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1.
Health Policy ; 127: 37-43, 2023 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36577565

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Evidence indicates presence of immigrant health disparities in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). We examined the association between immigrant health policies and the gap in health status, unmet needs and service use between immigrants and citizens, in the EU and US. METHODS: We used the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX), European Health Interview Survey, and National Health Interview Survey for 2014. Our independent variables of interest were MIPEX Health strand score and citizenship. Our dependent variables were four measures of health status (self-reported poor health; severely limited in general activities; two or more comorbidities; one or more ambulatory care sensitive conditions) and four measures of health access and utilization (unmet need due to non-financial reasons; could not afford needed health care; one or more primary care visits last year; any hospitalization last year). We conducted linear probability models and presented the marginal effects of each outcome in percentage points. FINDINGS: We found that immigrant-friendly health policies were significantly associated with better health and less unmet need due to non-financial reasons. CONCLUSION: Our findings supported the promotion of immigrant-friendly and a 'Health-in-All Policies' (HiAP) approach to preserve the health of immigrants.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants , Health Policy , Health Services Accessibility , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , European Union , United States
2.
BMC Bioinformatics ; 23(1): 474, 2022 Nov 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36368948

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Huge amounts of molecular interaction data are continuously produced and stored in public databases. Although many bioinformatics tools have been proposed in the literature for their analysis, based on their modeling through different types of biological networks, several problems still remain unsolved when the problem turns on a large scale. RESULTS: We propose DIAMIN, that is, a high-level software library to facilitate the development of applications for the efficient analysis of large-scale molecular interaction networks. DIAMIN relies on distributed computing, and it is implemented in Java upon the framework Apache Spark. It delivers a set of functionalities implementing different tasks on an abstract representation of very large graphs, providing a built-in support for methods and algorithms commonly used to analyze these networks. DIAMIN has been tested on data retrieved from two of the most used molecular interactions databases, resulting to be highly efficient and scalable. As shown by different provided examples, DIAMIN can be exploited by users without any distributed programming experience, in order to perform various types of data analysis, and to implement new algorithms based on its primitives. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed DIAMIN has been proved to be successful in allowing users to solve specific biological problems that can be modeled relying on biological networks, by using its functionalities. The software is freely available and this will hopefully allow its rapid diffusion through the scientific community, to solve both specific data analysis and more complex tasks.


Subject(s)
Computational Biology , Software , Computational Biology/methods , Algorithms , Databases, Factual , Gene Library
3.
Econ Hum Biol ; 47: 101194, 2022 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36370500

ABSTRACT

We study the role of education during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We compare excess mortality in 2020 and 2021 compared to the pre-pandemic mortality between municipalities with different shares of educated residents. We find that education initially played a strong protective role, which however quickly faded out. After pondering several alternative explanations, we tentatively interpret this finding as the outcome of the interplay between education, information and public health communication, whose availability and coherence varied along the epidemic.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Pandemics , Public Health , Educational Status , Italy/epidemiology , Mortality
4.
PLoS One ; 16(5): e0251424, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34043654

ABSTRACT

The question of whether and how changes to population health impact on economic growth has been actively studied in the literature, albeit with mixed results. We contribute to this debate by reassessing-and extending-[1], one of the most influential studies. We include a larger set of countries (135) and cover a more recent period (1990-2014). We also account for morbidity in addition to mortality and adopt the strategy of providing bounding sets for the effects of interest rather than point estimates. We find that reducing mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure which combines morbidity and mortality, promotes per capita GDP growth. The magnitude of the effect is moderate, but non negligible, and it is similar for mortality and DALYs.


Subject(s)
Economic Development , Health Status , Disabled Persons , Humans , Morbidity , Mortality , Quality-Adjusted Life Years
5.
Eur J Endocrinol ; 184(5): 699-709, 2021 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33683214

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Alterations in thyroid function tests (TFTs) have been recorded during SARS-CoV-2 infection as associated to either a destructive thyroiditis or a non-thyroidal illness. METHODS: We studied 144 consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a single center in intensive or subintensive care units. Those with previous thyroid dysfunctions or taking interfering drugs were excluded. Differently from previous reports, TSH, FT3, FT4, thyroglobulin (Tg), anti-Tg autoantibodies (TgAb) were measured at baseline and every 3-7 days. C-reacting protein (CRP), cortisol and IL-6 were also assayed. RESULTS: The majority of patients had a normal TSH at admission, usually with normal FT4 and FT3. Low TSH levels were found either at admission or during hospitalization in 39% of patients, associated with low FT3 in half of the cases. FT4 and Tg levels were normal, and TgAb-negative. TSH and FT3 were invariably restored at the time of discharge in survivors, whereas were permanently low in most deceased cases, but only FT3 levels were predictors of mortality. Cortisol, CRP and IL-6 levels were higher in patients with low TSH and FT3 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of our COVID-19 patients without interfering drugs had normal TFTs both at admission and during follow-up. In this series, the transient finding of low TSH with normal FT4 and low FT3 levels, inversely correlated with CRP, cortisol and IL-6 and associated with normal Tg levels, is likely due to the cytokine storm induced by SARS-Cov-2 with a direct or mediated impact on TSH secretion and deiodinase activity, and likely not to a destructive thyroiditis.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/blood , Thyroglobulin/blood , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/blood , Triiodothyronine/blood , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Autoantibodies/immunology , C-Reactive Protein/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Interleukin-6/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , SARS-CoV-2 , Thyroglobulin/immunology , Thyroid Function Tests
6.
Soc Sci Med ; 217: 73-83, 2018 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30296693

ABSTRACT

We estimate the effect of job loss on the probability that long-tenured workers are prescribed anti-hypertensive and psychotropic drugs. We exploit two administrative data sources from the Veneto region in Italy and estimate an event-study model. Our results indicate that the probability of drug prescription increases among under-40 males but not among older males or female workers. We suggest that the effect on younger male workers is the combined result of their typical role as breadwinners, limited wealth buffers in case of layoff, and unfavourable employment legislative protection.


Subject(s)
Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Employment/standards , Adult , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Italy , Male , Middle Aged
7.
Econ Hum Biol ; 26: 151-163, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28410489

ABSTRACT

It is widely believed that the expanding burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is in no small part the result of major macro-level determinants. We use a large amount of new data, to explore in particular the role played by urbanization - the process of the population shifting from rural to urban areas within countries - in affecting four important drivers of NCDs world-wide: diabetes prevalence, as well as average body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol level and systolic blood pressure. Urbanization is seen by many as a double-edged sword: while its beneficial economic effects are widely acknowledged, it is commonly alleged to produce adverse side effects for NCD-related health outcomes. In this paper we submit this hypothesis to extensive empirical scrutiny, covering a global set of countries from 1980-2008, and applying a range of estimation procedures. Our results indicate that urbanization appears to have contributed to an increase in average BMI and cholesterol levels: the implied difference in average total cholesterol between the most and the least urbanized countries is 0.40mmol/L, while people living in the least urbanized countries are also expected to have an up to 2.3kg/m2 lower BMI than in the most urbanized ones. Moreover, the least urbanized countries are expected to have an up to 3.2p.p. lower prevalence of diabetes among women. This association is also much stronger in the low and middle-income countries, and is likely to be mediated by energy intake-related variables, such as calorie and fat supply per capita.


Subject(s)
Internationality , Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology , Urbanization/history , Adolescent , Adult , Empirical Research , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
8.
Public Health Nutr ; 18(15): 2825-35, 2015 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25686483

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To explain patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in nine former Soviet Union countries by exploring the influence of a range of individual- and community-level determinants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys and area profiles were undertaken in 2010 in nine countries of the former Soviet Union as part of the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) study. Individual- and area-level determinants were analysed, taking into account potential confounding at the individual and area level. SETTING: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. SUBJECTS: Adult survey respondents (n 17 998) aged 18-95 years. RESULTS: Being male, increasing age, lack of education and lack of financial resources were associated with lower probability of consuming adequate amounts of fruit or vegetables. Daily fruit or vegetable consumption was positively correlated with the number of shops selling fruit and vegetables (for women) and with the number of convenience stores (for men). Billboard advertising of snacks and sweet drinks was negatively related to daily fruit or vegetable consumption, although the reverse was true for billboards advertising soft drinks. Men living near a fast-food outlet had a lower probability of fruit or vegetable consumption, while the opposite was true for the number of local food restaurants. CONCLUSIONS: Overall fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union is inadequate, particularly among lower socio-economic groups. Both individual- and community-level factors play a role in explaining inadequate nutrition and thus provide potential entry points for policy interventions, while the nuanced influence of community factors informs the agenda for future research.


Subject(s)
Commerce , Diet , Feeding Behavior , Food Supply , Residence Characteristics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Diet Surveys , Female , Fruit , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nutrition Assessment , Restaurants , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , USSR , Vegetables , Young Adult
9.
Health Policy ; 116(1): 123-32, 2014 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24521769

ABSTRACT

Along the pathway traced by few recent contribution that attempt to identify the causal effect of social capital on health, this paper analyzes whether individual social capital reduces the probability of experiencing 11 long-lasting and chronic diseases. The empirical problems related to reverse causation and unobserved heterogeneity are addressed by means of a procedure that exploits the within-individual variation between the timings of first occurrence of the 11 diseases considered. Estimates indicate that the probability of occurrence is on average 14-18 percent lower among individuals reporting to "trust most of the other people". This result is robust to two alternative specifications as well as the inclusion or omission of individual controls.


Subject(s)
Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Social Capital , Trust , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Causality , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Statistical , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Young Adult
10.
Health Econ Policy Law ; 9(1): 1-24, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23506911

ABSTRACT

Social capital has been proposed as a potentially important contributor to health, yet most of the existing research tends to ignore the challenge of assessing causality in this relationship. We deal with this issue by employing various instrumental variable estimation techniques. We apply the analysis to a set of nine former Soviet countries, using a unique multi-country household survey specifically designed for this region. Our results confirm that there appears to be a causal association running from several dimensions of individual social capital to general and mental health. Individual trust appears to be more strongly related to general health, while social isolation- to mental health. In addition, social support and trust seem to be more important determinants of health than the social capital dimensions that facilitate solidarity and collective action. Our findings are remarkably robust to a range of different specifications, including the use of instrumental variables. Certain interaction effects are also found: for instance, untrusting people who live in communities with higher aggregate level of trust are even less likely to experience good health than untrusting people living in the reference communities.


Subject(s)
Health Status , Loneliness/psychology , Mental Health , Social Conditions , Social Support , Trust/psychology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Behavior , Humans , Male , Residence Characteristics , Social Behavior , Socioeconomic Factors , USSR
11.
Eur J Health Econ ; 15(1): 57-68, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23292272

ABSTRACT

This paper examines for the first time the consequences of ill health on labour supply for a sample of nine countries from the former Soviet Union (FSU), using a unique multicountry household survey specifically designed for this region. We control for a wide range of individual, household, and community factors, using both standard regression techniques and instrumental variable estimation to address potential endogeneity. Specifically, we find in our baseline ordinary least squares specification that poor health is associated with a decrease in the probability of working of about 13 %. Controlling for community-level unobserved variables slightly increases the magnitude of this effect, to about 14 %. Controlling for endogeneity with the instrumental variable approach further supports this finding, with the magnitude of the effect ranging from 12 to 35 %. Taken together, our findings confirm the cost that the still considerable adult health burden in the FSU is imposing on its population, not only in terms of the disease burden itself, but also in terms of individuals' labour market participation, as well as potentially in terms of increased poverty risk. Other things being equal, this would increase the expected "return on investment" to be had from interventions aimed at improving health in this region.


Subject(s)
Employment , Health Status , Adult , Age Factors , Commonwealth of Independent States/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Environment , Health Behavior , Humans , Middle Aged , Residence Characteristics , Socioeconomic Factors , Workforce
12.
Health Econ ; 23(5): 586-605, 2014 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23670828

ABSTRACT

We assess the causal relationship between health and social capital, measured by generalized trust, both at the individual and the community level. The paper contributes to the literature in two ways: it tackles the problems of endogeneity and reverse causation between social capital and health by estimating a simultaneous equation model, and it explicitly accounts for mis-reporting in self-reported trust. The inter-relationship is tested using data from the first four waves of the European Social Survey for 25 European countries, supplemented by regional data from Eurostat. Our estimates show that a causal and positive relationship between self-perceived health and social capital does exist and that it acts in both directions. In addition, the magnitude of the structural coefficients suggests that individual social capital is a strong determinant of health, whereas community level social capital plays a considerably smaller role in determining health.


Subject(s)
Health Status , Social Capital , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Europe , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Statistical , Sex Factors , Social Support , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
13.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2012.
in English | WHO IRIS | ID: who-352821

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research reported here was to examine the causal impact of social capital on health in 14 European countries. Using data from the European Social Survey, supplemented by regional-level data, the authors studied whether individual and/or community-level social capital positively affects health. They controlled for other factors expected to affect health and addressed – via an instrumental variable approach – the challenge of assessing causality in the relationship between social capital and health. The large variance of the error term due to measurement errors calls for strong instruments to obtain reliable estimates in a finite sample. The data set was rich enough in information to allow the finding of a seemingly strong causal relationship between social capital and individual health. Community social capital (defined at the regional level) appears not to affect health once individual-level social capital is controlled for. Taken at face value, the findings suggest that policy interventions should be aimed at improving primarily individual social capital. This would achieve a double effect: directly improving individuals’ health and contributing to community social capital, which reinforces the beneficial role of individual social capital.


Subject(s)
Socioeconomic Factors , Social Support , Economic Development , Social Change , Data Collection , Europe
14.
J Epidemiol Community Health ; 65(1): 44-50, 2011 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19858542

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified the role of social capital in explaining variations in health in the countries of the former Soviet Union. This study explores whether the benefits of social capital vary among these countries and why. METHODS: The impact of micro social capital (trust, membership and social isolation) on individual health was estimated in each of eight former Soviet republics using instrumental variables to overcome methodological hazards such as endogeneity and reverse causality. Interactions with institutional variables (voice and accountability, effectiveness of the legal system, informal economy) and social protection variables (employment protection, old age and disability benefits, sickness and health benefits) were examined. RESULTS: Most social capital indicators, in most countries, are associated with better health but the magnitude and significance of the impact differ between countries. Some of this variation can be explained by interacting social capital indicators with measures of institutional quality, with membership of organisations bringing greater benefit for health in countries where civil liberties are stronger, whereas social isolation has more adverse consequences where there is a large informal economy. A lesser amount is explained by the interaction of social capital indicators with selected measures of social protection. CONCLUSION: When considering interventions to improve social capital as a means of improving population health, it seems advisable to take into account the influence of macrocontextual variables, in order not to overstate or understate the likely impact of the intervention.


Subject(s)
Health Status Disparities , Health , Income , Social Conditions , Social Support , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Residence Characteristics , Social Isolation , Socioeconomic Factors , Trust , USSR
15.
Копенгаген; Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Европейское региональное бюро; 2008. (WHO/EURO:2008-4078-43837-61722).
in Russian | WHO IRIS | ID: who-350705

ABSTRACT

Основные положения • Экономический подъем, как правило, способствует укреплению здоровья, но и хорошее здоровье может привести к существенной выгоде для экономики. Несколько лет назад Комиссия ВОЗ по макроэкономике и здоровью показала это на примере развивающихся стран; теперь проведены обширные исследования, посвященные взаимосвязи между здоровьем и благосостоянием в странах Европейского региона ВОЗ. • При оценке экономической отдачи от вложения средств в укрепление здоровья необходимо знать, каков экономический урон от плохого здоровья; однако чтобы вложение средств достигло цели, нужно понимать, в чем выражается этот урон и как его следует оценивать. • Поскольку в общественно политических дискуссиях очень по разному понимают, что такое «экономический урон от плохого здоровья», важно сформулировать разные концепции экономических издержек и оценить актуальность каждой из них. Можно выделить три разновидности концепций: 1) социальные издержки, 2) микро и макроэкономические издержки, 3) расходы на медицинское обслуживание. • Самой всеобъемлющей является концепция социальных издержек, обусловленных плохим здоровьем, – они показывают, насколько высоко люди оценивают свое здоровье. Сюда входит ценность здоровья как такового; социальные издержки намного превосходят дополнительный доход, которой получит человек, если проживет более долгую, здоровую и продуктивную жизнь. Стоимость, которую люди присваивают здоровью, высока, но все таки не бесконечна. • Оценить стоимость, которую люди присваивают здоровью, трудно, поскольку оно не является рыночным товаром. Однако возможна косвенная оценка на основании решений, которые люди принимают в ситуациях выбора между деньгами и здоровьем, например, размера компенсации, которую они хотят получить за выполнение работы, связанной с опасностью. • Простые расчеты показывают, что во многих странах Европейского региона ВОЗ повышение благосостояния, связанное с ростом средней продолжительности жизни за период 1970–2003 гг., составило 29–38% валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) – величина, намного превышающая расходы на здравоохранение в каждой из этих стран. • Микроэкономические и макроэкономические издержки – более вещественный, но и более ограниченный способ оценки экономического урона, причиняемого плохим здоровьем. • На микроэкономическом уровне накоплен значительный и продолжающий расти массив данных, говорящих о том, что плохое здоровье снижает производительность и предложение труда. В нескольких исследованиях состояние здоровья оказалось даже основным фактором, влияющим на предложение труда у работников пожилого возраста. • На макроэкономическом уровне результаты не столь однородны. Многочисленные данные говорят о том, что плохое здоровье снижает темпы экономического роста в развивающихся странах, но последние исследования оспаривают эту точку зрения. Работ по развитым странам очень мало. • Утверждение «Более здоровое население означает более низкие расходы на дорогое медицинское обслуживание» кажется логичным, но верно ли оно? Данные неоднозначны. Даже если укрепление здоровья в некоторых случаях снижает расходы на медицинское обслуживание, другие факторы, ведущие к их росту, особенно технический прогресс, намного перекроют экономию, обусловленную укреплением здоровья.С другой стороны, гипотеза о том, что более крепкое здоровье само по себе ведет к росту медицинских расходов, тоже не подтверждается. • Полезно выяснить, приводит ли улучшение здоровья к осязаемым микро и макроэкономическим выгодам, и каким именно, а также как оно может в некоторых случаях снизить будущие расходы на медицинское обслуживание. Но эти экономические выгоды очень малы в сравнении с более универсальными и важными социально экономическими выгодами, выраженными как стоимость, которую люди присваивают улучшению здоровья. • При экономической оценке мер по укреплению здоровья политики обязательно должны учитывать связанное с этими мерами повышение благосостояния. Без этого можно недооценить их подлинное значение для экономики.


Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Health Care Costs , Social Welfare , Europe
16.
Kopenhagen; Weltgesundheitsorganisation. Regionalbüro für Europa; 2008. (WHO/EURO:2008-4078-43837-61721).
in German | WHO IRIS | ID: who-350704

ABSTRACT

• Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung ist grundsätzlich günstig für die Gesundheit, andererseits kannGesundheit erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Nutzen abwerfen. Vor einigen Jahren konnte die WHOKommission für Makroökonomie und Gesundheit diesen Zusammenhang in Bezug auf Entwicklungsländer aufzeigen. Mittlerweile liegen etliche Arbeiten zur Beziehung Gesundheit–Wohlstand in der Europäischen Region der WHO vor. • Belege für die ökonomischen Kosten gesundheitlicher Defizite sind eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung, um den wirtschaftlichen Ertrag von Investitionen in die Gesundheit bewerten zu können. Es muss jedoch verstanden sein, was diese Kosten bedeuten und wie sie zu messen sind, damit solche Investitionen überlegt erfolgen. • Angesichts der Heterogenität der in der öffentlichen Debatte vertretenen Ansichtendazu, was „ökonomische Kosten gesundheitlicher Defizite“ tatsächlich bedeutet, ist vordringlichKlarheit über die unterschiedlichen Kostenkonzepte zu schaffen und ihre Relevanz zu beurteilen.Diese Konzepte lassen sich nach drei Kostenarten untergliedern: (1) soziale Wohlfahrt, (2) mikround makroökonomische Kosten (3) Gesundheitsversorgungskosten. • Das umfassendste Konzept bezieht sich auf die Kosten gesundheitlicher Defizite für die soziale Wohlfahrt. Hier wird gemessen, welchen Wert die Individuen der Gesundheit zuschreiben. Damitist der intrinsische Wert der Gesundheit gemeint, der weit über irgendwelche Summen hinausgeht,die verdient würden, könnte ein Individuum ein längeres, gesünderes und produktiveres Leben führen. Der Wert der Gesundheit wird von den Menschen zwar hoch, aber nicht als unendlicheingestuft. • Es ist schwierig zu messen, welchen Wert Individuen der Gesundheit beimessen, denn dafür gibt es natürlich keinen Marktpreis. Dieser lässt sich jedoch aus Entscheidungenzwischen Geld und Gesundheit ableiten, z. B. wenn jemand bereit ist, eine gefährliche Arbeit auszuführen, dafür aber eine höhere Entlohnung verlangt. • Eine einfache Berechnung zeigt, dass sich in vielen Ländern der Europäischen Region der WHO zwischen 1970 und 2003 die Erträgefür die soziale Wohlfahrt durch eine höhere Lebenserwartung auf 29–38% des Bruttoinlandsproduktes (BIP) beliefen – eine Größe, die die Gesamtausgaben für Gesundheit in den Ländern weit übersteigt. • Mikroökonomische und makroökonomische Kostensind greifbarere, aber begrenztere Maße für die Kosten gesundheitlicher Defizite • Für die mikroökonomische Ebene ist deutlich und zunehmend belegt, dass Gesundheitsdefizitedie Produktivität und Verfügbarkeit eines Individuums auf dem Arbeitsmarkt verringern. Verschiedenen Studien zufolge ist der Gesundheitsstatus sogar die wichtigste Determinante der Verfügbarkeit von älteren Arbeitskräften auf dem Markt. • Für die makroökonomische Ebene sind die Befunde weniger eindeutig. In der Literatur finden sich zahlreiche Hinweise, wonachGesundheitsdefizite sich in Entwicklungsländern nachteilig auf das Wirtschaftswachstumauswirken – eine Ansicht, der von neueren Forschungen jedoch widersprochen wird. Entsprechende Arbeiten zur Situation in entwickelten Ländern sind rar. • „Eine gesunde Bevölkerung bedeutet geringere Ausgaben für teure Gesundheitsversorgung.“ Das klingt einleuchtend, aber trifft es auch zu? Es gibt hierzu keine eindeutigen Erkenntnisse. Selbstwenn unter bestimmten Umständen eine bessere Gesundheit niedrigere Ausgaben nach sich zieht, werden andere Kostenfaktoren, insbesondere technologische Fortschritte, die dadurchermöglichten Einsparungen mehr als aufwiegen. Andererseits stützt weniges die Hypothese, dasseine bessere Gesundheit an sich einen erheblich kostentreibenden Faktor darstelle. • Es ist sinnvoll zu dokumentieren, ob und auf welchem Wege eine bessere Gesundheit greifbaremikro- und makroökonomische Vorteile erbringt und wie dadurch (in einigen Fällen) künftig dieGesundheitsversorgungskosten reduziert werden können. Dieser wirtschaftliche Nutzen ist jedochgering, verglichen mit den breiteren und relevanteren Erträgen für die Wohlfahrt,ausgedrückt als Geldwert, den die Bürger gesundheitlichen Verbesserungen beimessen. • Es empfiehlt sich für die Entscheidungsträger, Zugewinne an sozialer Wohlfahrt als Faktor in die Bewertung von Investitionen in Gesundheit einzuführen. Andernfalls könnte der tatsächlichewirtschaftliche Nutzen zu niedrig angesetzt werden.


Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Health Care Costs , Social Welfare , Europe
17.
Copenhague; Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Bureau régional de l’Europe; 2008. (WHO/EURO:2008-4078-43837-61723).
in French | WHO IRIS | ID: who-350694

ABSTRACT

Messages clés • Le développement économique est généralement bénéfique pour la santé, cependant, la santé peut également apporter des avantages économiques importants. Il y a quelques années, la Commission Macroéconomie et Santé de l’OMS en a fait la démonstration pour les pays en développement et désormais, bon nombre de travaux démontrent la relation entre la santé et la richesse dans la Région européenne de l’OMS. • Une preuve de l’impact de la mauvaise santé sur les coûts économiques est essentielle pour évaluer le rendement économique de l’investissement dans la santé. Néanmoins, il convient de connaître la signification de ces coûts ainsi que la manière de les mesurer afin de garantir que ces investissements sont judicieusement réalisés. • Étant donné l’hétérogénéité des avis dans le débat public concernant la véritable signification des «coûts économiques de la mauvaise santé », il est important de clarifier les différents concepts de coût et d’évaluer leur pertinence respective. Nous pouvons diviser ces concepts en trois types de coût : (1) bien-être, (2) micro et macroéconomiques et (3) soins de santé. • Les coûts en matière de bien-être social social de la mauvaise santé sont les plus génériques, ils mesurent la valeur que les individus attribuent à la santé. Ils comprennent la valeur intrinsèque de la santé et dépassent de loin les revenus que peut obtenir une personne en ayant une vie plus longue, plus saine et plus productive. Bien que la valeur que les individus attribuent à la santé soit élevée, elle n’est pas infinie. • La valeur que les individus attribuent à la santé est difficile à mesurer : il n’existe, bien entendu, aucun prix du marché. Toutefois, cette valeur peut être déduite des décisions prises par les personnes dans des situations qui impliquent un compromis entre argent et santé, en exigeant, par exemple, une plus grande compensation pour réaliser des tâches dangereuses. • Un simple calcul révèle que, dans de nombreux pays de la Région européenne de l’OMS entre 1970 et 2003, les gains de bien-être liés à l’amélioration de l’espérance de vie équivalaient à 29-38% du produit intérieur brut (PIB) – une valeur qui dépasse de loin les dépenses de santé nationales de chaque pays. • Les coûts microéconomiques et macroéconomiques sont plus tangibles mais représentent des mesures plus limitées des coûts de la mauvaise santé. • Au niveau microéconomique, de plus en plus de preuves tendent à suggérer que la mauvaise santé réduit la productivité du travail des individus et l’offre de main-d’oeuvre. L’état de santé se révèle même être le principal déterminant de l’offre de main-d’oeuvre par les travailleurs plus âgés dans plusieurs études. • Les résultats sont plus mitigés au niveau macroéconomique. Une littérature abondante suggère que la mauvaise santé est négative pour la croissance économique dans les pays en développement, mais des recherches récentes contredisent cette opinion. Les travaux sur les pays développés sont limités. • L’affirmation « Une population en meilleure santé signifie moins de dépenses en soins de santé coûteux » paraît plausible, mais est-ce la vérité ? La preuve est ambiguë. Même si, dans certaines circonstances, une meilleure santé entraîne des dépenses inférieures en matière de soins de santé, d’autres facteurs de coût, en particulier les avancées technologiques, compenseront largement toute économie réalisée grâce à une meilleure santé. D’autre part, peu de personnes soutiennent l’hypothèse selon laquelle une meilleure santé constituerait en elle-même un facteur de coût essentiel. • Dès lors, il est utile de documenter la manière dont une meilleure santé offre des avantages micro et macroéconomiques tangibles et la manière dont elle réduit (dans certains cas) les coûts des soins de santé futurs. Mais ces avantages économiques sont très réduits en comparaison avec les gains économiques liés au bien-être qui sont plus larges et plus pertinents. Ces gains sont exprimés comme une valeur monétaire que les individus attribuent aux améliorations de la santé. • Il faudrait encourager les décideurs politiques à tenir compte des gains de bien-être dans leurs évaluations économiques des interventions en matière de santé. S’ils ne le font pas, cela risque d’entraîner une sous-estimation de leurs véritables avantages économiques.


Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Health Care Costs , Social Welfare , Europe
18.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2008. (WHO/EURO:2008-4078-43837-61720).
in English | WHO IRIS | ID: who-350693

ABSTRACT

Key messages of this publication -Economic development is generally good for health, but health can also bring substantial economic benefits. Several years ago, the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health demonstrated this for developing countries, and there is now considerable work demonstrating the health-to-wealth relationship within the WHO European Region. -Evidence on the economic costs of ill health is essential to any assessment of the economic return on investing in health, but what those costs mean and how they should be measured must be understood to ensure that such investments are made wisely. -In light of the heterogeneity of views in the public debate about what “the economic costs of ill health” actually means, clarifying the different cost concepts and assessing their respective relevance is important. We can divide these concepts into three types of cost: (1) welfare, (2) micro- and macroeconomic and (3) health care. -The welfare costs of ill health are the most encompassing and measure the value individuals attribute to health. This includes the intrinsic value of health and far exceeds the earnings an individual would gain by living a longer, healthier, more productive life. While the value people attribute to health is high, it is not infinite. -The value people attribute to health is difficult to measure: there is, of course, no market price. Such value can be inferred, however, from the decisions people make in situations that involve a trade-off between money and health, for instance in deciding to require greater compensation to perform dangerous jobs. -A simple calculation reveals that in many WHO European Region countries between 1970 and 2003, the welfare gains associated with improvements in life expectancy totalled 29–38% of gross domestic product (GDP) – a value far exceeding each country’s national health expenditures. -Microeconomic and macroeconomic costs are more tangible but more limited measures of the costs of ill health. -At the microeconomic level, there is substantial and growing evidence suggesting that ill health reduces individuals’ labour productivity and labour supply. Health status even emerges as the main determinant of labour supply by older workers in several studies. -Findings are more mixed at the macroeconomic level. Considerable literature suggests that ill health is bad for economic growth in developing countries, but recent research contradicts that view. Work on developed countries is limited. -“A healthier population means less spending on costly health care” sounds plausible, but is it true? The evidence is equivocal. Even if better health may, in some circumstances, lead to lower health spending, other cost drivers, in particular technological advances, will more than outweigh any savings from improved health. On the other hand, there is also not much support for the hypothesis that better health by itself would be a major cost driver. -It is useful to document whether and how better health produces tangible micro- and macroeconomic benefits, and how it may (in some cases) reduce future health-care costs. But these economic benefits are very small compared with the broader and more relevant welfare economic gains expressed as the monetary value people attribute to health improvements. -Policy-makers should be encouraged to factor welfare gains into their economic evaluations of health interventions. Failure to do so risks understating their true economic benefits.


Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Health Care Costs , Social Welfare , Europe
19.
Observatory Studies Series
Monography in Russian | WHO IRIS | ID: who-332134

ABSTRACT

Крах коммунистической системы в конце двадцатого столетия дал некоторым из бывших социалистических стран возможность добиться устойчивого экономического роста и повысить благосостояние населения. Однако в других странах резкий экономический спад в начале переходного периода привел к массовому обнищанию населения. Несмотря на то что с тех пор положение отчасти улучшилось, свыше 60 млн человек в странах Центральной и Восточной Европы, а также Содружества Независимых Государств (ЦВЕ–СНГ) остаются за чертой бедности, а свыше 150 млн относятся к малообеспеченным. Эта книга – первая серьезная попытка проанализировать экономические последствия плохого здоровья населения в странах ЦВЕ–СНГ; значительная часть данных о влиянии на экономику хронических заболеваний (распространенность которых во многих странах с низкими и средними доходами населения быстро растет) имеет значение не только для данного региона. Книга исследует двустороннюю связь между здоровьем населения и экономическим развитием, внимание авторов фокусируется на значительных убытках, которые приносит странам региона плохое здоровье населения. Книга предлагает также научно обоснованные, рентабельные программы и стратегические решения на национальном и международном уровне – один из ключевых способов добиться устойчивого экономического роста и сократить уровень бедности в странах региона.


Subject(s)
Healthcare Financing , Public Health , Economic Development , Social Justice , Delivery of Health Care , Socioeconomic Factors , Employment , Health Status , Health Policy , Europe, Eastern , Asia, Central
20.
Серия исследований Обсерватории
Monography in Russian | WHO IRIS | ID: who-276982

ABSTRACT

Появляется все больше данных, говорящих о двустороннем характере связи междуздоровьем населения и экономическим ростом в стране. Экономический ростспособствует улучшению здоровья населения; в свою очередь, более здоровоенаселение способствует экономическому росту. Полученные выводы имеютбольшое значение для разработки политики, однако о том, насколько они значимыдля стран переходного периода в Центральной и Восточной Европе и Содружественезависимых государств, перед которыми стоят особенно острые проблемы вобласти здравоохранения, в основном связанные с неинфекционнымизаболеваниями и травмами, известно мало.Наша книга – первый шаг к этому. Основное внимание сосредоточено на РоссийскойФедерации, хотя полученные выводы справедливы и для других стран с переходнойэкономикой. Рассмотрены два важных вопроса:Как влияет плохое здоровье взрослого населения, особенно неинфекционныезаболевания и травмы, на экономику Российской Федерации и материальныйдостаток ее жителей?Если заболеваемость взрослого населения Российской Федерации снизится,каких экономических выгод можно ожидать?Общий вывод совершенно однозначен: плохое здоровье взрослого населенияотрицательно сказывается на экономическом благосостоянии отдельных лиц идомохозяйств в Российской Федерации; продуманные меры, направленные наукрепление здоровья, могут сыграть важную роль в обеспечении стабильновысоких темпов экономического роста.


Появляется все больше данных, говорящих о двустороннем характере связи между здоровьем населения и экономическим ростом в стране. Экономический рост способствует улучшению здоровья населения; в свою очередь, более здоровое население способствует экономическому росту. Полученные выводы имеют большое значение для разработки политики, однако о том, насколько они значимы для стран переходного периода в Центральной и Восточной Европе и Содружестве независимых государств, перед которыми стоят особенно острые проблемы в области здравоохранения, в основном связанные с неинфекционными заболеваниями и травмами, известно мало. Наша книга – первый шаг к этому. Основное внимание сосредоточено на Российской Федерации, хотя полученные выводы справедливы и для других стран с переходной экономикой. Рассмотрены два важных вопроса: как влияет плохое здоровье взрослого населения, особенно неинфекционные заболевания и травмы, на экономику Российской Федерации и материальный достаток ее жителей?; если заболеваемость взрослого населения Российской Федерации снизится, каких экономических выгод можно ожидать? Общий вывод совершенно однозначен: плохое здоровье взрослого населения отрицательно сказывается на экономическом благосостоянии отдельных лиц и домохозяйств в Российской Федерации; продуманные меры, направленные на укрепление здоровья, могут сыграть важную роль в обеспечении стабильно высоких темпов экономического роста.


Subject(s)
Chronic Disease , Wounds and Injuries , Cost of Illness , Russia
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