The Effects of a Simple Sensor Reorientation Procedure on Peak Tibial Accelerations during Running and Correlations with Ground Reaction Forces.

While some studies have found strong correlations between peak tibial accelerations (TAs) and early stance ground reaction forces (GRFs) during running, others have reported inconsistent results. One potential explanation for this is the lack of a standard orientation for the sensors used to collect TAs. Therefore, our aim was to test the effects of an established sensor reorientation method on peak Tas and their correlations with GRFs. Twenty-eight runners had TA and GRF data collected while they ran at a self-selected speed on an instrumented treadmill. Tibial accelerations were reoriented to a body-fixed frame using a simple calibration trial involving quiet standing and kicking. The results showed significant differences between raw and reoriented peak TAs (p < 0.01) for all directions except for the posterior (p = 0.48). The medial and lateral peaks were higher (+0.9-1.3 g), while the vertical and anterior were lower (-0.5-1.6 g) for reoriented vs. raw accelerations. Correlations with GRF measures were generally higher for reoriented TAs, although these differences were fairly small (Δr2 = 0.04-0.07) except for lateral peaks (Δr2 = 0.18). While contingent on the position of the IMU on the tibia used in our study, our results first showed systematic differences between reoriented and raw peak accelerations. However, we did not find major improvements in correlations with GRF measures for the reorientation method. This method may still hold promise for further investigation and development, given that consistent increases in correlations were found.

Performance, Test-retest Reliability, and Measurement Error of the Upper Limb Seated Shot Put Test According to Different Positions of Execution.

BACKGROUND: The unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test (USSPT) is an easy to apply, inexpensive tool that can be used to assess shoulder performance unilaterally. Two different positions of execution have been described in previous studies, however, differences regarding reference values and psychometric properties were not assessed. PURPOSE: To investigate the performance, test-retest reliability and measurement error of the USSPT according to different positions of execution (floor versus chair) in overhead athletes. The hypothesis was that both positions would present similar values, good to excellent test-retest reliability and clinically acceptable measures. STUDY DESIGN: Test-retest reliability. METHODS: Forty-four overhead athletes performed the USSPT on the floor (USSPT-F) and on a chair (USSPT-C). Normative values were established according to gender, age, and dominance. Test-retest reliability was determined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and measurement error through Standard Error of Measurement, Smallest Detectable Change, as well as Bland and Altman plots. RESULTS: Reference values for both positions were provided. Women performed better on the USSPT-C than USSPT-F. Excellent test-retest reliability 0.97 (0.89 - 0.99) for dominant side and 0.95 (0.80 - 0.98) for non-dominant side was found for the USSPT-F. Moderate to excellent reliability 0.91 (0.67 - 0.98) for dominant side and 0.74 (0.01 - 0.93) for non-dominant side was found for the USSPT-C. Presence of systematic error (14.76 cm) was found only for USSPT-C dominant (p=0.011). CONCLUSION: Differences were found only for women with better performance on the USSPT-C. The USSPT-F presented higher reliability values. Both tests presented clinically acceptable measures. Presence of systematic error was found only in the USSPT-C. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

One-step Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair With CO2 contrast and Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: Although rare, as the population ages, abdominal aortic aneurysm synchronous to abdominal malignancies, as renal cell carcinoma, is expected to become more prevalent. There are only two case reports of minimally invasive surgeries to treat these synchronous diseases, with endovascular aortic repair and laparoscopic nephrectomy, but they were performed in two stages, with iodinated contrast and without robotic assistance. CASE REPORT: We herein present a case of a 71-year-old patient with chronic kidney disease, a 6.4 cm infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm associated and a suspicious 6 cm solid-cystic expansile lesion in the right kidney, successfully treated at one stage with endovascular aortic repair using carbon dioxide as a contrast medium and with robotic right partial nephrectomy, aiming to preserve the renal function as much as possible. The patient's postoperative course was free of complications with hospital discharge on the fifth postoperative day, with a serum creatinine of 0.84 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: single-stage minimally invasive surgical treatment of AAA and RCC can be a safe and feasible approach. Combining a robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with an EVAR using carbon dioxide as a contrast medium was safe and successfully preserved renal function.

Virtual reality promotes greater improvements than video-stimulation screen on perceptual-cognitive skills in young soccer athletes.

Background The literature has shown the positive effect of virtual reality (VR) in percepto-cognitive skills. However, the literature lacks findings about at what extent VR would be better than video. Purpose This study aimed to analyze the chronic effect of VR and video-stimulation screen training on passing decision-making, visual search behavior, and inhibitory control performance in young soccer athletes. Method A total of 26 young soccer players underwent an 8-week training protocol after being randomly assigned to the VR (n = 13) or video-screen (VID, n = 13) group. Passing decision-making, visual search behavior, and inhibitory control performance were measured before and after both interventions. Results A group x time interaction was found for decision-making performance (p < 0.01) and visual search behavior (p < 0.01). Both groups improved both decision-making performance (p < 0.01) and visual search behavior (p < 0.01); however, greater improvements were verified in VR (p < 0.01). Both VR and VID improved inhibitory control (p < 0.01), but no group interaction effect was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that VR leads to greater improvements in decision-making and visual search behavior in young soccer athletes than VID.

Carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum exhibits reduced toxicity in mice and decreases the fecal egg count of sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.

The nanoencapsulation of biocomposites with anthelmintic action has been proposed as an alternative for improving their efficiency. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with biopolymers (nCVA) in the control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum and characterized in terms of its efficacy of encapsulation (EE), yield and zeta potential. The acute toxicity of nCVA was evaluated in mice. For the fecal egg count reduction test, 40 animals were divided into four groups (n = 10) and orally administered the following treatments: G1, 250 mg kg−1 CVA; G2, 250 mg kg−1 nCVA; G3, chitosan/chichá gum (negative control) and G4, 2.5 mg kg−1 monepantel (positive control). Feces were collected on days 0 and 16 posttreatment to determine the eggs per gram of feces (epg). The EE and yield of nCVA were 72.8 and 57.5%, respectively. The nanoparticles showed a size of 764.5 ± 302.5 nm, and the zeta potential at pH 3.2 was +22.0 mV. nCVA presented a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 2609 mg kg−1. By 16 days posttreatment, CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the epg by 52.9.7, 71.5 and 98.7%, respectively, and the epg of sheep treated with nCVA differed from that of the negative control (P > 0.05) but did not differ from that of sheep treated with CVA. In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation of CVA reduced its toxicity, and nCVA showed anthelmintic activity.

Hematologic variables of the Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) under the effects of different anticoagulants and cytologic stains.

BACKGROUND: The hematology of turtles of the Amazon, such as the Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa), has not been well described in the literature. Referencing how to collect and analyze blood samples is fundamental for the medical practice of these exotic animals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematologic parameters of Arrau turtles of the Amazon to determine the best anticoagulant (EDTA, citrate, or sodium heparin) and cytologic stain (Giemsa, Quick Panoptic, or Rosenfeld) for use with this species. METHODS: Blood samples from eight turtles were collected. Three blood smears were made using blood without anticoagulant, and the rest of the sample was distributed in three tubes, containing EDTA, citrate, and sodium heparin, for erythrogram and leukogram analyses. RESULTS: All blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA showed marked hemolysis. Blood collected with citrate showed minimal hemolysis, and blood collected with sodium heparin did not have any hemolysis. Some analyses were not performed on blood containing EDTA because of the intense hemolysis. The erythrocyte variables were obtained and showed better results for blood samples in heparin. Blood smears without anticoagulant were appropriate for differential leukocyte counts with the three stain types, while blood with any of the anticoagulants made it difficult to differentiate leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium heparin showed the best results and should be the anticoagulant of choice for hematologic studies in P expansa. All cytologic stains were efficient, allowing adequate identification of distinct cell groups. Leukocyte differentiation was assured and had better contrast using blood smears made from blood without an anticoagulant.

Phytochemical composition, antisnake venom and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract of Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke leaves.

Snakebites are considered a major neglected tropical disease, resulting in around 100,000 deaths per year. The recommended treatment by the WHO is serotherapy, which has limited effectiveness against the toxins involved in local tissue damage. In some countries, patients use plants from folk medicines as antivenoms. Aegiphila species are common plants from the Brazilian Amazon and are used to treat snakebites. In this study, leaves from Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke were collected from Roraima state, Brazil and its ethanolic extract was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments to verify their antiophidic activity against Bothrops atrox crude venom. The isolated compounds from A. integrifolia were analyzed and the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of infrared, ultraviolet, mass, 1H and 1³C NMR spectrometry data. Among the described compounds, lupeol (7), betulinic acid (1), ß-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (5), mannitol (4), and the flavonoids, pectolinarigenin (2) and hispidulin (3), were identified. The ethanolic extract and flavonoids (2 and 3) partially inhibited the proteolytic, phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase activities of B. atrox venom, and the skin hemorrhage induced by this venom in mice. Antimicrobial activity against different bacteria was evaluated and the extract partially inhibited bacterial growth. Thus, taken together, A. integrifolia ethanolic extract has promising use as an antiophidic and antimicrobial.

Smartphone Use Among High Level Swimmers Is Associated With Mental Fatigue and Slower 100- and 200- but Not 50-Meter Freestyle Racing.

Discovering any performance degradation effect of racing swimmers' use of social media smartphone apps might lead to new training and race preparation protocols, including pre-meet smartphone avoidance. This study's objective was to analyze the performance effects of using smartphone social media apps on the 50, 100, and 200-m freestyle among 25 high-level swimmers. Each participant performed the three race distances in two conditions: with smartphone app exposure (50-MF, 100-MF, and 200-MF) and without (50-CON, 100-CON, and 200-CON). We randomized the order of these two conditions across participants. While smartphone app use was not associated with statistically significant performance differences on the shortest race (50CON versus 50MF), a repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant condition × time interaction for the swimmers'100-m freestyle performance (p = 0.01), with a significantly slower performance following smartphone app use evident in the last half of this race (p = 0.02) but not in the first half (p = 0.41). We also found a condition × time interaction in the same direction (slower for swimmers who used the smartphone app) for the 200-m freestyle performance (p = 0.01), with the slower performance occurring in the second (p = 0.01) but not the first (p = 0.91), third (p = 0.07) or fourth (p = 0.06) quarters of this race. Thus, prolonged smartphone social media app use was associated with reduced performance from elite swimmers on the 100- and 200- but not the 50-m freestyle.

Misoprostol administered sublingually at a dose of 12.5 µg versus vaginally at a dose of 25 µg for the induction of full-term labor: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Labor induction is defined as any procedure that stimulates uterine contractions before labor begins spontaneously. The vaginal and oral routes of administration of misoprostol are those most used for the induction of labor in routine practice, with the recommended dose being 25 µg. Nevertheless, the sublingual route may reduce the number of vaginal examinations required, increasing patient comfort and lowering the risk of maternal and fetal infection. Based on a previous systematic review, the objective of this study was to compare the frequency of tachysystole as the main outcome measure when misoprostol is administered sublingually at the dose of 12.5 µg versus vaginally at a dose of 25 µg to induce labor in a full-term pregnancy with a live fetus. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial was conducted at two maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil. Two hundred patients with a full-term pregnancy, a live fetus, Bishop score ≤ 6 and an indication for induction of labor were included. Following randomization, one group received 12.5 µg misoprostol sublingually and a vaginal placebo, while the other group received a sublingual placebo and 25 µg misoprostol vaginally. The primary outcome was the frequency of tachysystole. Student's t-test, the chi-square test of association and Fisher's exact test were used, as appropriate. Risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The frequency of tachysystole was lower in the group using 12.5 µg misoprostol sublingually compared to the group using 25 µg misoprostol vaginally (RR = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.02-0.97; p = 0.002). Failure to achieve vaginal delivery within 12 and 24 h was similar in both groups. Sublingual administration was preferred to vaginal administration by women in both groups; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of labor induction with low-dose sublingual misoprostol was similar to that achieved with vaginal administration of the recommended dose; however, the rate of tachysystole was lower in the sublingual group, and this route of administration may prove a safe alternative. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration number: NCT01406392, ClinicalTrials.gov. Date of registration: August 1, 2011.

The effect of smartphones and playing video games on decision-making in soccer players: A crossover and randomised study.

The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of the use of social networks in smartphones or playing video games on the passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes. Participants were 25 male professional soccer athletes (mean ± SD: age 23.4 ± 2.8 years). The participants performed three randomised conditions divided into three groups: control (CON), smartphone (SMA), and video game (VID). Before and after each experimental condition, the Stroop Task assessed the level of induced mental fatigue. Then, the athletes performed a simulated soccer match. A CANON® camera recorded the matches for further analysis on passing decision-making performance. A group effect was identified (p < .01) with impairment on passing decision-making performance for the SMA (p = .01, ES = 0.5) and VID (p = .01, ES = 0.5) conditions. We concluded that the use of social networks on smartphones and/or playing video games right before official soccer matches might impair the passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes.

Pore Scale Visualization of Drainage in 3D Porous Media by Confocal Microscopy.

We visualize the dynamics of immiscible displacement of a high viscosity wetting phase by a low viscosity non-wetting phase in a three-dimensional (3D) glass bead packing using confocal microscopy. Both phases were doped with two different fluorescent dyes, which enabled visualization of both phases simultaneously and quantification of the phase volumes without the need of image subtraction operations. The transient results show details of the displacement process and how pores are invaded by the non-wetting displacing phase. The static images at the end of the displacement process reveal how the trapped ganglia volume and morphology change with capillary number. The wetting phase is trapped as pendular rings spanning one to multiple pore necks. Details of the pore scale flow of oil wet media revealed with the experimental methods presented here can lead to better fundamental understanding of the physical processes and optimized enhanced oil recovery methods, CO2 sequestration and aquifer remediation.

Aerobic Training in Young Men Increases the Transfer of Cholesterol to High Density Lipoprotein In Vitro: Impact of High Density Lipoprotein Size.

Exercise training not only improves the plasma lipid profile but also reduces risk of developing coronary heart disease. We investigate whether plasma lipids and high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism are affected by aerobic training and whether the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels at baseline influence exercise-induced changes in HDL. Seventy-one male sedentary volunteers were evaluated and allocated in two subgroups, according to the HLD-C levels (< or >40 mg/dL). Participants underwent an 18-week aerobic training period. Blood was sampled before and after training for biochemical analysis. Plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, HDL diameter, and VO2 peak were determined. Lipid transfers to HDL were determined in vitro by incubating plasma samples with a donor lipid artificial nanoemulsion. After the 18-week period of aerobic training, the VO2 peak increased, while the mean body mass index (BMI) decreased. HDL-C concentration was higher after the training period, but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-HDL-C did not change. The transfer of esterified cholesterol and phospholipids was greater after exercise training, but the triacylglycerol and unesterified cholesterol transfers were unchanged. The HDL particle diameter increased after aerobic training in all participants. When the participants were separated in low-HDL and normal-HDL groups, the postaerobic exercise increment in HDL-C was higher in the low-HDL group, while the transfer of esterified cholesterol was lower. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training increases the lipid transfers to HDL, as measured by an in vitro method, which possibly contributes to the classical elevation of the HDL-C associated with training.

Frequency of resistance training does not affect inhibitory control or improve strength in well-trained young adults.

The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of resistance training frequency on cognitive inhibitory control in young adults with previous experience in the modality. Male participants (N = 36) were randomly placed into one of three experimental groups. Participants performed resistance training 1 (F1), 2 (F2), and 3 (F3) times per week for 24 weeks. The three groups performed exercises of equal intensity, volume-load, and rest duration. Cognitive inhibitory control (via Stroop test) was tested 72 h before (pre-experiment) and 72 h after (post-experiment) the resistance training program. No time vs. group interaction effects were noted for accuracy (F(4, 29) = 3.57, p = 0.18) or response time (F(4, 29) = 2.61, p = 0.06) on the Stroop test. These results indicate that increased resistance training frequency, when volume-load is kept constant, does not appear to potentiate cognitive inhibitory control.

Effect of Dehydration on Passing Decision Making in Soccer Athletes.

It seems that dehydration may impair decision-making performance in athletes. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the influence of dehydration on passing decision-making performance in soccer players. METHOD: Participants were 40 male soccer players (Mage = 22.3 ± 2.3 years) who agreed to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to the following conditions: control (CON), dehydration (DEH), and euhydration (EUH). The players played in 2 games of 90 min in duration (2 45-min halves) followed by 2 15-min halves (overtime) with and without proper hydration. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was considered for the analysis of passing decision making. RESULTS: The GPAI analysis indicated effective reduction in the decision-making index in the DEH condition compared with the EUH and CON conditions, F(2, 38) = 31.4, p < .05, ES = 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, dehydration may be considered a mediating factor in the passing decision-making performance of male soccer athletes.

Hydrothermal synthesis of bacterial cellulose-copper oxide nanocomposites and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity.

In this work, for the first time bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel membranes were used for the fabrication of antimicrobial cellulosic nanocomposites by hydrothermal deposition of Cu derivative nanoparticles (i.e.Cu(0) and CuxOy species). BC-Cu nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, SEM, AFM, XRD and TGA, to study the effect of hydrothermal processing time on the final physicochemical properties of final products. XRD result show that depending on heating time (3-48h), different CuxOy phases were achieved. SEM and AFM analyses unveil the presence of the Cu(0) and copper CuxOy nanoparticles over BC fibrils while the surface of 3D network became more compact and smother for longer heating times. Furthermore, the increase of heating time placed deleterious effect on the structure of BC network leading to decrease of BC crystallinity as well as of the on-set degradation temperature. Notwithstanding, BC-Cu nanocomposites showed excellent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella bacteria suggesting potential applications as bactericidal films.

Influence of Competitive-Anxiety on Heart Rate Variability in Swimmers.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between competitive anxiety and heart rate variability (HRV) in swimming athletes. A total of 66 volunteers (41 male and 27 female) who swam the 400-m freestyle in the Brazilian Swimming Championships participated. Thirty minutes before the 400-m freestyle event, the athletes answered the Competitive Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) questionnaire, then underwent anthropometric (body weight, height, and skinfold thickness) and HRV measurements. Then, at a second meeting, held 3 h after the 400-m freestyle event, the athletes returned to the evaluation room for HRV measurement (Polar® RS800cx, Kempele, Finland). Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between competitive anxiety and HRV. The multiple linear regression was performed in three blocks (block 1: cognitive anxiety, block 2: somatic anxiety, and block 3: self-confidence), adopting the forward model. The results indicated a significant association between cognitive anxiety (p = 0.001) and HRV. An increased magnitude of the association was observed when somatic anxiety was inserted in the model (p = 0.001). In contrast, self-confidence showed, which was inserted in block 3, no relationship with HRV (p = 0.27). It was concluded that cognitive and somatic anxieties were associated with the HRV of swimmers. Athletes with a high magnitude of cognitive and/or somatic anxiety demonstrated more significant autonomic nervous system disturbance. Practically, psychological interventions are needed to improve anxiety states that are specific to perform well, and to improve HRV.

Imunofenotipagem dos linfócitos positivos para indoleamina 2, 3 dioxigenase (IDO) em cultura de células de placenta bovina / Phenotyping of the indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) positive lymphocytes in bovine placental cell culture

A gestação é um estado fisiológico que exige adaptações imunológicas para que transcorra normalmente. Nesse período a mãe e o feto apresentam uma relação imunológica, ou seja, a interface materno fetal. A enzima indoleamina 2,3 dioxigenase (IDO) desempenha um papel importante na tolerância materno fetal, por ser responsável pela metabolização do triptofano, impedindo por diversas vias a proliferação principalmente de linfócitos TCD8. Diversos tipos celulares estão presentes na interface materno fetal e vários deles podem expressar a IDO. Os leucócitos com perfil Th1 produzem uma citocina conhecida: o interferon γ que estimula a expressão da IDO em vários tipos celulares. Os linfócitos são divididos em subpopulações de acordo com sua função e fenótipo. Seus tipos incluem linfócitos T, linfócitos B e as células natural killer (NK). Hormônios também atuam nesse processo a progesterona que exerce função determinante sobre a resposta imunológica materna podendo alterar o prognóstico gestacional e o estrógeno essencial para a tolerância materno fetal e manutenção da prenhez. Dessa maneira este trabalho tem por objetivo principal identificar os linfócitos presentes na placenta bovina em cultivo que expressam IDO (linfócitos T, linfócitos B e células NK), frente a estimulação por progesterona, estrógeno e interferon γ nas diversas fases gestacionais utilizando a citometria de fluxo. Segundo os resultados no período de 67,5 a 77, 5 dias com a adição de interferon γ a expressão da enzima IDO aumentou discretamente nos linfócitos TCD3, TCD4, e diferente dos linfócitos T CD8 apresentaram uma elevada expressão da enzima (4,48 ± 2,12 - 8,65± 4,91)....

Pregnancy is a physiological state that requires immune adaptation in order to be successfully carried on. During this period, mother and fetus establish an immune tolerance status at the maternal fetal interface. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays an important role in maternal-fetal tolerance by metabolizing tryptophan, impairs by several pathways, mainly T CD8 cells proliferation. Several cell types are present in the maternal fetal interface and several of them can express IDO. Leucocytes with Th1 produce a cytokine known as interferon γ that stimulates the expression of IDO in several cell types. Lymphocytes are divided into sub-populations according to their function and phenotype: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells (NK). Hormones also involved in this process where progesterone exerts decisive role on maternal immune response that may change gestational outcome and estrogen is essential for fetal maternal tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify lymphocytes in the bovine placental cell culture that are sensitive to progesterone, estrogen and interferon γ, IDO expression in various gestational stages using flow cytometry. According to the results in the gestational period from 67.5 to 77.5 days with the addition of interferon γ expression IDO was slightly increased in TCD3 lymphocytes, CD4, and differently from the other T cells CD8 displayed an higher expression of the enzyme (4.48±2.12 to 8.65±4.91)...

A prognostic model for survival after palliative urinary diversion for malignant ureteric obstruction: a prospective study of 208 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with survival after palliative urinary diversion (UD) for patients with malignant ureteric obstruction (MUO) and create a risk-stratification model for treatment decisions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected clinical and laboratory data for patients who underwent palliative UD by ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) between 1 January 2009 and 1 November 2011 in two tertiary care university hospitals, with a minimum 6-month follow-up. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years and MUO confirmed by computed tomography, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging. Factors related to poor prognosis were identified by Cox univariable and multivariable regression analyses, and a risk stratification model was created by Kaplan-Meier survival estimates at 1, 6 and 12 months, and log-rank tests. RESULTS: The median (range) survival was 144 (0-1084) days for the 208 patients included after UD (58 ureteric stenting, 150 PCN); 164 patients died, 44 (21.2%) during hospitalisation. Overall survival did not differ by UD type (P = 0.216). The number of events related to malignancy (≥4) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) index (≥2) were associated with short survival on multivariable analysis. These two risk factors were used to divide patients into three groups by survival type: favourable (no factors), intermediate (one factor) and unfavourable (two factors). The median survival at 1, 6, and 12 months was 94.4%, 57.3% and 44.9% in the favourable group; 78.0%, 36.3%, and 15.5% in the intermediate group; and 46.4%, 14.3%, and 7.1% in the unfavourable group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our stratification model may be useful to determine whether UD is indicated for patients with MUO.