Treatment management and outcome of polytraumatized patients in a German certified trauma center - comparing standard versus maximum care.

German hospitals are classified as basic, standard and maximum care facilities within the German trauma networks. The Municipal Hospital Dessau was upgraded in 2015 as a maximum care provider. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a change in treatment management and outcome of polytraumatized patients has occurred afterwards. The study compared polytraumatized patients, treated in the Dessau Municipal Clinic as a standard care facility (DessauStandard) from 2012-2014 vs. those treated in the Dessau Municipal Clinic as a maximum care facility (DessauMax) from 2016-2017. Data of the German Trauma Register were analysed using the chi-square test, t-test and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.In DessauMax (238 patients; Ø 54 years, SD 22.3; ♂ 160, ♀ 78), the shock room time with 40.7 min (SD 21.4) was shorter than in DessauStandard (206 patients; Ø 56.1 years, SD 22.1; ♂ 133, ♀ 73 ) with 49 min (SD 25.1) (p=0.001). The transfer rate of 1.3% (n=3) to another hospital was lower in DessauMax (p=0.01). DessauStandard had 9 (4%) thromboembolic events and DessauMax 3 (1.3%) (p=0.7). Multiorgan failure was more common in DessauStandard, (16%) than in DessauMax (1.3%; p=0,001). DessauStandard showed a mortality of 13.1% (n=27), and DessauMax 9.2% (n=22) (p=0.22; OR=0.67, 95% CI, 0.37-1.23). The GOS in DessauMax (4.5, SD 1.2) was higher than in DessauStandard (4.1, SD 1.3) (p=0.002).The Dessau Municipal Clinic as a maximum care facility has achieved improved shock room time, fewer complications, lower mortality and an improved outcome.

[Conservative treatment of periprosthetic humeral fractures years after cemented fracture prostheses : A case series]. / Konservative Therapie periprothetischer Humerusfrakturen Jahre nach zementierter Frakturprothese : Eine Fallserie.

BACKGROUND: The exact incidence of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures (PPHF) months or years after fracture-related implantation of a hemiprosthesis is unknown. The currently available literature is predominantly concerned with operative treatment approaches. As a rule, these involved older patients and severe fracture conditions so that severe complications and unsatisfactory healing results were described. This article presents an alternative conservative treatment approach which is discussed based on the results of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2011 and 2016 a conservative treatment of 5 female patients with PPHF could be carried out. Of the patients 4 were clinically and radiologically controlled at a mean follow-up time of 23 months. The fifth patient died 2 months after the trauma and only partial information of the treatment was available. RESULT: There were no intrahospital complications and just one posthospital complication. In the case of the patient who later died, repeated and unauthorized removal of the upper arm brace occurred in the nursing institution resulting in a lesion of the radial nerve. Of the four patients who completed treatment, three were very satisfied with the outcome of treatment. The mean DASH (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and Oxford shoulder scores were on average 74 and 25 points, respectively. At the time of the follow-up examination all patients were free of pain, without the use of analgesics; however, there were still some limitations in the activities of daily life, which in three of the four patients was similar to the results following implantation of the fracture prosthesis. CONCLUSION: The conservative treatment of PPHF can be a safe treatment option in multimorbid and chronically ill patients. A close outpatient control and good patient compliance are important. In incompliant and dementia patients, the risk of failure of conservative treatment is increased.

[Atypical distal tibial shaft fractures in a patient with bilateral TKA and antiresorptive treatment]. / Atypische distale Tibiaschaftfrakturen bei liegenden KTEP beidseits unter antiresorptiver Therapie.

There are many cases in the literature that describe atypical femur fractures under antiresorptive therapy. Other localizations of fractures of this genesis, especially if occurring bilaterally, are rare. This case reports about the diagnosis, treatment and process of a 76-year old patient, who within a 4­month period suffered from bilateral distal tibial shaft fractures, after years of treatment with bisphosphonates, strontium ranelate and denosumab.

Influence of varus/valgus positioning of the Nanos® and Metha® short-stemmed prostheses on stress shielding of metaphyseal bone.

The aim of this study was to analyze bone remodeling around the Nanos® (Smith & Nephew) and Metha® (Aesculap AG) implants as a function of varus/valgus stem positioning. In 75 patients with diagnosed coxarthrosis, either Nanos® (n= 51) or Metha® (n= 24) prostheses were implanted. Digital assessment of plain radiographs immediately, 97 days, and 381 days after THA showed no clinically-relevant migration, angulation, or change in offset and center of rotation. The DEXA scans showed significant BMD changes in Gruen zones 1 (-12.8%), 2 (-3.3%), 6 (+6.4%), and 7(-7.8%)(t-test). The pre/postoperative CCD for the Nanos® was 129°/ 135° and for the Metha® 131°/ 127°. Linear regression analysis showed no prediction for BMD by postoperative CCD or stem type. In conclusion, there was no clinically-relevant influence on proximal femur BMD according to varus/valgus implantation of the Nanos® or Metha® prostheses.

Immediate fullweightbearing after tarsometatarsal arthrodesis for hallux valgus correction--Does it increase the complication rate?

BACKGROUND: The arthrodesis of the first tarsometatarsal joint has a high correction potential in the treatment of hallux valgus deformity. Compared to distal correction procedures, a pseudarthrosis rate of 12-20% is quoted, however. In a prospective study the results of two different treatment procedures after correction arthrodesis were compared. METHODS: In 17 cases the patients were mobilised with a short arthrodeses shoe with floor contact (NWB group) and in 17 cases in a short arthrodeses shoe with immediate fullweightbearing (FWB group). Clinical and radiological evaluation was done preoperatively, six weeks and one year postoperatively, including visual analogue pain scale and AOFAS score pre- and one year postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no increased complication rate in the group with FWB group. The patients in the FWB group were significantly earlier fit for work. CONCLUSION: Immediate fullweightbearing after TMT I arthrodesis using a plantar plate should be established as a standard posttreatment.

[Pedobarographic results of Girdlestone-Taylor tendon transfer in flexible small toe deformity]. / Ergebnisse der pedobarographischen Untersuchung nach Girdlestone-Taylor-Sehnentransfer bei flexibler Kleinzehdeformität.

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the biomechanical effects of flexible claw toe correction by tendon transfer with the Girdlestone-Taylor approach using dynamic pedobarography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the study 12 patients were examined preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. The results obtained by pedobarography 12 months postoperatively were compared with those of a healthy control group of matched age and body mass index (BMI). For clinical evaluation the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue pain scale (VAS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the average AOFAS score from 72 (range 63-79) preoperatively to 92 (84-96) points 12 months postoperatively. The pedobarography revealed significantly increased values in the force-time integral and the maximum force for the second and third toes 12 months postoperatively. Compared with preoperative measurement values a significantly increased peak pressure could be assessed for the third toe only. It is assumed that the combination of functional arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and the strain shift by tendon transfer causes this increase in peak pressure. CONCLUSION: Atter Girdlestone-Taylor tendon transfer reestablishment of floor contact of flexible claw toes could be demonstrated by dynamic pedobarography.

Comparative study of Lapidus bunionectomy using different osteosynthesis methods.

The treatment of hallux valgus in patients with pathology of the first tarsometatarsal (TMT I) joint by fusion is an established procedure. Multiple osteosynthesis methods for the fixation of the TMT I joint are available. In comparison to the distal procedures the Lapidus bunionectomy is associated with a pseudarthrosis rate of up to 12% [9-11]. We present results after TMT-I arthrodesis using an interfragmentary screw and a plantar plate compared with an interfragmentary screw and a dorsomedial locking plate. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed preoperatively, six weeks and one year postoperatively. The AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score and Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) were evaluated preoperatively and 12 months after surgery. We observed a significantly increased rate of undesirable effects in mediodorsal plate positioning.

The influence of sacral morphology on the existence of secure S1 and S2 transverse bone corridors for iliosacroiliac screw fixation.

Sacroiliac (SI) screw fixation for unstable pelvic fractures stands out as the only minimally invasive method among all other ORIF procedures. A strictly transverse screw trajectory is needed for central or bilateral fracture patterns up to a complete iliosacroiliac fixation. However, secure screw insertion is aggravated by a narrow sacroiliac bone stock. This study investigates the influence of a highly variable sacral morphology to the existence of S1 and S2 transverse corridors. The analysis contained in this study is based on 125 CT datasets of intact human pelvises. First, sacral dysplasia was identified using the "lateral sacral triangle" method in a lateral 3-D semi-transparent pelvic view. Second, 3-D corridors for a 7.3mm screw in the upper two sacral levels were visualised using a proprietary IT workflow of custom-made programme scripts based on the Amira(®)-software. Shape-describing measurement variables were calculated as output variables. The results show a significant linear correlation between ratioT and the screw-limiting S1 isthmus height (Pearson coefficient of 0.84). A boundary ratio of 1.5 represented a positive predictive value of 96% for the existence of a transverse S1-corridor for at least one 7.3mm screw. In 100 out of 125 pelvises (80%), a sufficient S1 corridor existed, whereas in 124 specimens (99%), an S2 corridor was found. Statistics revealed significantly larger S1 and S2 corridors in males compared to females (p<0.05). However, no gender-related differences were observed for clinically relevant numbers of up to 3 screws in S1 and 1 screw in S2. The expanse of the S1 corridor is highly influenced by the dimensions of the dysplastic elevated upper sacrum, whereas the S2 corridor is not affected. Hence, in dysplastic pelvises, sacroiliac screw insertion should be recommended into the 2nd sacral segment. Our IT workflow for the automatic computation of 3-D corridors may assist in surgical pre-operative planning. Furthermore, the workflow could be implemented in computer-assisted surgery applications involving pelvic trauma.

Potentialities and limitations of a database constructing three-dimensional virtual bone models.

BACKGROUND: 3D bone reconstructions performed during general clinical practice are of limited use for preclinical research, education, and training purposes. For this reason, we are constructing a database of human 3D virtual bone models compiled from computer tomography (CT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT data sets were post-processed using Amira(®) 5.2 software. In each cut, bone structures were isolated using semiautomatic labeling program codes. The software then generated extremely precise 3D bone models in STL format (standard triangulated language). These bone models offer a sustainable source of information for morphologic studies and investigations of biomechanical bony characteristics in complex anatomic regions. Regarding educational value and student acceptance models were introduced during bedside teaching and evaluated by medical students. RESULTS: The current database is comprised of 131 pelvises and 120 femurs (ø 60 years, ø 172 cm, ø 76 kg), and is continuously growing. To date, 3D morphometric analyses of the posterior ring and the acetabulum have been successfully completed. Eighty students (96 %) evaluated instruction with virtual 3D bone models as "good" or "very good". The majority of students want to increase learning with virtual bone models covering various regions and diseases. CONCLUSION: With consistent and steadily increasing case numbers, the database offers a sustainable alternative to human cadaver work for practical investigations. In addition, it offers a platform for education and training.

Is it feasible to rely on intraoperative X ray in correcting hallux valgus?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to prove whether the intraoperatively taken fluoroscopy pictures compared to the X rays taken 8 weeks and 3 months postoperatively picture the achieved correction reliably. METHOD: In a prospective study, the pre- and postoperative standing foot X rays as well as the intraoperatively taken fluoroscopy pictures of 31 patients were analysed. The intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and the hallux valgus angle (HVA) were measured. In all cases, a tarso-metatarsal joint I arthrodesis combined with a distal soft tissue release was performed. The mean age was 54 (17-73) years. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the measured angles in intraoperative fluoroscopy and standing X rays postoperatively taken. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the consideration that fluoroscopic pictures lack the loading criteria, we found reliable results in IMA and HVA.

[Correction arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint with wire cerclage for rigid small toe deformities : a prospective study]. / Korrekturarthrodese des PIP-Gelenks mittels Drahtcerclage bei fixierter Kleinzehdeformität : Eine prospektive Studie.

Deformities of the small toes often occur with complex forefoot deformities. Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis is a reliable correction procedure for rigid flexed proximal interphalangeal joints. The most often performed technique by far is K-wire fixation; however, pin tract infections, malrotation due to deficient securing of the rotation and irritation of the metatarsophalangeal joints are common complications. By using a 0.4 mm wire cerclage an individual position of the proximal interphalangeal joint in slight flexion is enabled whereby good compression can be achieved and malrotation can be avoided. In 32 patients with 64 fixed claw or hammer toes such a proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis was performed. The follow-up time was 2 years. In all cases clinical and radiological osteotomy healing occurred 6 weeks postoperatively and there were no complications. This technically simple and cost-efficient procedure appears to be a good alternative to known proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis methods.

The lateral sacral triangle--a decision support for secure transverse sacroiliac screw insertion.

Sacroiliac (SI) screw fixation represents an effective method to stabilise pelvic injuries. However, to date neither reliable radiological landmarks nor effective anatomical classifications of the sacrum exist. This study investigates the influence of variability in sacral shape on secure transverse SI-screw positioning. Furthermore, consistent correlations of these anatomical conditions are analysed with respect to standard planar pelvic views. For shape analysis, 80 human computed tomography data sets were segmented with the software Amira 4.2 to obtain 3D reconstructions. We identified anatomical conditions (ACs) according to the extent of the effect on the bony screw pathway. Subsequently, the pelvis was spatially aligned using representative bone protuberances in order to create standard Matta projections. In each view, the ACs were described in terms of distance from bone landmarks. Three-dimensional shape analysis revealed the height of the pedicular isthmus (PH) as the limiting variable for secure screw insertion. The lateral and outlet views allowed an orthogonal projection of PH. In the lateral view, the ratio of the lateral sacral triangle framed by the S1 body height and width showed a high correlation to PH (p = 0.0001). A boundary ratio of 1.5 represented a reliable variable to determine whether or not a screw can be inserted (positive predictive value: 97%). In the outlet view, the distance between the S1 endplate and the SI joint top level (EJ) strongly correlated with PH (p = 0.0001). With EJ 0 mm, screw insertion was possible in all cases (100%). SI-screw insertion requires a well-planned procedure. Orientation of the sacral pedicle is of extreme relevance. A narrow sacroiliac channel and high sacral shape variability limit secure screw placement. However, no determining parameters exist, allowing accurate prediction of secure screw insertion based on X-rays or fluoroscopy. The lateral sacral triangle in the lateral view represents a simple and accurate preoperative method of support for the surgeon's decision to undertake this procedure. No additional technical effort is necessary. A boundary ratio of 1.5 predicts a sufficient bone stock for at least one 7.3 mm screw. Furthermore, the evaluation of the outlet projection can be used to assess the safety of the operation. Basically, a preoperative lateral pelvic image should be mandatory.

[Results of single stage vs. two-stage total knee arthroplasty]. / Ergebnisse einzeitiger vs. zweizeitiger bilateraler Knietotalendoprothetik.

BACKGROUND: The total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a successful procedure. In cases of bilateral knee osteoarthritis, advantages of single stage TKA vs. two-stage TKA as well as the gap between the procedures in case of two-stage TKA are discussed controversially. The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical and radiographic results of single stage bilateral TKA and two-stage bilateral TKA. In cases of two-stage TKA the dependency on the gap between surgeries was determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study 43 patients with single stage TKA and 35 patients after two-stage TKA with a maximum of 12 months between surgeries were included. Follow-up was in mean 31 ± 15 months. For clinical and radiological evaluation the Knee Society score (KSS) and Stolzalpen knee score were used. Quality of life was measured by the SF-36 score. The pain was determined using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Radiological evaluation was done by use of Knee Society roentgenographic evaluation and scoring system. RESULTS: The overall hospital stay for patients with two-stage TKA (26 ± 5 days) was twice as long as for patients with single stage TKA (14 ± 4 days). Patients with single stage bilateral TKA had a significantly higher KSS level (186 ± 19 points) than patients after two-stage bilateral TKA (179 ± 22 points). Within the two-stage group the best range of motion was achieved by patients with a gap of 4 to 6 months between surgeries and a decreased point value was measured in patients with a gap of 10 to 12 months between TKAs. Using the VAS patients with simultaneous bilateral TKA had significantly increased pain levels during passive motion. Within the two-stage group there were no differences in VAS. The results of Stolzalpen knee score were comparable in both groups. The analysis of radiological measurements showed a significantly higher number of radiolucent lines (1 mm) in patients with single stage TKA without any clinical relevance or progress in follow-up. Patients with single stage bilateral TKA had a higher complication rate than patients with a two-stage procedure. In the single stage group 6 patients had to be revised because of fracture, dislocation, peroneal nerve palsy, patella lateralisation or loosening. In the two-stage group only one patient had to be revised due to a quadriceps tendon rupture caused by a fall at day one after surgery. CONCLUSION: Analysis of clinical and radiological results shows only marginal differences between the two groups. In two-stage procedures functional results were best when the second surgery was done 4 to 6 months after the first procedure. Single stage TKA had a significantly higher complication rate. However, patient and surgeon should make the decision for single or two-stage bilateral TKA individually.

Cellular compatibility of highly degradable bioactive ceramics for coating of metal implants.

Resorbable ceramics can promote the bony integration of implants. Their rate of degradation should ideally be synchronized with bone regeneration. This study examined the effect of rapidly resorbable calcium phosphate ceramics 602020, GB14, 305020 on adherence, proliferation and morphology of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) in comparison to ß-TCP. The in vitro cytotoxicity was determined by the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. HBDC were grown on the materials for 3, 7, 11, 15 and 19 days and counted. Cell morphology, cell attachment, cell spreading and the cytoskeletal organization of HBDC cultivated on the substrates were investigated using laser scanning microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. All substrates supported sufficient cellular growth for 19 days and showed no cytotoxicity. On each material an identical cell colonisation of well communicating, polygonal, vital cells with strong focal contacts was verified. HBDC showed numerous well defined stress fibres which give proof of well spread and strongly anchored cells. Porous surfaces encouraged the attachment and spreading of HBDC. Further investigations regarding long term biomaterial/cell interactions in vitro and in vivo are required to confirm the utility of the new biomaterials.