ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian honeys against oral microorganisms. DESIGN: Organic honeys (OH-1 to OH-8) were diluted (%-w/v) and sterilized by filtration. Antimicrobial activity was defined by determining MIC and CBM against oral Streptococcus. The component responsible for the antimicrobial action was defined by a catalase assay. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated against the monospecies biofilm of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 700610). RESULTS: OHs showed antimicrobial activity principally OH-1, OH-2, OH-3, and OH-7 with MIC values ââranging between 10 and 25%. The mechanism of action occurs mainly by hydrogen peroxide produced by honey enzymes. OH-1, OH-2, and OH-7 showed total biofilm destruction at low concentrations. CONCLUSION: Brazilian honeys have promising antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity with the potential to control oral microbiota.
ABSTRACT
This study explores the potential of propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, from Melipona rufiventris species. With its composition encompassing resin, wax, pollen, and soil, propolis holds historical significance in traditional medicine within tropical regions. This research is driven by the scarcity of information surrounding M. rufiventris propolis, prompting an investigation into its chemical constituents, inâ vivo toxicity, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This exploration could potentially uncover novel applications for this natural product, bolstering both meliponiculture practices and the preservation of native bee populations. The propolis was sampled in Cabo Verde-MG and underwent ethanolic extraction to yield an extract (EEP) for analysis. Chemical assessments (Folin-Ciocalteau, and UHPLC-HRMS) revealed the presence of polyphenols, including flavonoids. The EEP demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and exhibited efficacy against multiresistant strains isolated from complex wounds. Synergistic interactions with commercial antibiotics were also observed. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory evaluations showcased the EEP's potential in reducing NF-kB activation and TNF-α release at non-toxic concentrations. Despite these promising biological activities, the EEP exhibited no antiproliferative effects and demonstrated safety in both the MTS assay and the G. mellonella model. Collectively, these findings highlight the M. rufiventris propolis extract as a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds with multifaceted potential.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Antioxidants , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Propolis , Propolis/chemistry , Propolis/pharmacology , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Bees , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Mice , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
We determined the phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, ROS/RNS scavenging capacity and systemic toxicity of a purified subfraction (S8) of Eugenia selloi. The composition of S8 was assessed by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS; the anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 macrophages through NF-κB activation and biomarkers by multiplex in THP-1 cells; neutrophil migration, intravital microscopy and ICAM-1 expression in mice; NETs formation and CD11b expression; S8 scavenging capacity of ROS/RNS; toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae model. Coumaric acid, quercetrin and vanillic acid were identified. S8 decreased NF-κB activation, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MDC and MCP-1 levels, reduced neutrophil migration and ICAM-1 expression in mice; S8 did not interfere NET formation and CD11b expression, exhibited high antioxidant and showed negligible toxicity. E. selloi proved to be a promising, yet underexplored source of bioactive compounds, which can be useful employed in agribusiness and in the pharmaceutical and food industry to develop new products or human health supplies.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi green fruits essential oil (EO) was evaluated regarding its phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and toxicity. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was applied to identify its constituents, thereafter the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, and its antibiofilm activity were evaluated. The EO cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and non-tumor human cells, and in vivo toxicity was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The major constituents of S. terebinthifolia EO were alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. The EO had a weak activity against all strains of Candida albicans (MIC 1000µg/mL) and had no activity against non-albicans strains, bacteria, and C. albicans biofilm. Cytostatic activity against all tumor cell lines was shown. Additionally, cell viability remained at EO concentrations up to 62.5 µg/mL. At 16 mg/mL, 50% hemolysis was observed, and it had low toxicity in vivo. Overall, the S. terebinthifolia EO was characterized by low antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with no evidence of toxicity to human tumor and non-tumor cells
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/analysis , Anacardiaceae/anatomy & histology , Fruit/classification , Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects , Toxicity , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methodsABSTRACT
This study determined phytochemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Syzygium cumini leaves extract (Sc). Thus, was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and submitted to determination of Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) on reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. and by growth kinetics assays. Toxicity was verified using in vitro assays of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, oxidant and antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and by in vivo acute systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fourteen different compounds were identified in Sc, which showed antifungal activity (MIC between 31.25-125µg/mL) with fungistatic effect on Candida. At antifungal concentrations, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and neglible in vivotoxicity. Thus, Sc demonstrated a promising antifungal potential, with low toxicity, indicating that this extract can be a safe and effective alternative antifungal agent.
Este estudio determinó la composición fitoquímica, la actividad antifúngica y la toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (Sc). Así, se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se sometió a determinación de Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) y Fungicidas (MFC) sobre cepas de referencia y clínicas de Candida spp. y mediante ensayos de cinética de crecimiento. La toxicidad se verificó mediante ensayos in vitro de hemólisis, fragilidad osmótica, actividad oxidante y antioxidante en eritrocitos humanos y por toxicidad sistémica aguda in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella. Se identificaron catorce compuestos diferentes en Sc, que mostraron actividad antifúngica (CMI entre 31.25-125 µg/mL) con efecto fungistático sobre Candida. En concentraciones antifúngicas, demostró baja citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y toxicidad in vivo insignificante. Por lo tanto, Sc demostró un potencial antifúngico prometedor, con baja toxicidad, lo que indica que este extracto puede ser un agente antifúngico alternativo seguro y eficaz.
Subject(s)
Humans , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Syzygium/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Candida/drug effects , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Toxicity Tests , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Phenolic Compounds/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Antifungal Agents/toxicity , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
Abstract: This study developed experimental gels containing titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) combined with commercial 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP), and evaluated bleaching efficacy and pH of the gels, and mineral content and morphology of enamel submitted to these treatments. In phase-1, different stock gels mixed with TiF4 were combined with HP. In phase-2, the selected gels were tested on enamel/dentin specimens (n=8): HP; HP and Natrosol+TiF4 (HPnT); HP and Natrosol+Chemygel+TiF4 (HPncT); HP and Aristoflex+TiF4 (HPaT). Bleaching was performed in four sessions (3x15min-application/session). Color (CIEL*a*b*) and whiteness index (WID) were measured after each session, whereas whiteness index differences (ΔWID), color alteration (CIELab-ΔE, CIEDE2000-ΔE00), enamel morphology and pH, at end of bleaching therapy. The change in Knoop microhardness (ΔKHN) was compared before and after bleaching. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni (CIEL*, a*, b*), one-way ANOVA and Tukey (ΔWID, ΔE, ΔE00), and LSD (ΔKHN) tests (α=5%). SEM and pH measurements were submitted to descriptive analysis. No differences were observed in lightness (L*) or WID among the groups (p > 0.05), but HP exhibited lower b* values (p<0.05), higher ΔWID than HPnT, and the highest ΔE among the groups (p < 0.05). No differences in ΔE00 were observed between HP and HPncT (p > 0.05), and HPncT showed higher ΔKHN than HP (p < 0.05). HP presented pH values closer to neutral (6.9), whereas experimental agents showed acidic pH values (2.3-3.9). No morphological changes were observed in HP or HPncT groups. HPncT was able to bleach the enamel and maintain enamel microhardness and surface integrity, even at low pH.
Subject(s)
Tooth Bleaching , Bleaching Agents , Tooth Bleaching Agents , Titanium , Fluorides , Hydrogen PeroxideABSTRACT
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antifungal, antibiofilm and antiproliferative activities of the extract from the leaves of Guapira graciliflora Mart. The phytochemical characterization of the extract was performed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the extract and its fractions was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against species of Candida. The inhibition of C. albicans biofilm was evaluated based on the number of colony-forming units (CFU) and metabolic activity (MTT). The antiproliferative activity of the extract and its fraction was evaluated in the presence of human tumor and non-tumor cells, and the cytotoxicity of the extract was determined on the RAW 264.7 macrophage line - both using the sulforhodamine B method. The phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of the flavonoids rutin and kaempferol. The extract and the methanol fraction exhibited moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. glabrata, and strong activity against C. dubliniensis. In the biofilms at 24 and 48 hours, the concentration of 12500 µg/mL of the extract was the most effective at reducing the number of CFU s/mL (44.4% and 42.9%, respectively) and the metabolic activity of C. albicans cells (34.6% and 52%, respectively). The extract and its fractions had no antiproliferative effect on the tumor lines tested, with mean activity (log GI50) equal to or greater than 1.71 µg/mL. Macrophage cell viability remained higher than 80% for concentrations of the extract of up to 62.5 µg/mL. G. graciliflora has flavonoids in its chemical composition and demonstrates potential antifungal and antibiofilm activity, with no evidence of a significant change in the viability of human tumor and non-tumor cell lines.
Subject(s)
Candida/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Nyctaginaceae/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Cell Survival/drug effects , Biofilms/growth & development , Lethal Dose 50 , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the antifungal potential of A. colubrina, and its phytochemical characteristics, thermal profile and toxicity. Material and Methods: To assess potential antifungal activity, the technique of microdilution was used with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration, using standard species of Candida and recent clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Analyses of action of the extract were performed on the wall and cell morphology of C. albicans, of the interactive effect between the plant extract and nystatin on C. albicans through the checkerboard method, and of growth kinetics. The phytochemical screening was determined by spectrophotometry. The thermal profile was traced with the determination of thermogravimetric curves (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The toxicity was evaluated by the method of hemolysis. Results: The extract of A. colubrina showed a fungistatic potential against all bacteria tested and it acted by modifying the cellular morphology of C. albicans. There was a synergism between nystatin and the plant extract (FIC=0.375), and 53.18% of total polyphenols were determined. The TG curve showed the occurrence of three steps of thermal decomposition. None of the tested concentrations became the effective cytotoxic concentration. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted to understand the efficacy and the mechanisms of action involved in the antifungal activity of the plant extract of A. colubrina in order to produce a new drug for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents , Candida albicans/immunology , Plant Extracts , Plants, Medicinal , Anti-Infective Agents , Brazil , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract The effect of a 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF 4 ) varnish on enamel demineralization was evaluated. Twelve volunteers participated in this double-blind, randomized crossover study. Six enamel specimens were positioned in intraoral appliances throughout four treatment stages: 4% TiF 4 varnish (experimental varnish), 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish (Duraphat ® ), placebo varnish, and negative control (deionized water). After 24 h, the varnishes were removed and plaques were allowed to accumulate. A 20% sucrose solution was dripped onto enamel blocks (10x/day). Enamel alterations were analyzed by surface microhardness (SMH), percentage of surface loss (%SML), cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Student's paired t-test was used for SMH analysis and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for %SML and CSMH (∆Z) analyses (p-value=0.05). The TiF 4 varnish group had lower %SML than the placebo and control groups (p=0.044 and p=0.003, respectively), thus showing its capacity to inhibit surface demineralization. TiF 4 and NaF varnishes demonstrated a protective effect against mineral loss on the enamel subsurface. Both were statistically different from the control group when CSMH was analyzed (p=0.000). A titanium dioxide film was observed on enamel surfaces of the TiF 4 group SEM images. EDS confirmed the presence of titanium in all TiF 4 samples. The 4% TiF 4 varnish is a promising compound capable of reacting with enamel to protect it against surface and subsurface demineralization.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Young Adult , Sodium Fluoride/pharmacology , Titanium/pharmacology , Cariostatic Agents/pharmacology , Tooth Demineralization/prevention & control , Dental Enamel/drug effects , Fluorides/pharmacology , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission , Surface Properties , Time Factors , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Double-Blind Method , Fluorides, Topical/pharmacology , Reproducibility of Results , Analysis of Variance , Treatment Outcome , Statistics, Nonparametric , Cross-Over Studies , Dental Enamel/surgery , Hardness TestsABSTRACT
Abstract We investigated the anti-caries effects of an experimental propolis varnish in vivo, and further tested its toxicity against fibroblasts. Fifty-six SPF female Wistar rats were infected with Streptococcus mutans UA159 (SM) and allocated into four groups (n = 14/group): G1, propolis varnish (15%/PV); G2, chitosan varnish (CV/vehicle); G3, gold standard (GS/Duraphat®); and G4, untreated. The animals received a single varnish application on their molars and were submitted to a high cariogenic challenge (Diet-2000, 56% sucrose, and 5% sucrose-added water, ad libitum) for 4 weeks. Total cultivable microbiota and SM were counted, and smooth-surface and sulcal caries were scored. PV, CV and GS cytotoxic effects were tested against fibroblasts. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer test (p ≤ 0.05). Total microbiota and SM counts did not differ among the treatments (p = 0.78), or in relation to the untreated group (p = 0.52). PV reduced development of smooth-surface enamel caries compared with the untreated group (p = 0.0018), with no significant difference from GS (p = 0.92); however, the PV effects were no longer observed when the dentin was affected. Neither PV nor GS prevented enamel sulcal lesion onset, but GS significantly reduced the severity of dentinal sulcal lesions (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed in fibroblast viability between PV and GS (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, PV prevented smooth-surface enamel caries and showed low cell toxicity. Nevertheless, due to the high cariogenic challenge, its effects were not sustained throughout the experiment. Further studies are encouraged to establish a protocol to sustain the long-term anti-caries activity of PV in the oral cavity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cariostatic Agents/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Propolis/pharmacology , Streptococcus mutans/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Chitosan/pharmacology , Dental Caries/therapy , Fluorides, Topical/pharmacology , Materials Testing , Models, Animal , Rats, Wistar , Reproducibility of Results , Sodium Fluoride/pharmacology , Surface Properties/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Biological assays that have been performed on different types of Brazilian propolis have shown that type 6 propolis (G6) has a strong antimicrobial activity and a low flavonoid content. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the phenolic composition and the biological activities displayed by propolis G6 from the state of Bahia and green propolis, also known as type 12 (G12). The values of the flavonoids and the total phenolics in propolis G6 were different than those in propolis G12. Although the G12 variety presented greater antioxidant activity, propolis G6 proved to have greater antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that the phenolic compounds may not be the only compounds responsible for the biological activity. More detailed studies of the chemical composition and an assessment of the biological activity are required to establish the quality of propolis.
Ensaios biológicos realizados com diferentes tipos de própolis brasileira têm mostrado que a própolis do tipo 6 (G6) tem forte atividade antimicrobiana e menor teor de flavonóides. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre a composição fenólica e atividades biológicas apresentadas pela própolis G6, do Estado da Bahia, e a própolis verde, do tipo 12 (G12). Os teores de flavonóides e fenólicos totais na própolis G6 foram diferentes dos teores da própolis G12. Apesar da G12 apresentar maior atividade antioxidante, a própolis G6 apresenta maior atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica. Os resultados mostraram que os compostos fenólicos não são os únicos compostos responsáveis pela atividade biológica da própolis. Estudos mais específicos da composição química, em adição à avaliação das atividades biológicas, são requeridos para determinar a qualidade da própolis.
Subject(s)
Propolis/analysis , Biological Assay/classification , Phenolic Compounds/analysis , Propolis/pharmacokinetics , Flavonoids/classificationABSTRACT
The oral cavity harbors several Streptococcus mutans genotypes, which could present distinct virulence properties. However, little is known about the diversity and virulence traits of S. mutans genotypes isolated in vivo under controlled conditions of high cariogenic challenge. This study evaluated the genotypic diversity of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms formed in vivo under sucrose exposure, as well as their acidogenicity and aciduricity. To form biofilms, subjects rinsed their mouths with distilled water or sucrose solution 8 times/day for 3 days. S. mutans collected from saliva and biofilms were genotyped by arbitrarily-primed PCR. Genotypes identified in the biofilms were evaluated regarding their ability to lower the suspension pH through glycolysis and their acid susceptibility and F-ATPase activity. Most subjects harbored only one genotype in saliva, which was detected in almost all biofilm samples at high proportions. Genotypes isolated only in the presence of sucrose had higher acidogenicity than those isolated only in the presence of water. Genotypes from biofilms formed with sucrose were more aciduric after 30 and 60 min of incubation at pH 2.8 and 5.0, respectively. The present results suggest that biofilms formed under high cariogenic conditions may harbor more aciduric and acidogenic S. mutans genotypes.
A cavidade oral apresenta vários genótipos de Streptococcus mutans, que podem possuir diferentes capacidades de virulência. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade e virulência de genótipos de S. mutans isolados in vivo sob uma condição controlada de alto desafio cariogênico. Este estudo avaliou a diversidade genotípica de S. mutans identificados no biofilme dental formado in vivo na presença de sacarose, assim como a acidogenicidade e aciduricidade desses genótipos. Para possibilitar formação de biofilme, voluntários bochecharam com água destilada ou solução de sacarose 8x/dia durante 3 dias. S. mutans isolados da saliva e do biofilme dental foram genotipados por PCR com primers-arbitrários. Genótipos isolados do biofilme foram avaliados em relação à habilidade de reduzir o pH da suspensão devido à glicólise, em relação à susceptibilidade a ácidos e também atividade F-ATPase. A maioria dos voluntários apresentou apenas 1 genótipo na saliva, que foram detectados em quase todas as amostras de biofilme em altas proporções. Genótipos isolados somente na presença de sacarose apresentaram maior acidogenicidade do que aqueles genótipos isolados apenas na presença de água. Genótipos de biofilmes formados na presença de sacarose foram mais acidúricos após 30 e 60 min de incubação em pH 2,8 e 5,0, respectivamente. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que biofilmes formados sob condição de alto desafio cariogênico podem apresentar genótipos de S. mutans mais acidúricos e mais acidogênicos.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Young Adult , Biofilms , Cariogenic Agents/administration & dosage , Mouth/microbiology , Streptococcus mutans/classification , Sucrose/administration & dosage , Acids , Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases/analysis , Cross-Over Studies , Dental Deposits/microbiology , Genotype , Glycolysis , Genetic Variation/genetics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Microbial Viability , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Saliva/microbiology , Streptococcus mutans/genetics , Streptococcus mutans/pathogenicity , Time Factors , Virulence , Water/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Esta revisão, a segunda da série, descreve as principais interações que podem ocorrer com os fármacos antimicrobianos e analgésicos prescritos na clínica odontológica. É responsabilidade do cirurgião-dentista conhecer as possíveis interações que podem ocorrer com os fármacos antimicrobianos e analgésicos e o potencial risco dessas associações, a fim de que possa evitá-las durante o tratamento odontológico. Os autores discutem se essas associações comprometem a eficácia dos medicamentos e em que situações essas interações devem ser evitadas. Recomendações e precauções são também fornecidas com o objetivo de prevenir estas complicações
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Drug Interactions , Dentistry , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Este trabalho busca identificar possíveis interações medicamentosas que são relevantes para a terapêutica medicamentosa adotada na prática odontológica. As interações decorrentes de fatores individuais(patologias, idade, obesidade, etc) e da associação de dois ou mais medicamentos (medicamento-medicamento) serão revisadas e discutidas em uma série de três artigos. O primeiro avaliará os principais fatores relacionados ao indivíduo, dentre eles, fatores, como alterações nos níveis de proteínas plasmáticas, problemas renais, problemas hepáticos, idade e obesidade. As interações do tipo medicamento-medicamento para os fármacos antiinflamatórios/antibióticos e ansiolíticos/anestésicos locais serão abordadas no segundo e no terceiro artigo, respectivamente.
Subject(s)
Aged , Dentistry , Drug Interactions , ObesityABSTRACT
In the field of human research, researchers are faced with unexpected moral dilemmas, as a result of the development of technologies applied to health. Due to the great importance of this issue, our objective was to evaluate bioethics instruction in the education of researchers in Brazilian graduate programs in dentistry. Eighty-seven graduate programs in dentistry, recognized by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) were evaluated in this study. Data were extracted independently by two researchers from the CAPES website, and from the websites of the graduate programs, directly or via links to the programs available at the CAPES website. Forty-eight out of 87 programs had an ethics/bioethics course as part of their curricula. Of the graduation programs graded 5, 6 or 7 by CAPES, 38 percent included bioethics courses, while 62 percent of the programs graded 3 or 4 by CAPES had bioethics courses as part of their curricula. These findings are an alert to those involved in dental research education, as they showed that, although resolution 196/96 by the National Council of Health regulating human research in Brazil was published ten years ago, bioethics instruction in Brazilian graduate programs in dentistry is still at an incipient stage. This situation indicates a need for ethics pedagogy in the education of young researchers.
O desenvolvimento de tecnologias aplicadas à saúde traz dilemas morais inesperados aos profissionais de pesquisa, em relação às práticas que envolvem seres humanos. Devido à relevância deste assunto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ensino de bioética na educação de estudantes de programas de pós-graduação em Odontologia do Brasil. Oitenta e sete programas de pós-graduação em Odontologia, avaliados pela CAPES (2001-2003), foram estudados. Os dados foram extraídos, de maneira independente, por 2 avaliadores, por meio de consulta ao sítio da CAPES e aos sítios eletrônicos dos programas, diretamente ou via links dos programas disponíveis no sítio da CAPES. Dos 87 programas, 48 apresentaram disciplina de Ética/Bioética. Trinta e oito porcento dos programas com conceitos 5, 6 e 7 da CAPES mantêm disciplinas de Bioética, enquanto 62 por cento dos programas com conceitos 3 e 4 apresentaram conteúdos de Bioética. Desta forma, os resultados deste estudo representam um alerta para os educadores envolvidos em ensino da pesquisa odontológica. Estes resultados também mostraram que a instrução em bioética ainda é incipiente nos programas de pós-graduação em Odontologia no Brasil, ainda que a resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde tenha sido publicada há dez anos. Por este motivo, seria necessário assegurar uma pedagogia ética na formação do jovem pesquisador.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethics/education , Education, Dental, Graduate/standards , Program Evaluation , Research Personnel/education , Teaching/standards , Brazil , Biomedical Research/standards , Curriculum , Education, Dental, Graduate/statistics & numerical data , Government Agencies , UniversitiesABSTRACT
Objetivo: comparar a biodisponibilidade de duas formulações de carbamazepina produzidas no Brasil. Material e Métodos: o estudo foi previamente aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética local. Um estudo aberto, randomizado, cruzado, em dois períodos e com três semanas de intervalo (washout) foi feito para comparar a biodisponibilidade de comprimidos de carbamazepina 400mg (Carmazin, Laboratório Teuto-Brasileiro - Teste e Tegretol, Novartis Biociências - Referência), administrados em regime de dose única a 24 voluntários saudáveis (12 homens e 12 mulheres). As concentrações plasmáticas de carbamazepina foram obtidas por HPLC utilizando-se detector UV-DAD (ë=245nm). Os valores foram submetidos à Análise de variância (ANOVA) com 95 por cento de Intervalo de Confiança (IC). Resultados: as médias (±dp) obtidas para AUC 0-192 (mg.h.mL) AUC 0-inf (mg.h.mL) e C max (mg.mL) foram respectivamente: 650,742 (± 176,657); 679,497 (±205,340) e 10,897 (±3,421) (teste) e 673,479 (±188,310), 695,254 (±167,718) e 10,165 (±2,165) (referência). O intervalo de Confiança para as razões dos parâmetros AUC 0-t' e C (teste/referência) foram: 0,84 - 1,11 por cento e 0,91 - 1,25 por cento, satisfazendo os critérios estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasil. As médias correspondentes para o parâmetro T max (h) teste e referência foram respectivamente: 9,055 (±13,458) e 10,032 (±9,570). Conclusão: a formulação teste foi considerada bioequivalente a formulação referência baseando-se na velocidade e extensão de absorção, podendo assim, serem intercambiáveis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Biological Availability , Carbamazepine , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou o potencial cariogênico de fórmulas infantis e do leite de vaca, usando um modelo de alto desafio cariogênico em animais. Sessenta ratas Wistar infectadas com Streptococcus sobrinus e dessalivadas foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 grupos os quais receberam ad libitum:(1) água destilada e esterilizada (ADE) com 5 por cento de sacarose; (2) leite bovino tipo A; (3) Nan 2; (4) Nestogeno 2; (5) Ninho coadjuvante de crescimento; (6) ADE. Os grupos 1 e 6 também receberam dieta essencial NCP#2, através de gavage, 2 vezes/dia. Após 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados quanto a microbiota oral recuperada e o índice de cárie de Keys modificado. A análise dos carboidratos nos leites foi feita através de CLAE. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Krusal-Wallis. O leite bovino apresentou o menor potencial cariogênico quando comparado aos outros grupos testes, porém não diferiu estatisticamente do grupo 6. As porcentagens de S. sobrinus dos grupos 1 a 5 não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si, exceto em relação ao grupo 6. Concluímos que o leite bovino não foi cariogênico e as fórmulas infantis mostraram potencial cariogênico.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Dental Caries/etiology , Cariogenic Agents , Infant Food , Milk , Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects , Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Rats, Wistar , Streptococcus sobrinusABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in combination with several vehicles against some microorganisms commonly isolated from root canals. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. Stainless-steel cylinders were placed on each inoculated agar medium. The test medicaments and their controls were placed inside the cylinders. The zones of growth inhibition were measured and recorded after incubation for each plate and the results were analyzed statistically (ANOVA). The in vitro antimicrobial effects of the medications were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: Ca(OH)2 + CMCP + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + CMCP, Ca(OH)2 + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + anesthetic, Ca(OH)2 + saline, Ca(OH)2 + H2O, Ca(OH)2 + polyethyleneglycol. The pastes with oily vehicles showed significantly larger mean zones of inhibition compared to those with aqueous or viscous vehicles. It was concluded that diffusion and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide were affected by the type of vehicle used
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local , Bacteria, Anaerobic , Calcium Hydroxide/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Root Canal Irrigants , Bacteria, Aerobic , Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology , Ointments , Pharmaceutical VehiclesABSTRACT
O respeito e o cuidado com a vida de quem participa de experimentos científicos são o foco central da bioética