Tuberculosis and autoimmunity: Common features.

Despite the proven infectious nature of tuberculosis, new data have recently appeared on the autoimmune component in the course of tuberculosis infection. This chapter discusses the currently known signs of autoimmune inflammation in tuberculosis infection, including both clinical and immunological manifestations. Taking into account the available data on the possible triggering effect of M. tuberculosis on the development of the autoimmune process, the correction of these autoimmune complications may be a key moment in prescribing therapy and in predicting the low efficacy of the treatment of the disease.

'I have been all in, I have been all out and I have been everything in-between': A 2-year longitudinal qualitative study of weight loss maintenance.

BACKGROUND: Qualitative studies investigating weight management experiences are usually cross-sectional or of short duration, which limits understanding of the long-term challenges. METHODS: Eleven women [mean (SD) age 44.9 (9.8) years; body mass index 40.3 (4.0) kg m-2 ] participated in this longitudinal qualitative study, which included up to 20 weeks of total diet replacement (825-853 kcal day-1 ) and ongoing support for weight loss maintenance (WLM), to 2 years. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at baseline and programme end, as well as at key intervals during the intervention. Questions examined five theoretical themes: motivation, self-regulation, habits, psychological resources and social/environmental influences. Data were coded and analysed in nvivo (https://qsrinternational.com/nvivo) using the framework method. RESULTS: In total, 64 interviews were completed (median, n = 6 per participant). Mean (SD) weight loss was 15.7 (9.6) kg (14.6% body weight) at 6 months and 9.6 (9.9) kg (8.8% body weight) at 2 years. The prespecified theoretical model offered a useful framework to capture the variability of experiences. Negative aspects of obesity were strong motivations for weight loss and maintenance. Perceiving new routines as sustainable and developing a 'maintenance mindset' was characteristic of 'Maintainers', whereas meeting emotional needs at the expense of WLM goals during periods of stress and negative mood states was reported more often by 'Regainers'. Optimistic beliefs about maintaining weight losses appeared to interfere with barrier identification and coping planning for most participants. CONCLUSIONS: People tended to be very optimistic about WLM without acknowledging barriers and this may undermine longer-term outcomes. The potential for regain remained over time, mainly as a result of emotion-triggered eating to alleviate stress and negative feelings. More active self-regulation during these circumstances may improve WLM, and these situations represent important targets for intervention.

Altered gut and adipose tissue hormones in overweight and obese individuals: cause or consequence?

The aim of this article is to review the research into the main peripheral appetite signals altered in human obesity, together with their modifications after body weight loss with diet and exercise and after bariatric surgery, which may be relevant to strategies for obesity treatment. Body weight homeostasis involves the gut-brain axis, a complex and highly coordinated system of peripheral appetite hormones and centrally mediated neuronal regulation. The list of peripheral anorexigenic and orexigenic physiological factors in both animals and humans is intimidating and expanding, but anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and orexigenic ghrelin from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from the pancreas and anorexigenic leptin from adiposites remain the most widely studied hormones. Homeostatic control of food intake occurs in humans, although its relative importance for eating behaviour is uncertain, compared with social and environmental influences. There are perturbations in the gut-brain axis in obese compared with lean individuals, as well as in weight-reduced obese individuals. Fasting and postprandial levels of gut hormones change when obese individuals lose weight, either with surgical or with dietary and/or exercise interventions. Diet-induced weight loss results in long-term changes in appetite gut hormones, postulated to favour increased appetite and weight regain while exercise programmes modify responses in a direction expected to enhance satiety and permit weight loss and/or maintenance. Sustained weight loss achieved by bariatric surgery may in part be mediated via favourable changes to gut hormones. Future work will be necessary to fully elucidate the role of each element of the axis, and whether modifying these signals can reduce the risk of obesity.

Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and insulin sensitivity in daughters of Type 2 diabetic patients and women with no family history of diabetes.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that the impact of environmental factors on insulin sensitivity is modified by the presence of family history of diabetes. AIM: To compare the association between the erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition (a biomarker of dietary fatty acids) and insulin sensitivity in daughters of Type 2 diabetic patients with the corresponding association in women without family history of diabetes. MATERIAL/SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighteen offspring of Type 2 diabetic patients [age 30+/-6.5 yr; body mass index (BMI) 22.2+/-2.5 kg/m2; body fat 31.8+/-5.1%] and 18 matched women (age 30.1+/-6.8 yr; BMI 22.2+/-1.8 kg/m2; body fat 32.2+/-6.0%) participated in the study. RESULTS: Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI)-Matsuda tended to be lower (p=0.06) in the Offspring than the control group. Weight proportions of erythrocyte phospholipid saturated (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were similar between the two groups. In the offspring, erythrocyte total SFA were negatively correlated with ISI-Matsuda [r=-0.47, p<0.05), ISI(gly)-Belfiore (r=-0.52, p<0.05) and ISI(ffa)-Belfiore (r=-0.53, p<0.05)], whereas total PUFA were positively correlated with insulin sensitivity [ISI-Matsuda, r=0.46, p<0.05; ISI(gly)-Belfiore, r=0.53, p<0.05; ISI(ffa)-Belfiore, r=0.54, p<0.05]. No significant correlations were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between erythrocyte fatty acid composition and insulin sensitivity are distinct between daughters of Type 2 diabetic patients and women without family history of diabetes.

Effect of advice to increase carbohydrate and reduce fat intake on dietary profile and plasma lipid concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The current dietary guidelines advise an increase in carbohydrate intake. However, there is concern regarding the effect this may have on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, in particular in postmenopausal women, in light of the knowledge that raised triacylglycerol (TAG) may pose a stronger risk for CHD in this group. AIM: To evaluate the effect of advice to increase carbohydrate intake to 50% of energy intake as part of advice to follow current dietary guidelines on the dietary profile, including dietary glycaemic index (GI) and plasma lipids in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: Twelve healthy postmenopausal women (56 +/- 6.5 years) took part in the study. Habitual diet was assessed by a 7-day weighed intake. On the basis of the results, subjects were advised to increase their carbohydrate intake to comply with the current dietary guidelines. Subjects were asked to follow this diet for 4 weeks, in a free-living situation. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 1 and 4 weeks. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI; p < 0.05) after 4 weeks. There was a significant increase in fasting TAG concentrations after 1 week (p < 0.05), and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after 1 and 4 weeks. The subjects significantly increased their percentage of energy from carbohydrates and starch (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) after 1 week, and their percentage of energy from starch after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Dietary GI was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 1 and 4 weeks. Fruit and vegetable intake was significantly increased after 1 week (p < 0.01), as was fruit intake alone (p < 0.05), and there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the 'antioxidant power' as measured by the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay. CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, following the UK dietary guidelines resulted in changes in the lipid profile that were more likely to favour an increased risk of CHD, as TAG concentrations were increased and HDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced. However, in addition, we found a significant reduction in BMI and a significant increase in the 'antioxidant power' of plasma, which should benefit health.

Exercise training has greater effects on insulin sensitivity in daughters of patients with type 2 diabetes than in women with no family history of diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Sedentary offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes are often more insulin-resistant than persons with no family history of diabetes, but when active or fit offspring of type 2 diabetic patients are compared with non-diabetic persons, differences in insulin resistance are less evident. This study aimed to determine the effects of an exercise training intervention on insulin sensitivity in both groups. METHODS: Women offspring (n = 34) of type 2 diabetic patients (offspring age 35.6 +/- 7.0 years, BMI 28.1 +/- 5.1 kg/m(2)) and 36 matched female controls (age 33.6 +/- 6.1 years, BMI 27.3 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2)) participated. Body composition, fitness and metabolic measurements were made at baseline and after a controlled 7 week exercise intervention. RESULTS: At baseline, insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was 22% lower in offspring than controls (p < 0.05), despite similar body fat and maximal oxygen uptake (.VO(2max)) values in the two groups. ISI increased by 23% (p < 0.05) in offspring following the exercise intervention, compared with 7% (NS) in the controls. Increases in .VO(2max) were similar in both groups (controls 12%, offspring 15%, p < 0.05 for both). Plasma leptin concentrations decreased significantly in the offspring (-24%, p < 0.01) but not in controls (0%, NS). Change in ISI correlated significantly with baseline ISI (r = -0.47, p < 0.0005) and change in leptin (r = -0.43, p < 0.0005). The latter relationship was not attenuated by adjustment for changes in body fat. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Offspring, but not controls, significantly increased ISI in response to an exercise intervention, indicating that insulin sensitivity is more highly modulated by physical activity in daughters of patients with type 2 diabetes than in women with no family history of the disease.

Effect of moderate-intensity exercise session on preprandial and postprandial responses of circulating ghrelin and appetite.

Responses of plasma total ghrelin and appetite were investigated during preprandial and postprandial stages of recovery from a moderate-intensity cycling session. Healthy recreationally active men underwent one exercise and one control trial. In the exercise trial, subjects exercised for approximately 60 minutes, while in the control trial they rested quietly for the same duration. After the intervention, subjects rested for 120 minutes and then consumed a test meal. Measurements were obtained immediately and 120 minutes after the intervention and then during 180 minutes of the postprandial period. The post-intervention concentration of total ghrelin was lower (p<0.05) in the exercise than in the control trial. The modulating effect of exercise was related to the reduction in the postprandial rather than preprandial concentration. Post-intervention scores of appetite were not different between the two trials, but when preprandial and postprandial responses were considered separately, postprandial hunger and desire to eat was higher (p<0.05) in the exercise trial. In summary, during recovery from moderate-intensity exercise, total ghrelin does not respond in a compensatory manner to disturbances in energy balance. Thus, an exercise-induced increase in appetite during the later stages of recovery coinciding with the postprandial state cannot be explained by changes in the plasma concentration of total ghrelin.

Energy replacement attenuates the effects of prior moderate exercise on postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese men.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which exercise-induced changes to postprandial metabolism are dependant on the associated energy deficit is not known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of exercise, with and without energy replacement, on postprandial metabolism. DESIGN: Each subject underwent three 2-day trials in random order. On day 1 of each trial subjects rested (control), walked at 50% maximal oxygen uptake to induce a net energy expenditure of 27 kJ kg(-1) body mass (energy-deficit) or completed the same walk with the net energy expended replaced (energy-replacement). On day 2 subjects completed an 8.5-h metabolic assessment. For 3 days prior to day 2, subjects consumed an isocaloric diet, avoided planned exercise (apart from exercise interventions) and alcohol. SUBJECTS: A total of 13 overweight/obese men (age: 40+/-8 years, body mass index: 31.1+/-3.0 kg m(-2)). MEASUREMENTS: Postprandial triglyceride, insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and substrate utilization rates were determined. RESULTS: Energy-deficit lowered postprandial triglyceride concentrations by 14 and 10% compared with control and energy-replacement (P<0.05 for both). Energy-deficit increased postprandial 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations by 40 and 19% compared with control and energy-replacement (P<0.05 for both). Postprandial insulin concentrations were 18 and 10% lower for energy-deficit and energy-replacement compared with control and 10% lower for energy-deficit than energy-replacement (P<0.05 for all). Postprandial fat oxidation increased by 30 and 14% for energy-deficit and energy-replacement compared to control and was 12% higher for energy-deficit than energy-replacement (P<0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Exercise with energy replacement lowered postprandial insulinaemia and increased fat oxidation. However an exercise-induced energy deficit augmented these effects and was necessary to lower postprandial lipaemia.

Spontaneous activity responses to exercise in males and females.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the impact of a short-term exercise programme, prescribed on the basis of current exercise recommendations, on energy balance in males and females to assess whether this type of exercise induces compensatory changes in spontaneous activity energy expenditure (SAEE) and energy intake (EI). DESIGN: Individuals were monitored for 16 days, 8 days of habitual physical activity (C) and 8 days when exercise was imposed (E). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated from individual relationships of VO2 and VCO2 to heart rate (HR) records of HR and physical activity obtained during waking hours of the C and E periods and basal metabolic rate (BMR) measurements (Deltatrac System, Datex Instrumentation). Changes in nude body mass (BM) were estimated by using a digital scale (Sartorius AG, Gottigen, Germany). SETTING: Laboratory and free-living. SUBJECTS: Eight lean females (body fat: 17.5+/-4.5%) and eight males of similar percentage body fat participated in this study. All subjects were Caucasian and aged between 20 and 25 years. INTERVENTION: During the E period, a supervised exercise session was conducted every second day, each consisting of a total net energy expenditure of 2092 kJ+BMR at 90% lactate threshold. RESULTS: During the E period, TEE was higher than C in males and females (exercise: 95.2+/-13.9, 78.3+/-15.9 MJ; control: 82.4+/-10.4, 68.8+/-16.7 MJ, respectively; P<0.00; P=0.02). SAEE, calculated as TEE minus the energy expended during exercise, was not significantly different between C (males: 82.4+/-4.8 MJ; females: 68.8+/-7.6 MJ) and E (males: 86.8+/-6.3 MJ; females: 70.0+/-7.2 MJ) periods in either gender. Males showed no change in BM over the C (pre-intervention: 83.4+/-7.2 kg; post-intervention: 83.1+/-6.8 kg) or E (pre-intervention: 83.4+/-6.8 kg; post-intervention: 83.4+/-6.8 kg) periods. Females' BM over the C period did not alter (pre-intervention: 63.3+/-2.8 kg; post-intervention 63.7+/-3.1 kg); however, there was a significant decrease (P<0.00) in BM over the E period (pre-intervention: 63.0+/-2.7 kg; post-intervention: 62.4+/-2.7 kg). CONCLUSION: The exercise programme was achieved in males and females without any impact on SAEE. Therefore, differences between genders in relation to BM reduction can be explained by differences in the EI response to exercise.

Acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite, energy intake and mood. Is there a time of day effect?

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite sensations, energy intake and mood, and to determine if there was a time of day effect. Twelve healthy, young, normal weight females, who were non-regular exercisers, participated in four trials: morning control, morning exercise, evening control and evening exercise. Exercise trials were a one-hour class of aerobic and muscle conditioning exercise of varying intensities, to music. Control trials were a one-hour rest. Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly greater during the warm-up and muscle conditioning parts of the morning exercise trial compared to those of the evening exercise trial. Although both exercise trials, compared to control trials, produced an increase in appetite sensations, they did not alter energy intake and produced a decrease in 'relative' energy intake. In relation to mood, both exercise trials increased positive affect and decreased negative affect. These results suggest that a single exercise class, representative of that offered by many sports centres, regardless of whether it is performed in the morning or evening produces a short-term negative energy balance and improves mood in normal weight women. However, when this type of exercise was performed in the morning it was perceived to require more effort.

Reproducibility of an oral fat tolerance test is influenced by phase of menstrual cycle.

Knowledge of the reproducibility of oral fat tolerance tests is important for experimental design and data interpretation. In this study, seven normolipidaemic men underwent two fat tolerance tests (blood taken fasting and for six hours after a meal containing 1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate per kg body mass) with an interval of one week. Eleven normolipidaemic women underwent two fat tolerance tests--one during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the other during the mid-luteal phase. Dietary intake was controlled for two days and subjects refrained from exercise for three days before each test. There was no significant difference in postprandial triglyceride responses between the two tests in the men (10.20 +/- 3.45 mmol/l.h vs. 9.68 +/- 2.77 mmol/l.h, NS) (mean +/- SD); intraclass correlation coefficient between the two tests was 0.93, and within-subject coefficient of variation was 10.1 %. In the women, the postprandial triglyceride response was lower in the luteal phase (6.75 +/- 1.83 mmol/l.h) than in the follicular phase (8.36 +/- 3.71 mmol/l.h) (p = 0.05), intraclass correlation was 0.65 and within-subject coefficient of variation was 23.2 %. These results suggest that, with adequate control of preceding lifestyle, reproducibility of postprandial triglyceride responses is high in men, but menstrual phase should be taken into consideration when studying these responses in women.

Moderate physical activity permits acute coupling between serum leptin and appetite-satiety measures in obese women.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether moderate physical activity or snack intake influence appetite sensations and subsequent food intake in obese women. Associations between serum leptin and appetite ratings were also investigated. METHODS: In all, 10 obese women (mean age+/-s.d.: 50.0+/-8.5 y; mean body mass index (BMI)+/-s.d.: 37.2+/-6.5 kg m(-2)) were submitted in random order to three trials: Moderate physical activity (20 min brisk walking), Snack (58.5 g chocolate-based) and Control (sitting, TV-watching). Appetite and satiety were assessed by visual analogue scales, and serum leptin, blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids were measured at baseline, pre- and postintervention and 1 h postintervention (ie, before dinner). A buffet-style dinner was provided subsequent to the three trials. RESULTS: The moderate physical activity and snack intake both produced lower appetite and higher satiety and fullness perceptions, compared to control, following the intervention. No significant differences were found in subsequent food intake. Serum leptin concentrations did not differ between trials. Serum leptin was not associated with appetite or satiety sensations at any time during the control or the snack trials, but was correlated following moderate physical activity (prospective food consumption r(s)=-0.83, P=0.003; hunger r(s)=-0.79, P=0.007; desire to eat r(s)=-0.69, P=0.02; satiety r(s)=0.71, P=0.02; fullness r(s)=0.66, P=0.04). These associations were not influenced by BMI or fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate physical activity and snack intake suppress the appetite of obese women acutely. The associations between circulating leptin and appetite-satiety ratings suggest leptin involvement in short-term appetite regulation in response to physical activity-induced factors.

Postprandial lipemia after short-term variation in dietary fat and carbohydrate.

Replacement of dietary fat with carbohydrate may not reduce the overall risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), because this elevates plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. The lipoproteinemic effects of a high-carbohydrate diet are likely to be more marked shortly after the initiation of such a diet than after longer periods of intervention during which adaptive processes may counteract the initial effects. Therefore, we studied the postprandial responses to a standard meal after 3-day dietary intervention periods. An additional objective was to establish a model for future study of the mechanisms involved. Nine normolipidemic men consumed the meal (1.2 g fat, 1.1 g carbohydrate, and 0.2 g protein per 1 kg body mass) after 3 days on a high-carbohydrate diet (68% +/- 3% energy from carbohydrate, mean +/- SD) and also after 3 days on an isoenergetic high-fat diet (66% +/- 5% energy). Venous blood samples were obtained from fasted subjects and for 6 hours after the meal. In the fasted state, TAG was higher after the high-carbohydrate diet (1.18 +/- 0.18 v0.62 +/- 0.09 mmol/L, mean +/- SEM, P = .02) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was lower (1.01 +/- 0.08 v 1.10 +/- 0.09 mmol/L, P = .002). The area under the plasma TAG concentration versus time curve was 42% +/- 7% higher after the high-carbohydrate diet (P = .003). After the high-carbohydrate diet, the postprandial insulin response did not differ between trials, but glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate responses were lower (P = .009 and P = .02, respectively) and the lactate response was higher (P = .001). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were lower after the high-carbohydrate diet in the fasted state and for 4 hours postprandially, but were higher thereafter (interaction of time x trial, P = .001). These results indicate that compared with a high-fat diet, the plasma TAG response to a standard high-fat meal is markedly higher after a few days on a high-carbohydrate diet, with major differences in the associated metabolic milieu. The magnitude of these changes and the rapidity with which they developed suggest that this model may be attractive for future studies of the underlying mechanisms.

Prior exercise and postprandial substrate extraction across the human leg.

Prior exercise decreases postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, possibly through changes to skeletal muscle TG extraction. We measured postprandial substrate extraction across the leg in eight normolipidemic men aged 21-46 yr. On the afternoon preceding one trial, subjects ran for 2 h at 64 +/- 1% of maximal oxygen uptake (exercise); before the control trial, subjects had refrained from exercise. Samples of femoral arterial and venous blood were obtained, and leg blood flow was measured in the fasting state and for 6 h after a meal (1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg body mass). Prior exercise increased time averaged postprandial TG clearance across the leg (total TG: control, 0.079 +/- 0.014 ml.100 ml tissue(-1).min(-1) ; exercise, 0.158 +/- 0.023 ml.100 ml tissue(-1).min(-1), P <0.01), particularly in the chylomicron fraction, so that absolute TG uptake was maintained despite lower plasma TG concentrations (control, 1.53 +/- 0.13 mmol/l; exercise, 1.01 +/- 0.16 mmol/l, P < 0.001). Prior exercise increased postprandial leg blood flow and glucose uptake (both P < 0.05). Mechanisms other than increased leg TG uptake must account for the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia.

Postprandial lipemia in young men and women of contrasting training status.

This study compared the postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) response to a high-fat meal in trained and untrained normolipidemic young adults after 2 days' abstinence from exercise. Fifty-three subjects (11 endurance-trained men, 9 endurance-trained women, 10 sprint/strength-trained men, 11 untrained men, 11 untrained women) consumed a meal (1.2 g fat, 1.1 g carbohydrate, 66 kJ per kg body mass) after a 12-h fast. Venous blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and at intervals until 6 h. Postprandial responses were the areas under the plasma or serum concentration-vs.-time curves. Neither fasting TAG concentrations nor the postprandial TAG response differed between trained and untrained subjects. The insulinemic response was 29% lower in endurance-trained men than in untrained men [mean difference -37.4 (95% confidence interval -62.9 to -22.9) microIU/ml x h, P = 0.01]. Responses of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids were all lower for endurance-trained men than for untrained men. These findings suggest that, in young adults, no effect of training on postprandial lipemia can be detected after 60 h without exercise. The effect on postprandial insulinemia may persist for longer.

The reduction in postprandial lipemia after exercise is independent of the relative contributions of fat and carbohydrate to energy metabolism during exercise.

A single session of exercise several hours before a high-fat meal reduces postprandial lipemia. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this effect is independent of substrate metabolism during exercise. Twelve men aged 21 to 36 years underwent three oral fat tolerance tests with intervals of at least 1 week. On one occasion, only activities of daily living were allowed the preceding day (control). On the other two occasions, subjects ran on a treadmill for 90 minutes on the afternoon preceding the fat tolerance test; 90 minutes before running, they ingested either acipimox, an inhibitor of lipolysis in adipose tissue, or placebo. Acipimox abolished the increase in the nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration observed during the run after placebo and reduced lipid oxidation (placebo, 37 +/- 7 g; acipimox, 21 +/- 3 g; P < .05, mean +/- SEM), but had no effect on gross energy expenditure (placebo, 4.86 +/- 0.20 MJ; acipimox, 4.83 +/- 0.18 MJ). Before each of the three fat tolerance tests, subjects reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast. Blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and for 6 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (per kilogram of body mass: 1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate, and 61 kJ energy). Plasma concentrations of NEFA were higher postprandially with acipimox, compared with control and placebo (P < .05), as were glucose concentrations measured over the first 4 hours. The insulin response to the meal was lower in placebo compared with control and acipimox (P < .05). Despite these counterregulatory responses, postprandial lipemia was reduced to the same degree (compared with control, P < .05) by exercise preceded by acipimox and by exercise preceded by placebo (area under the plasma triacylglycerol concentration v time curve: control, 8.77 +/- 1.17 mmol/L x 6 h; placebo, 6.95 +/- 0.97 mmol/L x 6 h; acipimox, 6.81 +/- 0.81 mmol/L x 6 h). These findings suggest that some factor other than the nature of the metabolic substrate used during exercise determines the attenuating effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia.

Olive oil supplementation in healthy adults: effects in cell membrane fatty acid composition and platelet function.

Ten healthy volunteers were given a daily supplement of 30 g olive oil for 6 weeks in order to evaluate how it would affect cell membrane composition and ultimately platelet function. Fasting blood and cheek cell samples were taken before commencing the study, after 21 and 42 days of supplementation and also at 30 days after finishing the supplement (washout). C18:1n-9 was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in platelet and cheek cell phospholipids. Erythrocytes were not good markers for C18:1n-9 intake and no significant change was found in this tissue. There was a small nonsignificant decrease in platelet phospholipid 20:4n-6 after the supplementation, in accordance with previously published results. C18:1n-9 did not persist in platelet membranes after the volunteers stopped consuming the olive oil supplement, but in erythrocytes a significant increase (p < 0.05) was found after the washout period. None of these changes in fatty acid composition in the different tissues were related to significant changes in serum cholesterol-related variables or in clotting factors or adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation.

Biological properties of Estero Real virus.

The pathogenicity for animals, multiplication characteristics in animals, chick embryos and cells, and antibody formation to the Estero Real (ER) virus are reported.

Physico-chemical properties of Estero Real virus.

Estero Real (ER) virus can pass through the Millipore membrane filter of 0.22 micron pore size; it is sensitive to heating, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and ether treatments. It replicates to the highest titres in a slightly alkaline medium. Actinomycin D (Act. D) does not prevent its multiplication in cell culture. The presence of heamagglutinin was ascertained.