Canagliflozin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid microspheres modulate AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis: A new paradigm in the rectal therapy of ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic disease that is widely incident worldwide. Canagliflozin, antidiabetic agent, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of animal models. Additionally, hyaluronic acid is considered one of the key players in the tissue regeneration process. It has been proven to modulate inflammation and cellular migration, which are the main phases of wound healing. The combination of hyaluronic acid with chitosan in microsphere fabrication was anticipated to reveal a synergistic muco-adhesiveness potential with additional advantage of the chitosan penetration enhancing effect. The current study aimed to explore the potential of canagliflozin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid microspheres intrarectal administration to mitigate acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Colon tissues were examined for macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes. ELISA and qRT-PCR techniques were applied for the detection of cytokines involved in the AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis. Intrarectal administration of this formula alleviated colitis severity, which was reflected by the reduced DAI, MES, colonic weight/length ratio and histopathological scoring values. Interestingly, canagliflozin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid microspheres significantly enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and depressed NF-κB and NLRP3 expression leading to a subsequent reduction in caspase-1 cleavage and the inhibition of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß, and IL-18. Overall, the current study revealed that the protective effects of the formula against acetic acid-induced colitis are primarily mediated via augmenting AMPK phosphorylation and its consequences of NF-κB inactivation. Since canagliflozin is not associated with hypoglycemic effects, clinical application of canagliflozin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid microspheres represent a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis.

Nifuroxazide-loaded cubosomes exhibit an advancement in pulmonary delivery and attenuate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by regulating the STAT3 and NF-κB signaling: A new challenge for unmet therapeutic needs.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive disease that portends a very poor prognosis. It has been suggested that STAT3 is a potential target in PF. This study highlights the importance of cubosomes as a drug delivery system in enhancing the bioavailability of nifuroxazide (NXZD), a poorly soluble STAT3 inhibitor. NXZD-loaded cubosomes (NXZD-LC) were in vitro and in vivo evaluated. In vitro, cubosomes presented a poly-angular nanosized particles with a mean size and zeta potential of 223.73 ± 4.73 nm and - 20.93 ± 2.38 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of nifuroxazide was 90.56 ± 4.25%. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study and the lung tissue accumulation of NXZD were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after oral administration to rats. The nanoparticles exhibited a two-fold increase and 1.33 times of bioavailability and lung tissue concentration of NXZD compared to NXZD dispersion, respectively. In view of this, NXZD-LC effectively attenuated PF by targeting STAT3 and NF-κB signals. As a result, NXZD-LC showed a potential anti-inflammatory effect as revealed by the significant decrease in MCP-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and suppressed fibrogenic mediators as indicated by the significant reduction in TGF-ß, TIMP-1, and PDGF-BB in lung tissues. Besides, NXZD-LC improved antioxidant defense mechanisms and decreased LDH and BALF total protein. These effects contributed to decreased collagen deposition. To conclude, cubosomes represent an advantageous pharmaceutical delivery system for enhancing pulmonary delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Additionally, repurposing NXZD as an antifibrotic agent is a promising challenge and new therapeutic approach for unmet therapeutic needs.

Blunting p38 MAPKα and ERK1/2 activities by empagliflozin enhances the antifibrotic effect of metformin and augments its AMPK-induced NF-κB inactivation in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride.

AIM: Metformin and empagliflozin combined therapy may have complementary effects that go beyond the well-recognized targets of their monotherapy through AMPK activation. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate for the first time the hepatoprotective effects of such combination therapy in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis model in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Determination of liver enzymes and the liver content of oxidative stress parameters, and hydroxyproline were performed biochemically. ELISA was performed to measure PDGF-BB, TNF-α, TGF-ß, TIMP-1, AMPK, p-mTOR, NF-κB P65 binding activity, p38 MAPKα, JNK1/2 and ERK1/2. Real-time qPCR was conducted to determine Col1a1 and α-SMA. In addition, histopathological examination using H&E and Masson's trichrome stain were performed for determination of histopathological changes. KEY FINDINGS: Empagliflozin inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 and exhibited a weak AMPKα stimulation. On the other hand, metformin exerted a more robust stimulatory action on the AMPKα that was accompanied by a notable decrease in the NF-κB nuclear binding activity and a decline in the p-mTOR levels. Nevertheless, the effect of metformin on MAPK kinases was insignificant. Our results revealed that blunting p38 MAPKα and ERK1/2 activities by empagliflozin enhanced the antifibrotic effect of metformin and augmented its AMPK-induced NF-κB inactivation. SIGNIFICANCE: As diabetes is one of the most common risk factors for liver fibrosis, the use of antidiabetic drugs is expected to improve therapeutic outcome. Therefore, metformin/empagliflozin combined therapy could be promising in preventing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis via exhibiting complementary effects particularly in diabetic patients.

Advances in pulmonary drug delivery targeting microbial biofilms in respiratory diseases.

The increasing burden of respiratory diseases caused by microbial infections poses an immense threat to global health. This review focuses on the various types of biofilms that affect the respiratory system and cause pulmonary infections, specifically bacterial biofilms. The article also sheds light on the current strategies employed for the treatment of such pulmonary infection-causing biofilms. The potential of nanocarriers as an effective treatment modality for pulmonary infections is discussed, along with the challenges faced during treatment and the measures that may be implemented to overcome these. Understanding the primary approaches of treatment against biofilm infection and applications of drug-delivery systems that employ nanoparticle-based approaches in the disruption of biofilms are of utmost interest which may guide scientists to explore the vistas of biofilm research while determining suitable treatment modalities for pulmonary respiratory infections.

Albendazole-loaded cubosomes interrupt the ERK1/2-HIF-1α-p300/CREB axis in mice intoxicated with diethylnitrosamine: A new paradigm in drug repurposing for the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. It was suggested that albendazole (ABZ) is a powerful inhibitor of several carcinoma types. However, the bioavailability of ABZ is very poor. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of ABZ may go beyond its tubulin-inhibiting activity. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of ABZ suspension (i.p. and p.o.) and ABZ-loaded cubosomes (LC) on the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC in mice. ABZ-loaded nanoparticles exhibited a mean particle size of 48.17 ± 0.65 nm and entrapped 93.26 ± 2.48% of ABZ. The in vivo absorption study confirmed a two-fold improvement in the relative bioavailability compared with aqueous ABZ suspension. Furthermore, the oral administration of ABZ cubosomal dispersion demonstrated regression of tumor production rates that was comparable with ABZ (i.p.). ABZ relieved oxidative stress, improved liver function, and decreased necroinflammation score. The antiangiogenic activity was evident as ABZ effectively downregulated tissue expression of CD34, mRNA expression of CD309 and VEGF at the protein expression level. Besides, lower levels of MMP-9 and CXCR4 indicated antimetastatic activity. ABZ showed a considerable level of apoptotic activity as indicated by increased mRNA expression level of p53 and the increased Bax/BCL-2 ratio and active caspase-3. Additionally, Ki-67 expression levels were downregulated showing an antiproliferative potential. These protective effects contributed to increasing survival rate of diethylnitrosamine-treated mice. These effects found to be mediated via interrupting ERK1/2-HIF-1α-p300/CREB interactions. Therefore, our findings revealed that disrupting ERK1/2-HIF-1α-p300/CREB interplay might create a novel therapeutic target for the management of HCC.

Effects of curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells.

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the anticancer potential of curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nanoparticles (NPs) in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. Methods: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs were developed using a modified solvent evaporation technique. Physical characterization was performed on the formulated NPs. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were conducted to study the biological activity of the curcumin-loaded NPs. Results: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and sustained payload release. Moreover, the NPs exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability, cell migration and cell invasion in the MDA-MB231 cells. Conclusion: The study revealed that the formulated curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs possessed significant anti-metastatic properties. The findings showcased the possible potential of curcumin-loaded NPs in the management of debilitating conditions such as cancer. In addition, this study could form the basis for further research and advancements in this area.

A Novel Combination Therapy Using Rosuvastatin and Lactobacillus Combats Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats by Targeting the TXNIP/NLRP3 Interaction and Influencing Gut Microbiome Composition.

Inflammasome targeting and controlling dysbiosis are promising therapeutic approaches to control ulcerative colitis. This report is the first to investigate the mechanisms underlying the coloprotective effects of rosuvastatin and Lactobacillus and their combined therapy on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Our results demonstrate the aggravation of intestinal inflammation as a consequence of an HFD following DSS administration. An association between dyslipidemia, LDL oxidation, CD36 expression, ROS generation, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) upregulation, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was demonstrated by DSS exposure in HFD-fed rats. We demonstrated that rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus significantly suppressed the DSS/HFD-induced increase in colon weight/length ratio, DAI, MDI, and myeloperoxidase, as well as corrected dysbiosis and improved histological characteristics. Additionally, caspase-1 activity and IL-1ß-driven pyroptotic activity was significantly reduced. Rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus showed prominent anti-inflammatory effects as revealed by the IL-10/IL-12 ratio and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. These latter effects may be attributed to the inhibition of phosphorylation-induced activation of NF-κB and a concomitant reduction in the expression of NLRP3, pro-IL-1ß, and pro-IL-18. Furthermore, rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus reduced Ox-LDL-induced TXNIP and attenuated the inflammatory response by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. To conclude, rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus offers a safe and effective strategy for the management of ulcerative colitis.