lesiones en la RMNmp. El diagnóstico de cáncer se confirmó por los hallazgos patológicos en las muestras de biopsia. RESULTADOS: El registro final incluyó 148 pacientes con una mediana de biopsias previas negativas de 3 (RIQ 1-5). Se diagnosticó cáncer en 21 pacientes (14%); de ellos, 18 tenían lesiones altamente sospechosas en la RMNmp (VPP 53%), 2 tenían lesiones con otro nivel de sospecha, y uno no tenía lesiones en la RMNmp. El diagnóstico de cáncer fue descartado en 111 pacientes de 114 que no tenían lesiones altamente sospechosas (VPN 97%). En el estudio multivariante incluyendo los niveles de PSA, el TR anormal, la presencia de lesiones en RMNmp y de lesiones altamente sospechosas, sólo esta última predijo el diagnóstico de cáncer. CONCLUSIONES: La identificación de lesiones altamente sospechosas en la RMNmp tiene una sensibilidad moderada y alta especificidad en la detección de cáncer de próstata en pacientes con múltiples biopsias negativas previas. El uso de RMNmp debe ser considerado en la práctica clínica habitual como una herramienta de cribado para el cáncer de próstata.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer detection / Resonancia magnética multiparamétrica en la detección del cáncer de prostata

Objectives: The prostate cancer screening based on systematic biopsies in patients with elevated PSA values has low sensitivity and low specificity. We assessed the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) as a screening tool for prostate cancer detection. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients with suspicious signs of prostate cancer who underwent prostate mpMRI before the biopsy. Patients underwent either targeted biopsy or systematic biopsy, depending on the presence or not of mpMRI lesions. Cancer diagnosis was confirmed from pathologic findings in biopsy samples. RESULTS: The final record included 148 patients with a median of 3 previous negative biopsies (IQR 1-5).Cancer was diagnosed in 21 patients (14%); of them, 18 had highly suspicious mpMRI lesions (53% positive predictive value), 2 had lesions of other suspicion degree, and one had no mpMRI lesions. Cancer diagnosis was ruled out in 111 patients over 114 without highly suspicious mpMRI lesions (97% negative predictive value). In a multivariate analysis including PSA levels, abnormal DRE, the presence of mpMRI lesions, and the presence of highly suspicious mpMRI lesions, only the presence of highly suspicious mpMRI lesions significantly predicted cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: The identification of highly suspicious lesions in prostate mpMRI examination has moderate sensitivity and high specificity in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with multiple previous negative biopsies. The use of mpMRI should be considered as a screening tool for prostate cancer in routine clinical practice

Objetivos: El cribado de cáncer de próstata basado en biopsias sistemáticas en pacientes con valores de PSA elevados tiene baja sensibilidad y especificidad. Evaluamos la utilización de RMN multiparamétrica (RMN mp) como herramienta de cribado para la detección del cáncer de próstata. Métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente una cohorte de pacientes con signos sospechosos de cáncer de próstata que fueron sometidos a RMNmp de próstata antes de la biopsia. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia dirigida o sistemática, dependiendo de la presencia o no de lesiones en la RMNmp. El diagnóstico de cáncer se confirmó por los hallazgos patológicos en las muestras de biopsia. Resultados: El registro final incluyó 148 pacientes con una mediana de biopsias previas negativas de 3 (RIQ 1-5). Se diagnosticó cáncer en 21 pacientes (14%); de ellos, 18 tenían lesiones altamente sospechosas en la RMNmp (VPP 53%), 2 tenían lesiones con otro nivel de sospecha, y uno no tenía lesiones en la RMNmp. El diagnóstico de cáncer fue descartado en 111 pacientes de 114 que no tenían lesiones altamente sospechosas (VPN 97%). En el estudio multivariante incluyendo los niveles de PSA, el TR anormal, la presencia de lesiones en RMNmp y de lesiones altamente sospechosas, sólo esta última predijo el diagnóstico de cáncer. Conclusiones: La identificación de lesiones altamente sospechosas en la RMNmp tiene una sensibilidad moderada y alta especificidad en la detección de cáncer de próstata en pacientes con múltiples biopsias negativas previas. El uso de RMNmp debe ser considerado en la práctica clínica habitual como una herramienta de cribado para el cáncer de próstata

The Brief Sexual Symptom Checklist as a Screening Tool for Sex-Related Problems in the Primary Care Setting: Focus on Erectile Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To assess the performance of the Brief Sexual Symptom Checklist for men (BSSC-M) questionnaire in General Practitioner's (GP) consults in Spain. METHODS: Multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in Spain among men ≥50 years, visiting a GP for any reason, and being able to answer self-administered questionnaires. Patients receiving medicines for erectile dysfunction (ED) and those with poor functional status were excluded. Sexual satisfaction was assessed by the BSSC-M, ED by the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM), and quality of life (QoL) using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: In all, 770 men met all the selection criteria and 556 patients (72.2%) reported sexually related problems, ED being the most frequent (n = 427; 55.5%). The SHIM score decreased progressively with the number of causes of sexual dissatisfaction. Prevalence of ED (SHIM ≤21) was greater in patients who referred problems with erection in the BSSC-M questionnaire (76 vs. 14%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis for ED prediction revealed that sexual dissatisfaction, QoL (average or low/very low), and the presence of 3 or more comorbidities significantly influenced the chances of having ED. CONCLUSIONS: Our results encourage the use of the BSSC-M for identifying suspicion of ED and other sexual problems in patients > 50 who visit their GP for a routine follow-up.

Prior Lubrication of the Urethra Does Not Reduce Pain Perception in Men Undergoing Flexible Cystoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to test the hypothesis that the instillation of lidocaine gel does not reduce the pain related to flexible cystoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was designed to compare the pain perception between intraurethral instillation of lidocaine gel and saline solution in flexible cystoscopy. One hundred consecutive male patients attending for flexible cystoscopy were randomized to receive 10 ml of lidocaine gel or 10 ml of saline solution. Saline solution was also used for the irrigation pressure. Patients recorded their pain on a 10 cm Visual Analog Scale before and after the procedure. Patients also assessed whether the cystoscopy was more painful than the previous one. Statistical comparison was made using the t test for parametrical data and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametrical data. RESULTS: Mean pain score in the lidocaine group was 0.67 ± 1.11 cm (range 0-5) compared to 0.55 ± 1.10 cm (range 0-5) in the saline solution group. Pain perception did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (mean difference 0.12 cm, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.55, p = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: Prior lubrication of the urethra does not reduce the pain produced during flexible cystoscopy. The introduction of flexible cystoscopes under direct vision and with an irrigation pressure might guarantee sufficient comfort and the lubricant gel instillation could be avoided.

Development of a Pig Model for Laparoscopic Kidney Transplant.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to describe a standardized laparoscopic kidney transplant procedure in a pig model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten pigs underwent laparoscopic kidney autotransplant. A right-hand assisted nephrectomy was performed through a Pfannenstiel incision. After the graft was washed with Ringer lactate, it was transplanted into the right iliac vessels by pure laparoscopy. To maintain cold ischemia, a gauze-wrapped ice slush was placed below the allograft. The ureteroneocystostomy was performed through the Pfannenstiel incision. The contralateral ureter was ligated at the end of the procedure. After 24 hours, pigs were killed, and the allograft's perfusion function and presence of urine in the bladder were evaluated. RESULTS: Procedures for 2 animals (20%) could not be completed because of technical problems in the vascular anastomosis; the other 8 procedures (80%) were completed successfully. Seven allografts (87.5%) were functioning 24 hours after surgery, with urine in the bladder and good perfusion of the allograft. The other kidney presented with a venous thrombosis that was detected after death. Mean surgical times were 56.2 ± 11.7 minutes for vein anastomosis and 44.7 ± 23.1 minutes for artery anastomosis. Mean ischemia time was 193 minutes. Total duration of the procedure was clearly decreased in the last 4 animals undergoing transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic transplant is a difficult procedure that requires experience in kidney laparoscopy and laparoscopic vascular sutures. The experimental model presented is a good training option and can be used to evaluate different methods to maintain cold ischemia and to compare with the traditional open approach.

The Role of Surgery in Local Recurrences after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Local recurrence (LR) after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer has a bad prognosis. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical excision, but few data is available on the advantages of surgery for these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated our series of 8 selected patients who underwent surgery for locally recurrent bladder cancer after RC. RESULTS: The median time to recurrence after cystectomy was 20.8 months. The complications rate and severity were not negligible. Pathology report confirmed urothelial carcinoma with negative margins in all patients. After LR treatment, 4 patients recurred locally for a second time and 3 developed distant metastasis. They all died after a median follow-up of 10.4 months. One patient remained disease free after 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients with LR is poor regardless of surgical treatment and reflects the aggressive biological nature of urothelial tumors.

Role of Penile Doppler US in the Preoperative Assessment of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: Results From a Large Prospective Multicenter European Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU) compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative diagnostic evaluation of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective analysis on patients presenting with clinical diagnosis of penile squamous cell carcinoma from 6 different European hospitals between 2012 and 2014 was carried out. Each patient who had planned an organ sparing approach underwent an MRI and PDU both with an artificial erection with prostaglandin E 1. Age, evidence of MRI or PDU corpora cavernosa infiltration, frozen section examination report, definitive pathological report, and surgical approach used per patient were recorded. Accuracy, precision, negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Outcomes were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 67.35 ± 15.45 (range 51-82). All of the patients were treated surgically. Of the 200 patients, 135 (67.5%) underwent a corpora sparing approach, whereas 65 had a partial penectomy because of the frozen section outcome. About corpora cavernosa infiltration, the definitive outcome confirmed the frozen section examination. PDU vs MRI accuracy was 96.5% vs 90.5%; precision was 92.6% vs 96%; sensitivity was 96.9% vs 73.8%, specificity was 96.2% vs 98.5%. Despite sensitivity (P <.05) no statistical evidence was found between ultrasound and MRI. CONCLUSION: PDU has a statistical similar outcome on detecting infiltration of corpora cavernosa and could be used as a less expensive tool to drive surgical strategy in patient with a diagnosis of penile squamous cell carcinoma.

Semen Quality Assessment in Fertile Men in Madrid During the Last 3 Decades.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate semen quality of men with proven fertility in Spain over the last 3 decades. METHODS: We conduct a retrospective analysis of ejaculate samples of 992 men between 1985 and 2009. All patients had proven fertility as demonstrated by fathering at least 2 children and a semen analysis performed before they underwent vasectomy. A standardized procedure was used for the semen analysis. Semen volume, total sperm count, sperm concentration, motility, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were assessed. Mean values were calculated by examining microscopic fields of 100 spermatozoa. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in all semen parameters analyzed. For the periods 1985-1990, 1990-2000, and 2000-2009, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) sperm concentration was 27.7 (22.97), 20.73 (14.79), and 20.18 (20.79) × 10(6) (P <.0001). The mean (SD) progressive motility for each period was 53.19 (20.35), 47.22 (15.84), and 40.57 (15.15; P <.0001). The mean (SD) normal-shaped spermatozoa for each period was 67.69 (10.24), 58.87 (14.67), and 51.02 (15.76; P <.0001). Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model showed that age had no significant effect in the variation of semen parameters at the cut-points analyzed, except for normal forms at percentile 25 (P = .001). Multivariate analysis revealed a trend for decline of semen in sperm concentration, progressive and nonprogressive motility, and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (P = .001-.002). CONCLUSION: Over the last 3 decades, a decline in semen quality was found in all the parameters analyzed in Spanish men with proven fertility.

Evaluation of current errors within the administration of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors after more than 10 years of use.

OBJECTIVE: To detect current errors within the administration of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) and evaluate and elucidate what percentage of patients could be recovered for oral therapy with different subtypes of PDE5is through a re-education program. METHODS: Two hundred fifty patients remitted to the andrology unit were prospectively analyzed. Patients' chief complaint was erectile dysfunction despite treatment with PDE5i. The International Index of Erectile Function was used to measure erectile function. A structured interview was developed to evaluate the most frequent errors within the administration of PDE5is. A re-education program was offered to patients with incomplete or incorrect use of PDE5is according to the structured interview, classifying them into true nonresponders or false nonresponders. Finally, the percentage of patients who could be recovered for oral therapy with other PDE5is was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 172 patients (69%) presented some error within drug administration. The most common error was not trying >1 PDE5i (41%). A re-education program was offered to these nonresponders, and 115 (66.9%) accepted. Up to 27 (23.5%) did not respond to the re-education program and were classified as true nonresponders, whereas 88 (76.5%) had a positive response to treatment and were thus included in the false nonresponder group. CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of patients remitted to our andrology unit and cataloged as nonresponders were in fact using PDE5i in suboptimal conditions. Offering patients more accurate information provided almost 76% with good results using PDE5is and could therefore be successfully treated with these drugs.

[Patient with TDS and increased PSA (implications in prostate biopsy)]. / Paciente con SDT y elevación de PSA (Implicaciones en la biopsia prostática).

Since 70 years ago testosterone is considered a risk factor for prostate cancer and its supplementation in men with testosterone deficit syndrome is considered a risk for the development of a prostatic neoplasia. We discuss the case of a man with hypogonadism and increased PSA, the indications for biopsy and risks involved in testosterone supplementation, as well as recommended follow up. Over this practical base, we expose the current evidence on prostatic safety in men with testosterone supplementation.

[Patient with TDS and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)]. / Paciente con SDT y síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI).

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] New investigations focus on the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficit; giving to this last one a common role in all of them. In this paper, we present a typical patient who complains of symptoms related to BPH, to treat him in terms of micturition quality, sexual function and hypogonadism . METHODS/RESULTS: 61 year-old male, with obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, who complains of long term mixed urinary symptoms, with an IPSS of 12 and IIEF-5 of 22. DRE: II/IVprostate, adenomatous. Blood parameters: PSA 1.9 ng/dl, total testosterone 238 ng/dl, triglycerides 213 mg/dl, glucose 89 mg/dl. Uroflowmetry :total volume 256 ml, maximum flow 12 ml/s, average 5.7 ml/s and post-void volume of 15 ml. Urinary ultra- sound: 5 mm detrusor and prostate volume of 39 cm3. Nowadays, LUTS are considered multietiologic, including testosterone as one of the causes. According to the classic criteria, this patient fits for treatment with combination therapy, as well as for daily PDE5i, recently approved for LUTS therapy. Administration of testosterone to treat LUTS is still controversial. It could restore the patient's levels of testosterone, improving the metabolic syndrome and creating an optimal environment for the 5PDEi. Nevertheless, according to some current scientific evidences, it could help improving LUTS. CONCLUSIONS: Given the necessity of larger studies, testosterone supplementation therapy seems to not worsen the evolution of BHP. It could even improve them if the testosterone deficit is documented.

[Testosterone and coronary artery disease]. / Testosterona y enfermedad coronaria.

UNLABELLED: Elderly patients present testosterone deficit syndrome (TDS) in a prevalent manner. TDS is defined as a clinical and biochemical syndrome with total fasting testosterone below normal levels in two consecutive measurements. A significant relationship with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity or metabolic syndrome has been observed in these patients. These latter are recognized risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) and arteriosclerosis. It seems logical to think that CAD is more frequent in patients with TDS, and it is supported on multiple works demonstrating the correlation of theses two pathologies. We intend to illustrate the management of patients with TDS and CAD presenting a clinical case and the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approach. A Sixty-four year old male with hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity consulted for erectile dysfunction and diminished sexual desire. Fasting total testosterone and glycosylate hemoglobin were determined. IIEF-5 was 12, Erection hardness Score was 2 and IIEF item 12 1 point over 5. His total testosterone was 150 ng/dl, which was confirmed in a second test; HDL cholesterol level was 30 mg/dl. Interrogated again, the patient referred oppressive chest pain appearing after running 50 meters for the last three months that never happened in rest or with minor efforts. APPROACH: It is a patient with high cardiovascular risk and atypical chest pain so recommendation was given to consult a cardiologist. Stress test was performed. It was a submaximal, evaluable test (reached 80% of his maximum theoretical heart rate) stopped due to angina. Clinically and electrically it was positive at medium charge. Coronary angiogram was indicated showing a severe (85%percnt;%) lesion at the medial third of anterior descendant artery. Balloon angioplasty was performed and a 3.0 x 24 mm drug-coated stent was placed. Cardiologic treatment was prescribed as well as combination therapy for his erectile dysfunction and diminished libido with testosterone and a PDE 5 inhibitor.

Paciente con SDT y elevación de PSA (Implicaciones en la biopsia prostática) / Patient with TDS and increased PSA (implications in prostate biopsy)

Desde hace 70 años se considera que la testosterona es un factor de riesgo para el cáncer de próstata, y que su suplementación en hombres con déficit de testosterona supone un riesgo para el desarrollo de una neoplasia de próstata. Discutimos el caso de un hombre con hipogonadismo y elevación de PSA, las indicaciones de biopsia y el riesgo que supone la suplementación, así como el seguimiento recomendable. Sobre esta base práctica, exponemos la evidencia que existe sobre seguridad prostática en hombres con suplementación con testosterona (AU)

Since 70 years ago testosterone is considered a risk factor for prostate cancer and its supplementation in men with testosterone deficit syndrome is considered a risk for the development of a prostatic neoplasia. We discuss the case of a man with hypogonadism and increased PSA, the indications for biopsy and risks involved in testosterone supplementation, as well as recommended follow up. Over this practical base, we expose the current evidence on prostatic safety in men with testosterone supplementation (AU)

Paciente con SDT y síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) / Patient with TDS and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)

OBJETIVO: Nuevas investigaciones hacen incapié en la interrelación existente entre la hiperplasia benigna de próstata, los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior, la disfunción eréctil y el déficit de testosterona; ejerciendo éste último un papel de coactivador en todas ellas. Planteamos en este artículo un paciente tipo, que consulta por clínica atribuible a HBP, para tratar al paciente globalmente en términos de calidad miccional, esfera sexual y DT. MÉTODO/RESULTADOS: Varón de 61 años, obeso, hipertenso e hipercolesterolémico, que consulta por cuadro miccional mixto de años de evolución con IPSS de 12 e IIEF-5 de 22. TR: II/IV, adenomatosa. En la analítica se observa: PSA 1,9 ng/dl, testosterona total 238 ng/dl, triglicéridos 213 mg/dl, glucosa 89 mg/dl. Flujometría: volumen de 256 ml, flujo máximo de 12 ml/s, medio de 5,7 ml/s y residuo postmiccional de 15ml. Ecografía de aparato urinario: detrusor de 5 mm y volumen prostático de 39 cc. Hoy en día se considera que el origen de los STUI en el hombre es multi-etiológico, habiendo quien incluye el déficit de testosterona como una causa de los mismos. Atendiendo a los criterios clásicos, parece un buen candidato para terapia combinada mediante un alfa-bloqueante y un inhibidor de la 5 alfa reductasa; si bien otra opción terapéutica sería el recientemente aprobado como tratamiento para STUI en el varón: tadalafilo 5 mg al día. La administración de testosterona en el varón afecto de STUI es un tema de debate controvertido. Trataría el déficit del paciente, con el beneficio que conlleva a nivel metabólico, e implicaría adicionalmente un ambiente óptimo para la administración de inhibidores de la 5-PDE.Además, a juzgar por algunas de las evidencias actuales, podría ayudar a la mejoría de los STUI del paciente (AU)

CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona, a falta de estudios más robustos, no parece interferir negativamente en la evolución de la HBP pudiendo incluso mejorar los síntomas miccionales en caso de constatarse déficit androgénico (AU)

OBJETIVE: New investigations focus on the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficit; giving to this last one a common role in all of them. In this paper, we present a typical patient who complains of symptoms related to BPH, to treat him in terms of micturition quality, sexual function and hypogonadism. METHODS/RESULTS: 61 year-old male, with obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, who complains of long term mixed urinary symptoms, with an IPSS of 12 and IIEF-5 of 22. DRE: II/IVprostate, adenomatous. Blood parameters: PSA 1.9 ng/dl, total testosterone 238 ng/dl, triglycerides 213 mg/dl, glucose 89 mg/dl. Uroflowmetry: total volume 256 ml, maximum flow 12 ml/s, average 5.7 ml/s and post-void volume of 15 ml. Urinary ultra- sound: 5 mm detrusor and prostate volume of 39 cm3. Nowadays, LUTS are considered multietiologic, including testosterone as one of the causes. According to the classic criteria, this patient fits for treatment with combination therapy, as well as for daily PDE5i, recently approved for LUTS therapy. Administration of testosterone to treat LUTS is still controversial. It could restore the patient’s levels of testosterone, improving the metabolic syndrome and creating an optimal environment for the 5PDEi. Nevertheless, according to some current scientific evidences, it could help improving LUTS. CONCLUSIONS: Given the necessity of larger studies, testosterone supplementation therapy seems to not worsen the evolution of BHP. It could even improve them if the testosterone deficit is documented (AU)

Paciente con SDT y enfermedad coronaria / Testosterone and coronary artery disease

Los pacientes de edad avanzada presentan, de manera prevalente, deficiencia sintomática de testosterona. El síndrome de déficit de testosterona (SDT) se define como un síndrome clínico y bioquímico con niveles de testosterona total en ayunas por debajo de niveles normales, en dos mediciones consecutivas. En estos pacientes se ha observado una relación significativa con comorbilidades como la diabetes mellitus, la obesidad o el síndrome metabólico. Estos últimos son reconocidos factores de riesgo de enfermedad coronaria y ateroesclerosis. Parece lógico pensar que la enfermedad coronaria es más frecuente en pacientes con SDT, y esto se sostiene con múltiples trabajos que demuestran la correlación entre estas dos patologías. Se propone ilustrar el manejo de pacientes con SDT y enfermedad coronaria mediante la presentación de un caso clínico y la actitud diagnóstico terapéutica recomendada. Varón de 64 años hipertenso y diabético no insulin-dependiente, obeso, que consulta por disfunción eréctil y disminución del deseo sexual. Se solicita una testosterona total en ayunas y hemoglobina glicosilada. Presenta un IIEF-5 de 12, un Erection Hardness Score de 2 y un ítem 12 del IIEF de 1 punto sobre 5. Presenta una testosterona total de 150 ng/dl que se confirma disminuida en una segunda medición, un colesterol HDL de 30 mg/dl. Reinterrogando al paciente refiere un dolor torácico opresivo que surge cuando corre 50 metros, desde hace 3 meses, y que no se produce nunca en reposo ni con esfuerzos menores. ACTITUD: Se trata de un paciente con alto riesgo cardiovascular y dolor torácico atípico por lo que se recomienda remitir a la consulta de cardiología (AU)

Se realiza una prueba de esfuerzo siendo una prueba submáxima valorable (alcanzó el 80% de su frecuencia cardiaca máxima teórica) suspendida por angina. Clínica y eléctricamente positiva a carga intermedia. Se indica un cateterismo coronario dando una lesión severa (85%) en el tercio medio de la arteria descendente anterior,s e realiza angioplastia de la lesión de la arteria descendente anterior con balón y stent farmacoactivo de 3.0x24 mm. Se indica tratamiento por parte de cardiología y tratamiento combinado para su disfunción eréctil y disminución de libido mediante testosterona y un inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa 5 (AU)

Elderly patients present testosterone deficit syndrome (TDS) in a prevalent manner. TDS is defined as a clinical and biochemical syndrome with total fasting testosterone below normal levels in two consecutive measurements. A significant relationship with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity or metabolic syndrome has been observed in these patients. These latter are recognized risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) and arteriosclerosis. It seems logical to think that CAD is more frequent in patients with TDS, and it is supported on multiple works demonstrating the correlation of theses two pathologies. We intend to illustrate the management of patients with TDS and CAD presenting a clinical case and the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approach. A Sixty-four year old male with hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity consulted for erectile dysfunction and diminished sexual desire. Fasting total testosterone and glycosylate hemoglobin were determined.IIEF-5 was 12, Erection Hardness Score was 2 and IIEF item 12 1 point over 5. His total testosterone was 150 ng/dl, which was confirmed in a second test; HDL cholesterol level was 30 mg/dl. Interrogated again, the patient referred oppressive chest pain appearing after running 50 meters for the last three months that never happened in rest or with minor efforts (AU)

APPROACH: It is a patient with high cardiovascular risk and atypical chest pain so recommendation was given to consult a cardiologist. Stress test was performed. It was a submaximal, evaluable test (reached 80% of his maximum theoretical heart rate) stopped due to angina. Clinically and electrically it was positive at medium charge. Coronary angiogram was indicated showing a severe (85%) lesion at the medial third of anterior descendant artery. Balloon angioplasty was performed and a 3.0 x 24 mm drug-coated stent was placed. Cardiologic treatment was prescribed as well as combination therapy for his erectile dysfunction and diminished libido with testosterone and a PDE 5 inhibitor (AU)

Metabolic syndrome in men with low testosterone levels: relationship with cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities and with erectile dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Testosterone deficiency and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are strongly associated. Patients consulting for sexual dysfunction may have testosterone deficiency, providing a valuable opportunity to assess MetS. The identification of variables predicting MetS is of great importance. AIMS: To identify cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors, including erectile dysfunction (ED), associated with MetS in men aged≥45 with total testosterone (TT)<8 nmol/L (or <12 nmol/L when calculated free testosterone was <50 pmol/L) and to gain further insight into the relationship between both conditions. METHODS: Data were collected from a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study conducted in Spain among men visiting men's health-care offices with a confirmed diagnosis of testosterone deficiency. Subjects with data for MetS assessment were included in this analysis. Other data available were anthropometrics, toxic habits, cardiovascular comorbidities, ED diagnosis, and TT values. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The MetS harmonized definition was used. Waist circumference threshold was 94 cm. ED was diagnosed and classified using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for MetS. RESULTS: Mean age was 61.2±8.1 years. Prevalences of ED and MetS were 97.6% and 69%, respectively, both increasing with age. Bivariate analysis showed that moderate or severe ED, obesity, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were the variables associated with the greatest odds of MetS (OR=2.672 and 2.514, respectively), followed by alcohol intake (OR=1.911). Tobacco use, ag,e and testosterone deficiency severity had a minimal effect that disappeared on multivariate analysis. Elevated triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were MetS risk factors associated with a lower TT level. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of MetS among men with testosterone deficiency highlights the opportunity to assess cardiovascular health in patients consulting for sexual dysfunction. Moderate to severe ED, obesity, PVD, and alcohol intake significantly increase the likelihood of MetS.

Ischemic Gangrene of the Glans following Penile Prosthesis Implantation.

The development of ischemic gangrene of the penis following implantation of prosthesis is unusual, and very few cases are available in the literature. As a result, no established treatment protocol is available. We report our experience within a case of gangrene of the glans following implantation of a three-component prosthesis. We present a 53-year-old male, smoker with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, who underwent surgery for the insertion of a penile prosthesis with 3 components to correct his erectile dysfunction and severe Peyronie's disease. The procedure was carried out without incidents. During the postoperative period, the patient began to complain from penile and perineal pain. He developed avascular necrosis of the glans. The necrosed area was excised. Four weeks later, he developed fever and perineal pain arriving to the emergency room with the prosthesis extruding through the glans. He had emergency surgery to remove the prosthesis plus surgical lavage and was prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Four weeks later, the penis was completely revascularized and reepithelialized. Ischemic gangrene following penile prosthesis implantation takes place in patients with poor peripheral vascularisation. Diabetes mellitus has been the common denominator to all of the reported cases.

Air cystoscopy is superior to water cystoscopy for the diagnosis of active hematuria.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical use of air cystoscopy, including its possible advantages and disadvantages over water cystoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two independent observers prospectively studied consecutive patients who underwent water cystoscopy first and then air cystoscopy at our center from May to September 2012. The indication for rigid cystoscopy in the operating room was noted independently by either observer. Findings after rigid cystoscopy were correlated with the results of flexible water and air cystoscopy using the Pearson correlation and Student t-test. RESULTS: Included in the study were 57 patients with active hematuria, of whom 36 had bladder cancer, and 257 with a history of bladder tumor. The cause of bleeding was clearly identified on water cystoscopy in 22 patients (38%), including tumors in 17 and prostate bleeding in 5, and by air cystoscopy in 49 (86%), including tumors in 32 and prostate bleeding in 17. For diagnosing bladder tumors air cystoscopy had higher sensitivity than water cystoscopy (88% vs 47%, p=0.003) and similar specificity (97% vs 100%, p=0.93). In the 295 patients without hematuria there was no difference in the indication compared to that identified on rigid cystoscopy (43 vs 43, p=1.0). Water cystoscopy revealed more small papillary tumors than air cystoscopy but the number was not significantly different (76 vs 67, p=0.26). All such implants identified on water cystoscopy alone were less than 2 mm. No complication specifically related to air cystoscopy was noted. CONCLUSIONS: We found no statistical difference between water and air cystoscopy in patients without hematuria. Air cystoscopy had higher sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing active hematuria while adding almost no specific complications to the procedure.

Recent advances of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in urological surgery.

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery designates a surgical procedure that utilizes one or more patent natural orifices of the body with the intention to puncture a hollow viscera in order to enter the abdominal cavity. First carried out at the beginning of the 2000s in experimental models, it can be considered the natural evolution of laparoscopy towards the ideal of scarless surgery, as the avoidance of a large abdominal scar is associated with better cosmetic results and better recovery. However, the technology currently available does not allow the performance of complete pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery procedures. The surgical tools used are not specially designed for this approach, so difficulties in retracting organs, bleeding control and clashing of instruments are the main obstacle surgeons face. For this reason, the current available technique is the so-called hybrid approach, where a natural orifice approach is combined with some abdominal trocars, using the natural orifice as the exit door for the specimen removal. As not many comparative studies have been published evaluating the advantages of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in front of traditional laparoscopic surgery, a review of the history of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, and an assessment of the available evidence of this technique regarding renal and urological pelvic surgery are performed in this article.