ABSTRACT
A series of N-heterocyclic pyridinone catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors were synthesized. Physicochemical properties, including ligand lipophilic efficiency (LLE) and clogP, were used to guide compound design and attempt to improve inhibitor pharmacokinetics. Incorporation of heterocyclic central rings provided improvements in physicochemical parameters but did not significantly reduce in vitro or in vivo clearance. Nevertheless, compound 11 was identified as a potent inhibitor with sufficient in vivo exposure to significantly affect the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and indicate central COMT inhibition.
Subject(s)
Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Pyridones/pharmacology , Animals , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Pyridones/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
BACE, a ß-secretase, is an attractive potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as it results directly in the decrease of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing through the ß-secretase pathway and a lowering of CNS amyloid-ß (Aß) levels. The interaction of the ß-secretase and α-secretase pathway-mediated processing of APP in the rhesus monkey (nonhuman primate; NHP) CNS is not understood. We hypothesized that CNS inhibition of BACE would result in decreased newly generated Aß and soluble APPß (sAPPß), with increased newly generated sAPPα. A stable isotope labeling kinetics experiment in NHPs was performed with a (13)C6-leucine infusion protocol to evaluate effects of BACE inhibition on CNS APP processing by measuring the kinetics of sAPPα, sAPPß, and Aß in CSF. Each NHP received a low, medium, or high dose of MBI-5 (BACE inhibitor) or vehicle in a four-way crossover design. CSF sAPPα, sAPPß, and Aß were measured by ELISA and newly incorporated label following immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentrations, kinetics, and amount of newly generated APP fragments were calculated. sAPPß and sAPPα kinetics were similar, but both significantly slower than Aß. BACE inhibition resulted in decreased labeled sAPPß and Aß in CSF, without observable changes in labeled CSF sAPPα. ELISA concentrations of sAPPß and Aß both decreased and sAPPα increased. sAPPα increased by ELISA, with no difference by labeled sAPPα kinetics indicating increases in product may be due to APP shunting from the ß-secretase to the α-secretase pathway. These results provide a quantitative understanding of pharmacodynamic effects of BACE inhibition on NHP CNS, which can inform about target development.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/cerebrospinal fluid , Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Carbon Isotopes/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Cross-Over Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Immunoprecipitation , Leucine/metabolism , Macaca mulatta , Mass Spectrometry , Neuroblastoma , Peptide Fragments , TransfectionABSTRACT
Reduced dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex has been implicated as causal for the negative symptoms and cognitive deficit associated with schizophrenia; thus, a compound which selectively enhances dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex may have therapeutic potential. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, EC 2.1.1.6) offers a unique advantage, since this enzyme is the primary mechanism for the elimination of dopamine in cortical areas. Since membrane bound COMT (MB-COMT) is the predominant isoform in human brain, a high throughput screen (HTS) to identify novel MB-COMT specific inhibitors was completed. Subsequent optimization led to the identification of novel, non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors, some of which interact specifically with MB-COMT. Compounds were characterized for in vitro efficacy versus human and rat MB and soluble (S)-COMT. Select compounds were administered to male Wistar rats, and ex vivo COMT activity, compound levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and CSF dopamine metabolite levels were determined as measures of preclinical efficacy. Finally, novel non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors displayed less potent uncoupling of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) compared to tolcapone as well as nonhepatotoxic entacapone, thus mitigating the risk of hepatotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Antipsychotic Agents/chemical synthesis , Benzophenones/chemistry , Benzophenones/pharmacology , Biomarkers , Blotting, Western , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/isolation & purification , Cell Membrane/enzymology , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Dopamine/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/isolation & purification , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Male , Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Nitrophenols/chemistry , Nitrophenols/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Substrate Specificity , TolcaponeABSTRACT
Pyrimidino-thiazolyl carbonitriles were prepared that are potent VEGFR-2 (KDR) kinase inhibitors. The modification of lead structures resulted in 3m which exhibited the best overall profile in KDR inhibitory activity, iv/po pharmacokinetics, and reduced hERG affinity.
Subject(s)
Nitriles/chemical synthesis , Nitriles/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Thiazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Dogs , Macaca mulatta , Molecular Structure , Nitriles/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Rats , Sensitivity and Specificity , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazoles/chemistry , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolismABSTRACT
A series of N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine KDR kinase inhibitors have been developed that possess optimal properties. Compounds have been discovered that exhibit excellent in vivo potency. The particular challenges of overcoming hERG binding activity and QTc increases in vivo in addition to achieving good pharmacokinetics have been acomplished by discovering a unique class of amine substituents. These compounds have a favorable kinase selectivity profile that can be accentuated with appropriate substitution.
Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/chemical synthesis , Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/metabolism , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Thiazoles/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Aminopyridines/pharmacokinetics , Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Animals , Biological Availability , Cell Line , Dogs , ERG1 Potassium Channel , Electrocardiography/drug effects , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels , In Vitro Techniques , Lung/enzymology , Macaca mulatta , Male , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Tissue Distribution , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolismABSTRACT
A combinatorial library of 300HIV protease inhibitors has been synthesized. The library was screened against recombinant wild-type and mutant HIV-1 protease enzymes. The pharmacokinetics of the library was evaluated by dosing in dogs. Compounds that are notably more potent than indinavir and have favorable pharmacokinetic properties were identified.