ABSTRACT
Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are considered an emerging threat to the patients if undetected. DDIs can prolong QT interval, leading to fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Antipsychotics and antidepressants prescribed commonly to psychiatric patients have the propensity to prolong QT interval and can precipitate Torsades de pointes (TdP). This review aimed to summarize the prevalence of QT interval prolonging DDIs in psychiatric patients. Methods: This meta-analysis was carried out following the MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement. Databases like Pubmed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Research gate were scanned for English language papers. Indexed terms from Medical Subject (MeSH) and other search terms for "QT prolongation", "Drug interactions", and "Psychiatry" were used to identify the articles. All published articles available until the day of the collection were considered. Outcome measures were analyzed with meta package in R language. Results: A total of 5 studies were eligible for inclusion. From the included studies, QT-prolonging DDIs were found in 14806 patients out of 30122 patients. The prevalence of QT-prolonging DDIs in psychiatric patients was found to be 42% (95% confidence interval: 21%, 66%). The factors associated with potential drug-drug interactions were related to patient characteristics such as polypharmacy, age and comorbid disease. Conclusion: This review concluded that psychiatric patients were prescribed the drugs/drug combinations which can prolong QT interval and can cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Hence, it is important to implement precautionary safety interventions, be vigilant and prevent QT prolongation and adverse cardiac effects in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Mushrooms are renewable natural gift for humankind, furnished with unique taste, flavor and medicinal properties. For the last few decades study of mushroom polysaccharides has become a matter of great interest to the researchers for their immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antitumor properties. Molecular mass, branching configuration, conformation of polysaccharides and chemical modification are the major factors influencing their biological activities. The mechanism of action of mushroom polysaccharides is to stimulate T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells, and macrophage dependent immune responses via binding to receptors like the toll-like receptor-2, dectin-1. The present review offers summarized and significant information about the structural and biological properties of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential for development of therapeutic materials.
Subject(s)
Agaricales/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Communicable Diseases/drug therapy , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Agaricales/metabolism , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Carbohydrate Sequence , Communicable Diseases/immunology , Communicable Diseases/pathology , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Gene Expression , Humans , Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Lectins, C-Type/genetics , Lectins, C-Type/immunology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/pathology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to assess the chronotype orientations of the ninth all African university game players hosted by Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 2-6 July 2018. The present cross-sectional study employed a self-reported demographic, training time, and Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaires (MEQ). Training time and chronotype orientations of 174 (126 males and 48 females) participants, mean age 21.65 ± 2.05 y were assessed. Some 72% (126) of the African University game players were males. Overall, 92 (53%) of the male and female participants' were I-type and, 82 (47%) of them were M-type; none were E-type. Chronotype preferences did not vary by sex (p = .962). However, a significant difference in chronotype was observed between those experts in skill, concentration, and mixed sports events (p < .001). Players who participated in mixed sports, like football and athletics, were more likely to be M-type. Surprisingly, the habitual training time was misaligned with chronotype orientation in all sports events with the exception of athletics in mixed groups.
Subject(s)
Sports , Universities , Adult , Circadian Rhythm , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ethiopia , Female , Humans , Male , Sleep , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the alkaline extract of the somatic hybrid mushroom (PfloVv5FB), obtained through protoplast fusion between Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea strains was found to contain d-glucose only. Structural investigation was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited strong immunoactivation of macrophages, splenocytes as well as thymocytes.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Hybridization, Genetic , Pleurotus/chemistry , Volvariella/chemistry , beta-Glucans/chemistry , beta-Glucans/pharmacology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/isolation & purification , Animals , Carbohydrate Sequence , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Pleurotus/genetics , Spleen/immunology , Thymocytes/drug effects , Thymocytes/immunology , Volvariella/genetics , beta-Glucans/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
A heteroglycan (PS) isolated from the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus was found to consist of l-fucose, d-mannose, and d-glucose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:2:3. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, HMBC, and DEPT), the structure of the repeating unit of the PS was determined. The repeating unit had a branched backbone composed of (1â6)-linked α and ßd-glucose and (1â2)-linked α-l-fucose. Branching occurred at C-4 position of (1â6)-linked α-d-glucopyranosyl residue with terminal ß-d-mannose and C-3 position of (1â6)-linked ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue with (1â6)-α-d-mannopyranosyl moiety terminated by α-d-glucose. The structure of the repeating unit of the PS was proposed as: [formula: see text]. The antioxidant properties of the PS were studied. The scavenging activity of hydroxyl free radicals whose EC50 value of PS at 943 µg/mL was determined. Further, EC50 value of the PS at 53 µg/mL was observed for scavenging activity of superoxide free radicals. Chelating effects (54.82%) of ferrous ions were observed at 1mg/mL of the PS.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Mycelium/chemistry , Pleurotus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyABSTRACT
A water soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of somatic hybrid mushroom PCH3FB, obtained through protoplast fusion between the strains Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. APK2. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: [formula, see text] This molecule showed macrophage, splenocyte and thymocyte activations.
Subject(s)
Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophage Activation/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Pleurotus/chemistry , Thymocytes/immunology , Animals , Carbohydrate Conformation , Cells, Cultured , Macrophages/cytology , Mice , Thymocytes/cytologyABSTRACT
A water-soluble gluco-arabinan (PS-II, M(W)â¼62 kDa) isolated from the alkaline extract of the endosperm of Caesalpinia bonduc showed the presence of T-Glcp, (1â4)-Glcp, (1â2,3)-Glcp, T-Araf, (1â5)-Araf, (1â2,5)-Araf, and (1â2,3,5)-Araf in a relative proportion of approximately 2:2:2:3:2:1:1. The proposed repeating unit of the polysaccharide possessed a branched backbone of two (1â3)-α-D-glucopyranose followed by four (1â5)-α-L-arabinofuranose residues. In case of two (1â3)-α-D-glucopyranose, branching occurs at O-2 by a same residue terminated by another one at O-4 position. Out of four (1â5)-α-l-arabinofuranose residues, one residue is terminated at O-2 and O-3 by two arabinofuranose residues and another one situated at the adjacent position is terminated at O-2 with same residue, and two (1â5)-α-L-arabinofuranose residues are free from branching and located before and after the two branched arabinofuranose residues. This gluco-arabinan molecule and previously reported arabinan showed similar extent of splenocytes and thymocytes stimulation, but arabinan showed appreciable macrophage activations.
Subject(s)
Polysaccharides , Seeds/chemistry , Thymocytes , Animals , Arabinose/analogs & derivatives , Arabinose/chemistry , Caesalpinia/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , ISCOMs/administration & dosage , ISCOMs/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Monosaccharides/chemistry , Monosaccharides/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polysaccharides/administration & dosage , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Single-Cell Analysis , Thymocytes/cytology , Thymocytes/drug effects , Thymocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
Two immunostimulating ß-glucans, PS-I (water soluble) and PS-II (water insoluble) isolated from hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces robustus var. showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, DEPT-135, HSQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharides is established as: PS-I: ->6)ß-D-Glcp-(1â (Water-soluble glucan) PS-II: â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â 6↑1 ß-D-Glcp (Water-insoluble glucan, Termitan).
Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Immunomodulation/drug effects , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Termitomyces/chemistry , beta-Glucans/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Chemical Precipitation , Ethanol/chemistry , Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology , Mice , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Spleen/cytology , Thymocytes/drug effects , Thymocytes/immunology , beta-Glucans/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
A water soluble heteroglycan, isolated from the alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of the somatic hybrid mushroom (PfloVv1aFB), raised through protoplast fusion between the strains of Pleorutus florida and Volverilla volvacea, was found to consist of (1â3)-, (1â6)-, (1â3,4)-linked, and terminal ß-D-Glcp along with (1â2,6)-α-D-Galp and terminal α-D-Manp in a relative proportion of approximately 1:1:1:1:1:1. This polysaccharide exhibited strong immunostimulating activity of macrophages as well as splenocytes and thymocytes. Structural investigation was carried out using sugar analysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above mentioned experiments, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: [formula see text].
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Pleurotus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/immunology , Volvariella/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/isolation & purification , Alkalies/chemistry , Animals , Carbohydrate Conformation , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fruit/chemistry , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Mice , Pleurotus/immunology , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Reactive Oxygen Species/immunology , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/immunology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thymocytes/drug effects , Thymocytes/immunology , Volvariella/immunologyABSTRACT
Two different glucans (PS-I and PS-II) were isolated from the alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida blue variant and the PS-I showed macrophage, splenocyte and thymocyte activations. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of these polysaccharides were established.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Glucans/chemistry , Glucans/pharmacology , Pigmentation , Pleurotus/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/isolation & purification , Carbohydrate Sequence , Glucans/isolation & purification , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Molecular Sequence Data , Solubility , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/immunology , Thymocytes/drug effects , Thymocytes/immunology , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of the somatic hybrid mushroom (PfloVv1aFB), raised through protoplast fusion between the strains of Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea was found to consist of d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-mannose in a molar ratio of nearly 4:1:1 and showed macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: [structure: see text].
Subject(s)
Agaricales/chemistry , Pleurotus/growth & development , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Volvariella/growth & development , Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Animals , Carbohydrate Sequence , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Chimera , Galactose/chemistry , Glucose/chemistry , Macrophages/cytology , Macrophages/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mannose/chemistry , Mice , Thymocytes/cytology , Thymocytes/drug effectsABSTRACT
A water-soluble glucan, isolated from the alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom, Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer was found to consist of (1â3,6)-linked, (1â3)-linked, (1â6)-linked, and terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl moieties in a relative proportion of approximately 1:2:1:1. This polysaccharide showed optimum activation of macrophages as well as splenocytes and thymocytes at 10µg/mL. Structural investigation was carried out using sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of above-mentioned experiments, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as:
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/isolation & purification , Agaricales/chemistry , Glucans/chemistry , Glucans/isolation & purification , Lentinula/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Animals , Carbohydrate Sequence , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Glucans/pharmacology , Macrophages/cytology , Macrophages/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Spleen/cytology , Thymocytes/cytology , Thymocytes/drug effectsABSTRACT
A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Pleurotusostreatus cultivar was found to contain d-glucose and d-galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 7:1. Structural investigation was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This heteroglycan stimulates macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.
Subject(s)
Pleurotus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Carbohydrate Sequence , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Sequence Data , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Two different glucans (PS-I, water-soluble; and PS-II, water-insoluble) were isolated from the alkaline extract of fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Calocybe indica. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR analysis ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of these polysaccharides were established as: PS-I: â6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â6)-ß-D-glcp-(1â6)-)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â α-D=Glcp (Water-soluble glucan). PS-II: â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â3)-ß-D-glcp-(1â3)-)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â ß-D-Glcp (Water-insoluble glucan, Calocyban).
Subject(s)
Agaricales/chemistry , Glucans/chemistry , Water/chemistry , beta-Glucans/chemistry , Carbohydrate Sequence , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , SolubilityABSTRACT
An immunoenhancing polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of the mushroom, Pleurotus florida blue variant, was found to consist of d-glucose and d-galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 5:1. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: â6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â3)-α-D-glcp-(1â[6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1]3â α-D=Glcp. The molecule activated macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.
Subject(s)
Pleurotus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Water/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Animals , Carbohydrate Sequence , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Macrophages/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Nitrogen Oxides/metabolism , SolubilityABSTRACT
A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer was found to contain d-galactose, l-fucose, and d-glucose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:5. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of above-mentioned experiments, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide showed macrophage as well as splenocyte and thymocyte activation.
Subject(s)
Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/immunology , Lentinula/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/immunology , Water/chemistry , Animals , Carbohydrate Sequence , Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification , Macrophages/immunology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Monosaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/immunology , Thymus Gland/cytology , Thymus Gland/immunologyABSTRACT
A water-soluble polysaccharide (PS-I), isolated from the aqueous extract of the stems of Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthus gangeticus L.), was found to consist of L-arabinose, methyl-D-galacturonate, D-galactose, and 3-O-Ac-L-rhamnose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the PS-I is determined as: -->5)-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-3-O-Ac-beta-L-Rhap-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Gal-A6Me-(1-->
Subject(s)
Amaranthus/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Carbohydrate Sequence , Hot Temperature , Molecular Sequence Data , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , WaterABSTRACT
A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from hot aqueous extracts of fruits of Psidium guajava. The polysaccharide was found to contain 2-O-methyl-l-arabinose, 2-O-acetyl-D-galactose, and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [carbohydrate structure: see text].
Subject(s)
Fruit/chemistry , Hot Temperature , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Psidium/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Carbohydrate Sequence , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Sequence DataABSTRACT
A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, was found to consist of d-glucose only. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit was established as -->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->.