Dichotomous effect of methylphenidate on microglia and astrocytes: Insights from in vitro and animal studies.

Methylphenidate (MPH) has been used for decades to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Moreover, several studies have shown that it is subject to misuse, particularly among college students and adolescents, for cognitive enhancement or as a recreational drug. This phenomenon causes concern, and it is critical to clarify better how MPH impacts brain cells. In fact, data has suggested that MPH could result in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration across several brain regions; however, little is known about the effect of MPH on glial cells. To address this, we used microglia N9 cell line and primary cultures of cortical astrocytes that were exposed to MPH (0.01 - 2 mM), as well as Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) chronically administered with MPH (1.5 mg/kg/day). Several parameters were analyzed, and we concluded that MPH has no significant direct effect on microglial cells, apart from cell migration impairment. On the contrary, MPH promotes astrogliosis, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and increases proinflammatory cytokine TNF levels by astrocytes, which was concordant with the results obtained in the hippocampus of WKY rats. Overall, the present results suggest that brain cells respond differently to MPH, with a more prominent direct effect on astrocytes when compared to microglia.

BRCA1 VUS: A functional analysis to differentiate pathogenic from benign variants identified in clinical diagnostic panels for breast cancer.

Genetic testing for susceptibility genes through next­generation sequencing (NGS) has become a widely used technique. Using this, a number of genetic variants have been identified, several of which are variants of unknown significance (VUS). These VUS can either be pathogenic or benign. However, since their biological effect remains unclear, functional assays are required to classify their functional nature. As the use of NGS becomes more mainstream as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice, the number of VUS is expected to increase. This necessitates their biological and functional classification. In the present study, a VUS was identified in the BRCA1 gene (NM_007294.3:c.1067A>G) in two women at risk for breast cancer, for which no functional data has been reported. Therefore, peripheral lymphocytes were isolated from the two women and also from two women without the VUS. DNA from all samples were sequenced by NGS of a breast cancer clinical panel. Since the BRCA1 gene is involved in DNA repair and apoptosis, the functional assays chromosomal aberrations, cytokinesis­blocked micronucleus, comet, γH2AX, caspase and TUNEL assays were then conducted on these lymphocytes after a genotoxic challenge by ionizing radiation or doxorubicin to assess the functional role of this VUS. The micronucleus and TUNEL assays revealed a lower degree of DNA induced­damage in the VUS group compared with those without the VUS. The other assays showed no significant differences between the groups. These results suggested that this BRCA1 VUS is likely benign, since the VUS carriers were apparently protected from deleterious chromosomal rearrangements, subsequent genomic instability and activation of apoptosis.

LAMA2 gene mutation update: Toward a more comprehensive picture of the laminin-α2 variome and its related phenotypes.

Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is one of the main subtypes of early-onset muscle disease, caused by disease-associated variants in the laminin-α2 (LAMA2) gene. MDC1A usually presents as a severe neonatal hypotonia and failure to thrive. Muscle weakness compromises normal motor development, leading to the inability to sit unsupported or to walk independently. The phenotype associated with LAMA2 defects has been expanded to include milder and atypical cases, being now collectively known as LAMA2-related muscular dystrophies (LAMA2-MD). Through an international multicenter collaborative effort, 61 new LAMA2 disease-associated variants were identified in 86 patients, representing the largest number of patients and new disease-causing variants in a single report. The collaborative variant collection was supported by the LOVD-powered LAMA2 gene variant database (https://www.LOVD.nl/LAMA2), updated as part of this work. As of December 2017, the database contains 486 unique LAMA2 variants (309 disease-associated), obtained from direct submissions and literature reports. Database content was systematically reviewed and further insights concerning LAMA2-MD are presented. We focus on the impact of missense changes, especially the c.2461A > C (p.Thr821Pro) variant and its association with late-onset LAMA2-MD. Finally, we report diagnostically challenging cases, highlighting the relevance of modern genetic analysis in the characterization of clinically heterogeneous muscle diseases.

Molecular characterization of a rare analphoid supernumerary marker chromosome derived from 7q35 → qter: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Analphoid supernumerary marker chromosomes (aSMC) constitute one of the smallest groups of SMC, and are characterized by a centromeric constriction but no detectable alpha-satellite DNA. These marker chromosomes cannot be properly identified by conventional banding techniques alone, and molecular cytogenetic methods are necessary for a detailed characterization. Analphoid SMC derived from chromosome 7 are extremely rare, with only five cases reported so far. CASE PRESENTATION: In this work we report an aSMC involving the terminal long arm of chromosome 7 in a 10-year-old boy with multiple dysmorphic features and severe development delay. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaic karyotype with the presence of an extra SMC, de novo, in 20% of lymphocytes and 73% of fibroblast cells. Next, we performed FISH analysis with multiple DNA probes and cCGH analysis. This identified the origin of the SMC as an analphoid marker resulting of invdup rearrangement of 7q35-qter region. Affimetrix CytoScan HD array analysis redefined the aSMC as a 15.42 Mb gain at 7q35-q36.3 (minimum tetraplicated region-chr7: 143,594,973-159,119,707; GRCh37/hg19) of maternal origin that encloses 67 OMIM genes, 16 of which associated to disease. Uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD 7) has been excluded. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first patient with an aSMC(7) derived from the terminal 7q region who has been molecularly and clinically full characterized. The use of SNParray in the characterization of SMC reveals to be a powerful tool, giving information not only about copy number variation but also about loss-of-heterozygosity and parental origin. We conclude that an integrated genome-wide copy number variation analysis, if possible associated to FISH and gene expression studies, could facilitate in the future the difficult task of establishing accurate genotype-phenotype correlations and help to improve genetic counselling.

Variant Rett syndrome in a girl with a pericentric X-chromosome inversion leading to epigenetic changes and overexpression of the MECP2 gene.

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. We investigated the genetic basis of disease in a female patient with a Rett-like clinical. Karyotype analysis revealed a pericentric inversion in the X chromosome -46,X,inv(X)(p22.1q28), with breakpoints in the cytobands where the MECP2 and CDKL5 genes are located. FISH analysis revealed that the MECP2 gene is not dislocated by the inversion. However, and in spite of a balanced pattern of X inactivation, this patient displayed hypomethylation and an overexpression of the MECP2 gene at the mRNA level in the lymphocytes (mean fold change: 2.55±0.38) in comparison to a group of control individuals; the expression of the CDKL5 gene was similar to that of controls (mean fold change: 0.98±0.10). No gains or losses were detected in the breakpoint regions encompassing known or suspected transcription regulatory elements. We propose that the de-regulation of MECP2 expression in this patient may be due to alterations in long-range genomic interactions caused by the inversion and hypothesize that this type of epigenetic de-regulation of the MECP2 may be present in other RTT-like patients.

Urinary tract effects of HPSE2 mutations.

Urofacial syndrome (UFS) is an autosomal recessive congenital disease featuring grimacing and incomplete bladder emptying. Mutations of HPSE2, encoding heparanase 2, a heparanase 1 inhibitor, occur in UFS, but knowledge about the HPSE2 mutation spectrum is limited. Here, seven UFS kindreds with HPSE2 mutations are presented, including one with deleted asparagine 254, suggesting a role for this amino acid, which is conserved in vertebrate orthologs. HPSE2 mutations were absent in 23 non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder probands and, of 439 families with nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux, only one carried a putative pathogenic HPSE2 variant. Homozygous Hpse2 mutant mouse bladders contained urine more often than did wild-type organs, phenocopying human UFS. Pelvic ganglia neural cell bodies contained heparanase 1, heparanase 2, and leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains-2 (LRIG2), which is mutated in certain UFS families. In conclusion, heparanase 2 is an autonomic neural protein implicated in bladder emptying, but HPSE2 variants are uncommon in urinary diseases resembling UFS.

Neonatal Marfan syndrome: a successful early multidisciplinary approach.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue which rarely manifests in the neonatal period and has an ominous prognosis. A case of a first female offspring of healthy parents is described here. The pregnancy was uneventful and the mother had a term caesarean delivery. At birth, some dysmorphic signs became apparent, such as loose redundant skin, dolichocephaly, frontal bossing, deeply sunken eyes, micrognathia, contractures of the elbows, arachnodactyly and hip dysplasia. The echocardiogram showed a mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation and a long aortic arch. The diagnosis of neonatal MFS came forward and genetic studies revealed a de novo mutation in the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. At 6 months, due to a progressive worsening of the cardiac pathology, she was submitted to mitral valvuloplasty. She is now 2 years and 10 months old, which is a remarkable feat for a child suffering from this condition.

Deletions within COL11A1 in Type 2 stickler syndrome detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).

BACKGROUND: COL11A1 is a large complex gene around 250 kb in length and consisting of 68 exons. Pathogenic mutations in the gene can result in Stickler syndrome, Marshall syndrome or Fibrochondrogenesis. Many of the mutations resulting in either Stickler or Marshall syndrome alter splice sites and result in exon skipping, which because of the exon structure of collagen genes usually leaves the message in-frame. The mutant protein then exerts a dominant negative effect as it co-assembles with other collagen gene products. To date only one large deletion of 40 kb in the COL11A1, which was detected by RT-PCR, has been characterized. However, commonly used screening protocols, utilizing genomic amplification and exon sequencing, are unlikely to detect such large deletions. Consequently the frequency of this type of mutation is unknown. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We have used Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) in conjunction with exon amplification and sequencing, to analyze patients with clinical features of Stickler syndrome, and have detected six novel deletions that were not found by exon sequencing alone. CONCLUSION: Exon deletions appear to represent a significant proportion of type 2 Stickler syndrome. This observation was previously unknown and so diagnostic screening of COL11A1 should include assays capable of detecting both large and small deletions, in addition to exon sequencing.

First seizure as late presentation of velo-cardio-facial syndrome.

Congenital hypoparathyroidism caused by velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) typically presents with hypocalcemia in the neonatal period associated with other characteristic findings. We report the case of an 8-year-old boy presenting a hypocalcemic seizure (ionized calcium, 0.65 mM); he had a history of velopharyngeal insufficiency and late development with language impairment; at presentation, minor dysmorphic features were noticed. Laboratory evaluation revealed a parathormone level of <1.0 pg/mL. VCFS was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization study revealing the 22q11.2 deletion. High levels of calcium administration were needed to normalize serum calcium. In this case, signs of hypoparathyroidism only developed in late childhood, and the patient, despite the minor clinical signs of VCFS, remained symptom-free. He presented no cardiac malformations, immunologic abnormalities, or renal dysfunction often associated with this diagnosis. In a child with hypocalcemia, considering the hypothesis of VCFS, even if there are no other manifestations, is important both for clinical diagnosis and management and for genetic counseling.

[Hereditary pancreatitis in a child]. / Pancreatite hereditária na criança.

Hereditary pancreatitis is defined as a family history of two or more relatives with pancreatitis and clinical, biochemical, or radiologic evidence of pancreatitis. This is the fourth family described with hereditary pancreatitis related to mutation c.364C>T (p.R122C) of PRSS1 gene. The index case was a four year old child who had had his first episode of abdominal pain at age three. At that time he was admitted in hospital for two days and he improved with analgesic treatment only. One year later, in a second similar episode, he had been diagnosed with pancreatitis. His father was submitted to pancreato-duodenectomy (Whipple procedure) when he was 27 years old due to recurrent pancreatitis since age 19. Paternal grandfather and the parents of this grandfather had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The mutation R122C was present in heterozigoty, in the exon 3 of PRSS1 gene, in the index case and also in his father. The importance of a long term follow-up is highlighted, taking into consideration the risk of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma.