Efeito da nitroglicerina no espasmo e na oclusão da artéria radial em cateterismos transradiais realizados em mulheres / Effect of nitroglycerin on radial artery spasm and occlusion in transradial catheterizations performed in women

Introdução: O benefício do cateterismo transradial já foi confirmado em pacientes do sexo feminino. Mulheres submetidas a exames por cateterismo transradial apresentam desafios únicos. A ocorrência de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial após o procedimento é maior em mulheres. Objetivamos avaliar o benefício da nitroglicerina na redução de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico, prospectivo, randomizado 2x2 fatorial, duplo-cego. Participantes foram randomizados para nitroglicerina 500mcg ou placebo em dois momentos: após colocação do introdutor hemostático e antes da retirada. A avaliação de espasmo da artéria radial foi clínica, por meio de escala dor. A avaliação da oclusão da artéria radial foi realizada com Doppler, nas primeiras 12 horas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 2.040 pacientes, sendo 774 (37,5%) mulheres. A média de idade foi similar entre os sexos (62,2 anos versus 61,5 anos; p=0,27). A incidência de espasmo da artéria radial foi maior nas mulheres (21,2% versus 6,6%; p<0,01), bem como a incidência de oclusão da artéria radial (3,4% versus 1,8%; p=0,03). O uso da nitroglicerina no início do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de espasmo da artéria radial em mulheres quando comparado com o placebo (19,7% versus 22,6%; p=0,34), tampouco as taxas de oclusão da artéria radial (4,3% versus 2,5%; p=0,17). O uso da nitroglicerina ao fim do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de oclusão da artéria em mulheres (2,8% versus 3,9%; p=0,37). Conclusões: O espasmo e a oclusão da artéria radial são mais frequentes em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial quando comparadas aos homens. O uso da nitroglicerina não apresenta efeito benéfico na redução dessas incidências.

Background: The benefit of transradial catheterization is well established in female patients. Women undergoing transradial catheterization exams present with unique challenges. The occurrence of radial artery spasm and occlusion after the procedure is higher in women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of nitroglycerin in reducing radial artery spasm and occlusion in women undergoing transradial catheterization. Methods: This was a 2x2 factorial randomized, multicenter, prospective, double-blinded study. Participants were randomized to nitroglycerin 500mcg or placebo at two time points: after placement of the hemostatic introducer and before its removal. The evaluation of the radial artery spasm was clinical, using a pain scale The evaluation of the radial artery occlusion was performed with Doppler, in the first 12 hours. Results: A total of 2,040 patients were included, of which 774 (37.5%) were female. Mean age was similar between sexes (62.2 years versus 61.5 years; p=0.27). The incidence of radial artery spasm was higher in women (21.2% versus 6.6%; p<0.01), as well as the incidence of radial artery occlusion (3.4% versus 1.8%; p=0.03). The use of nitroglycerin at the beginning of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of radial artery spasm in women when compared with placebo (19.7% versus 22.6%; p=0.34), nor did the rates of radial artery occlusion (4.3% versus 2.5%; p=0.17). The use of nitroglycerin at the end of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of artery occlusion in women (2.8% versus 3.9%; p=0.37). Conclusions: Radial artery spasm and occlusion are more frequent in women undergoing transradial catheterization when compared to men. The use of nitroglycerin does not have a beneficial effect in reducing these incidences.

Efeito da nitroglicerina no espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial em cateterismos transradiais realizados em mulheres / Effect of nitroglycerin on radial artery spasm and occlusion in transradial catheterizations performed in women

INTRODUÇÃO: O benefício do cateterismo por acesso transradial (ATR) já foi confirmado em pacientes do sexo feminino. As mulheres submetidas a exames por esta via de acesso apresentam desafios únicos, geralmente relacionados a um menor calibre arterial. A ocorrência de espasmo (EAR) e oclusão da artéria (OAR) após o procedimento também são descritas como maiores em mulheres. OBJETIVOS Avaliar o benefício do uso de nitroglicerina na redução de EAR e OAR em mulheres submetidas a ATR. MÉTODOS: Estudo multicêntrico, prospectivo, randomizado 2x2 fatorial, duplo-cego. Participantes foram randomizados para nitroglicerina 500 mcg ou placebo em dois momentos: após a colocação do introdutor hemostático e antes da retirada do introdutor. Todos os pacientes receberam hemostasia patente ou de pressão mínima. A avaliação de EAR foi clínica, através de escala numérica de dor (graduada de 0 a 10), e foi definida como presente nos casos em que seja maior que 6. A avaliação de OAR foi realizada com ultrassonografia com Doppler, realizada nas primeiras 12 horas após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 2040 pacientes, sendo 774 (37,5%) mulheres. A média de idade foi similar entre os sexos (62,2 anos vs. 61,5; p=0,27), mas as mulheres apresentaram maior IMC (29,3 vs. 28,1; p<0,01) e artérias radiais menores (2,33 mm vs. 2,74; p<0,01) A incidência de EAR foi maior nas mulheres (21,2% vs. 6,6%; p<0,01), bem como a incidência de OAR (3,4% vs. 1,8%; p=0,03). O uso da nitroglicerina no início do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de EAR em mulheres quando comparado com o placebo (19,7% vs. 22,6%; p=0,34), tão pouco as taxas de OAR (4,3% vs 2,5%; p=0,17). O uso da nitroglicerina ao final do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de OAR em mulheres (2,8% vs. 3,9%; p=0,37). CONCLUSÕES: O EAR e a OAR são mais frequentes em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo por ATR quando comparado aos homens. O uso da nitroglicerina não apresenta efeito benéfico na redução destas incidências, independente do momento de utilização.

Avaliação de espasmo e oclusão de artéria radial após cateterismo transradial, considerando o calibre de introdutor utilizado / Evaluation of radial artery spasm and occlusion after transradial catheterization, considering the sheath gauge used

INTRODUÇÃO: O benefício do cateterismo por acesso transradial (ATR) está bem estabelecido, principalmente em intervenções coronárias, onde o uso de medicações aumenta o risco de sangramento. O uso da via no cateterismo diagnóstico permite maior conforto ao paciente e reduz complicações relacionadas com a via de acesso. A ocorrência de espasmo (EAR) e oclusão da artéria (OAR) são as complicações mais frequentes do ATR. O uso de introdutores de menor calibre poderia reduzir estas complicações. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a incidência de EAR e OAR em cateterismo diagnósticos, considerando-se o calibre do introdutor utilizado. MÉTODOS: Estudo multicêntrico, prospectivo, observacional. A escolha do introdutor a ser utilizado ficou a cargo do médico responsável pelo procedimento. Todos pacientes receberam heparina na dose de 5000 UI e receberam hemostasia patente ou de pressão mínima ao final do procedimento. A avaliação de EAR foi clínica, através de escala numérica de dor (graduada de 0 a 10), e foi definido como presente nos casos em que seja maior que 6. A avaliação de OAR foi realizada com ultrassonografia com Doppler, realizada nas primeiras 12 horas após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 1534 pacientes submetidos a cateterismo diagnóstico, sendo 625 (40,7%) mulheres. A maioria dos procedimentos foi em síndromes coronárias crônicas (61,5%). Foram utilizados introdutores 5F em 1185 (77,2%) e 6 F em 349 (22.8%), todos os procedimentos foram concluídos com o introdutor inicialmente escolhido, sem necessidade de troca. A relação introdutor: artéria foi maior que 1 em 43,4% dos pacientes no grupo 5F e 39,3%, no grupo 6F (p=0,19). A incidência de EAR foi igual nos dois calibres de introdutores utilizados (11,4% vs. 12,3%; p=0,63), bem como a incidência de OAR (2,8% vs. 2,0%; p=0,42). CONCLUSÕES: O EAR e a OAR tem frequência similar em cateterismo diagnósticos realizados com introdutores 5F ou 6F. O papel do hemodinamicista na escolha do calibre a ser utilizado pode ter colaborado com este resultado, visto que não houve diferença na relação de calibre entre introdutor: artéria nos dois grupos, portanto um trabalho randomizado poderia não apresentar o mesmo resultado.

Evaluation of Ventricular Remodeling and Prognosis in Patients with Aortic Stenosis Who Underwent Surgical or Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aortic stenosis is the most common heart valve disease in the world, and patients that present with symptoms have a high mortality rate. Aortic valve replacement has the objective of promote left ventricular remodeling, reduce symptoms, and increase overall survival. The objective of this study is to evaluate reverse remodeling of the left ventricle in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis who underwent surgical or percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Methods: This is a longitudinal, prospective, non-concurrent, non-randomized unicentric study with patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. Echocardiogram was performed before and after replacement procedure to evaluate several remodeling indexes. Results: Of 91 patients, 77 (84.6%) underwent surgical aortic valve replacement, and 14 (15.4%) underwent percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Mean age was 68,96±11,98 years, and most patients were male. Remodeling evaluation revealed that patients who decreased left ventricular index mass (53% vs. 38.9%; P=0,019) and those who reduced the mass/volume ratio (30.4% vs. 68.9%; P<0,001) presented with positive left ventricular remodeling. No endpoint difference was found in those with positive remodeling. Conclusion: Regarding the left ventricular remodeling in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic valve stenosis who underwent percutaneous transcatheter or surgical valve replacement, there is a positive increment in remodeling, however it remains in concentric hypertrophic shape. Implication of these findings remains uncertain and to be studied in large dedicated trials with clinical endpoints.

Evaluation of Ventricular Remodeling and Prognosis in Patients with Aortic Stenosis Who Underwent Surgical or Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

INTRODUCTION: Aortic stenosis is the most common heart valve disease in the world, and patients that present with symptoms have a high mortality rate. Aortic valve replacement has the objective of promote left ventricular remodeling, reduce symptoms, and increase overall survival. The objective of this study is to evaluate reverse remodeling of the left ventricle in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis who underwent surgical or percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, prospective, non-concurrent, non-randomized unicentric study with patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. Echocardiogram was performed before and after replacement procedure to evaluate several remodeling indexes. RESULTS: Of 91 patients, 77 (84.6%) underwent surgical aortic valve replacement, and 14 (15.4%) underwent percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Mean age was 68,96±11,98 years, and most patients were male. Remodeling evaluation revealed that patients who decreased left ventricular index mass (53% vs. 38.9%; P=0,019) and those who reduced the mass/volume ratio (30.4% vs. 68.9%; P<0,001) presented with positive left ventricular remodeling. No endpoint difference was found in those with positive remodeling. CONCLUSION: Regarding the left ventricular remodeling in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic valve stenosis who underwent percutaneous transcatheter or surgical valve replacement, there is a positive increment in remodeling, however it remains in concentric hypertrophic shape. Implication of these findings remains uncertain and to be studied in large dedicated trials with clinical endpoints.

Papel do strain no diagnóstico precoce da cardiomiopatia diabética / Role of strain in the early diagnosis of diabetic cardiomyopathy

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia avançada com utilização de strain miocárdico bi e tridimensional propõe identificar a disfunção sistólica subclínica em diversas condições clínicas. No diabetes mellitus, seu papel é de grande interesse para diagnóstico precoce de cardiomiopatia diabética. Contudo, há grande heterogeneidade nos artigos publicados. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática, para avaliar o papel atual da avaliação com strain nos pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Após revisão sistemática em cinco bancos de dados, 19 estudos que utilizaram strain bidimensional e oito estudos que utilizaram strain tridimensional foram incluídos. Resultados:Na avaliação por strain bidimensional, a amostra totalizou 1.774 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus, com idade média de 57,1 anos e mediana de 55 anos, com equilíbrio em relação ao sexo dos participantes (47,5% do sexo feminino). Nos estudos que utilizaram strain tridimensional, foram incluídos 488 indivíduos com diabetes, com idade média de 55,7 anos e mediana de 63 anos, também com equilíbrio entre o sexo dos pacientes (51% do sexo feminino). O strain global longitudinal foi o marcador de deformação miocárdica que mais frequentemente conseguiu demonstrar diferença entre grupos com indivíduos diabéticos e controles. Conclusão: O strain miocárdico por speckle tracking bi e tridimensional permite identificar disfunção sistólica subclínica em pacientes diabéticos, o que se torna mais marcante nos pacientes com mais fatores de risco associados e com remodelamento ventricular.(AU)

Background: Advanced echocardiography using two- and three-dimensional myocardial strain proposes to identify subclinical systolic dysfunction in different clinical conditions. Strain assessment plays an important role in the early diagnosis of diabetic cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the findings of published articles are heterogeneous. Here we conducted a systematic review to analyze the current role of strain assessment in patients with DM. Methods: This systematic review of five databases identified 19 studies that used twodimensional strain and 8 studies that used three-dimensional strain. Results: The studies of two-dimensional strain included 1,774 DM patients (mean age, 57.1 years; median age, 55 years; 47.5% women), while those of three-dimensional strain included 488 DM patients (mean age, 55.7 years; median age, 63 years; 51% women). Global longitudinal strain was the myocardial deformation marker that differed most frequently between the DM and control groups. Conclusion: Myocardial strain imaging by two- and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography allows the identification of subclinical systolic dysfunction in DM patients, and differences become more marked when associated with risk factors and ventricular remodeling.(AU)

Echocardiographic evaluation in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease with peak incidence in adolescence; it has a major impact on morbidity and mortality, especially cardiovascular. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by structural and functional lesions in the absence of other diseases and is involved in the progression to heart failure. Echocardiography has led to the identification of early cardiac lesions, despite controversial results in the literature in patients with T1D. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess cardiac changes in individuals with TD1 compared to the control group using conventional two-dimensional Doppler and advanced speckle tracking echocardiography. METHODS: This is a case-control study with 40 asymptomatic, normotensive T1D patients aged 20 to 50 years and 40 healthy subjects. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to measure myocardial thickness and cardiac chambers. Tissue Doppler echocardiography was used for diastolic analysis and speckle tracking echocardiography to quantify ventricular systolic function. RESULTS: The mean age was 33 years in both groups, with an average T1D duration of 18 years; 20% of patients with T1D had diabetic retinopathy; 12.5% kidney injury; and 10% peripheral neuropathy. There were differences in the left ventricular diastolic function parameters (lateral E', middle E' and S/D ratio) and right ventricle (tricuspid E and tricuspid E'/A' ratio). The mean value of the global longitudinal strain was -21.7% (+- 2.3) in the T1D group and -21.0% (+-2.0) in the control group (p=0.21). CONCLUSION: Echocardiography revealed a reduction in indices of diastolic function in T1D compared to the control group, which may be the initial cardiac lesion in diabetes.

Efeito da nitroglicerina pré-cateterismo transradial sobre o espasmo de artéria radial: análise baseada na experiência do operador / Effect of nitroglycerin pre-transradial catheterization on radial artery spasm: analysis based on operator experience

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso da artéria radial como acesso arterial para o cateterismo cardíaco tem sido preferencial devido a vantagens clínicas demonstradas. Um dos limitantes do uso da artéria como via de acesso é a ocorrência de espasmo (EAR), para o qual se recomenda o uso de medicações espasmolíticas profiláticas. A nitroglicerina é uma droga vasodilatadora que tem sido usada para este fim. O benefício da medicação na prevenção do espasmo poderia ser influenciado pela experiência do operador. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a redução na incidência de EAR, por avaliação clínica, em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco por via transradial (ATR) submetidos à pré-medicação com nitroglicerina intra-arterial, comparado àqueles que não receberam pré-medicação com nitroglicerina. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico prospectivo, multicêntrico, randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo controlado. Um grupo recebeu nitroglicerina, na dose de 500 μg, diluída em 10ml de soro fisiológico através do introdutor, e um segundo grupo, que recebeu placebo (SF). A avaliação de espasmo foi clínica, através de escala numérica de dor (graduada de 0 a 10), e será definido como presente nos casos em que seja maior que 6. A experiência do operador foi classificada como: inexperiente (I) (menos que 100 procedimento por ATR realizados); experientes (E) (de 100 a 1000 ATR) e altamente experientes (A) (mais que 1000 ATR). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 1991 pacientes, com média de 61,8 anos, sendo 61,7% do sexo masculino e 36,6% com diabetes. Operadores I realizaram 454 (22,8%) procedimentos; E, 949 (47,7%) e A, 588 (29,5%). A incidência de espasmo foi de 14,5% no grupo I, 12,5% no grupo E e 9,7% no grupo A (p=0,01 para comparação entre o grupo I e A). A mudança de via de acesso também foi mais comum no grupo I (3,5% vs. 2,5% (E) vs. 0,2% (A), p<0,01). No grupo I, o uso profilático de nitroglicerina reduziu a incidência de espasmo (17,9% vs. 11,1%, p=0,04), o que não ocorreu no grupo E (13,3% vs. 11,8%, p=0,49) ou no grupo A (10,2% vs. 9,2%, p=0,68). O uso de medicação vasodilatadora de resgate também foi mais comum no grupo I (3,1% vs. 2,9% (E) vs. 0,5% (A), p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: O EAR é mais comum no início da curva de aprendizado do ATR, nesta situação o uso profilático da nitroglicerina, na dose de 500 μg, reduz a ocorrência de EAR, este efeito benéfico da nitroglicerina não é observado com operadores mais experientes.

Prevention of radial artery occlusion after transradial access using nitroglycerin (Patens Trial)

BACKGROUND The use of transradial access (TRA) for coronary catheterization has increased over the years because of the reduced rates of vascular complications and easier postprocedural manage ment. Radial artery occlusion (RAO) remains the Achilles heel of TRA. Intra-arterial nitroglycerin could result in a significant reduction of RAO. The vasodilation may enhance antegrade flow in the artery that reduces stasis-induced thrombosis, but it could also minimize endo thelial trauma when used early in the procedure. The main objective of this study is to evaluate whether nitroglycerin at the beginning or end of TRA may preserve the patency of the artery. METHODS We conducted a prospective, multicenter, randomized, 2 2 factorial, placebo-controlled, 2-blinded study and enrolled patients submitted to catheterization by TRA. Patients received either 500 mg nitroglycerin or placebo given intra-arterially through the sheath at 2 moments: early, after sheath insertion, and late, at the end of the radial procedure. All patients received at least 5,000 UI heparin, sheaths were removed immediately after the catheterization, and a radial pneumatic wristband was applied intending patent or minimum pressure hemostasis. The primary outcome was the incidence of RAO, verified by Doppler evaluation within the first 24 hours, and every patient with confirmed RAO was further evaluated 30 days later. RESULTS A total of 1,894 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 61.7 10.3 years. The majority (61.6%) were male, and 36.5% had diabetes. The clinical indication was ACS in 47.9%. RAO occurred in 49 patients (2.6%) by Doppler evaluation. Fifteen patients (30.6%) showed re-establishment of flow at 30-day Doppler assessment. Nitroglycerin, as compared with placebo, did not reduce the risk of RAO in either of the 2 moments used (early: 2.4% vs 2.8%, P » 0.65 or late: 2.8% vs 2.4%, P » 0.65, respectively). In the multivariate anal ysis, the size of the radial artery, obtaining access with a single puncture, operator inexperience, and the presence of spasm were associated with RAO. CONCLUSION In the present study, the use of nitroglycerin is not associated with a reduced incidence of RAO regardless of the admin istration time

Associação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade e complexidade das lesões coronarianas em pacientes pós-infarto / Association of body mass index and coronary lesions severity and complexity in post-myocardial infarction patients

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade das lesões coronarianas em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Coorte aninhada ao Catarina Heart Study que avaliou 350 indivíduos durante o primeiro evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio e o 30º dia pós-infarto. As variáveis qualitativas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Após o resultado da distribuição, a avaliação de variáveis quantitativas foi feita pelo teste de t de Student, pela correlação de Pearson, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Indivíduos com obesidade G2 (15,4%) tiveram maior probabilidade de trombose em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (1,1%), com p=0,005. Indivíduos com obesidade grau 1 (6,0%) e obesidade grau 2 (7,7%) tiveram mais eventos de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (0,0%), com p=0,019 e p=0,009, respectivamente. Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada em termos de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, mortalidade e complexidade das lesões coronarianas (escore SYNTAX e TIMI frame count). Conclusão: A obesidade em diversos graus está diretamente associada a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia e tabagismo. Não houve associação entre o índice de massa corporal com a gravidade das lesões coronarianas ou a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Não houve diferença na mortalidade comparando-se indivíduos com índice de massa corporal elevado a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Pacientes com obesidade tiveram mais desfechos cardiovasculares, como trombose e novo evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias, ao serem comparados a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Outros desfechos de seguimento em 30 dias não estiveram associados ao índice de massa corporal.

Objective: To evaluate the association between body mass index and severity of coronary lesions in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A cohort nested to Catarina Heart Study, which evaluated 350 individuals during the first event of myocardial infarction and the 30th day post-infarction. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. After the distribution result, the evaluation of quantitative variables was done through Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation, Mann Whitney's test, and Spearman's correlation. Results: Individuals with G2 obesity (15.4%) had a greater probability of having thrombosis in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (1.1%), p=0.005. Individuals with G1 obesity (6.0%) and G2 obesity (7.7%) had more events of myocardial infarction in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (0.0%), with p=0.019 and p=0.009, respectively. No significant association was found in terms of left ventricle ejection fraction, mortality, and complexity of coronary lesions (SYNTAX score and TIMI frame count). Conclusion: Obesity in several degrees is directly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking. There was no association between the body mass index and the severity of coronary lesions or left ventricle ejection fraction. There was no difference in mortality comparing individuals with high body mass index to patients with normal body mass index. Patients with obesity had more cardiovascular outcomes, such as thrombosis and a new event of myocardial infarction in 30 days when compared to patients with normal body mass index. Other follow-up outcomes in 30 days were not associated with body mass index

Associação entre a razão de monócitos por HDL e TIMI frame count e a trombose de stent em pacientes com primeiro infarto do miocárdio / Association of the monocyte to HDL ratio and TIMI frame count and stent thrombosis in patients with first myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre marcadores de gravidade e complexidade, assim como de desfechos em 30 dias, com a razão de monócitos por HDL em pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Foram selecionados 580 pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos a questionário durante a internação e seguimento em 30 dias. Os dados laboratoriais foram obtidos de 312 pacientes na entrada e de 237 em 72 horas. A gravidade e a complexidade foram avaliadas pelo TIMI frame count, pela fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e pelo escore Syntax. Resultados: O estudo evidenciou correlação positiva entre a razão de monócitos por HDL em 72 horas e o TIMI frame count, com r de 0,219 (p=0,018). Também evidenciou maior mediana de razão de monócitos por HDL nos pacientes que apresentaram trombose de stent em até 30 dias da internação ­ 35,8 (30,0-43,9) ­ comparados àqueles que não apresentaram, com 18,27 (12,98-26,74), p=0,038. Não houve correlação significativa entre a razão de monócitos por HDL da entrada com TIMI frame count, escore SYNTAX ou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Conclusão: Houve correlação positiva entre a razão de monócitos por HDL em 72 horas e o TIMI frame count em pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos à angioplastia primária. Verificou-se, também, associação entre maiores níveis de razão de monócitos por HDL na entrada com trombose de stent em 30 dias.

Objective: To investigate the association between complexity and severity markers, as well as 30-day outcomes with the monocytes to HDL-cholesterol ratio in patients with first myocardial infarction. Methods: A total of 580 patients with first myocardial infarction was selected and answered a questionnaire during hospitalization and 30-day follow up. Laboratory data were obtained at admission for 312 patients and for 237 in 72 hours. Severity and complexity were assessed by TIMI frame count, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Syntax score. Results: The study showed that the monocyte to HDL ratio in 72 hours was significantly positively correlated with TIMI frame count, with r of 0.219 (p=0.018). It also showed higher monocyte to HDL ratio median in patients presenting stent thrombosis within 30 days of hospitalization ­ 35,8 (30,0-43,9) ­ compared to those who did not develop it 18,27 (12,98-26,74), p=0.038. No correlation was found between admission monocytes to HDL ratio and TIMI frame count, Syntax score, or left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between Monocytes to HDL ratio in 72 hours and TIMI frame count in patients with first myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. An association between higher levels of admission monocyte to HDL ratio and stent thrombosis in 30 days was also observed.

Associação de índices hematológicos com fatores de risco, gravidade e complexidade da lesão no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Association of hematological índices with risk factors, severity and complexity of lesion in the acute myocardium infarction

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre os índices hematológicos e os fatores de risco, a complexidade e a gravidade do infarto em relação aos desfechos cardiovasculares. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva, aninhada ao Catarina Heart Study e realizada em um hospital público da Grande Florianópolis. Resultados: Entre 2016 e 2019, foram analisados 580 participantes. Os indivíduos diabéticos apresentaram valores de hemoglobina de 13,0g/dL (12,0 a 14,1g/dL), inferior aos não diabéticos, com valores de 14,0g/dL (12,7 a 15,0g/dL; p<0,001). Indivíduos dislipidêmicos apresentavam valores de hemoglobina e segmentados, respectivamente, de 13,3g/dL (12,1 a 14,4g/dL) e 6.910mm³ (5.990 a 7.807mm³), inferiores aos sem dislipidemia, que possuíam, respectivamente, 14,0g/dL (12,8 a 15,0g/dL; p<0,001) e 7.205mm³ (6.300 a 8.030mm³; p=0,038). A contagem de plaquetas foi maior nos que possuíam dislipidemia, 224.000mm³ (178.000 a 273.500mm³), quando comparados aos que não possuíam, 210.000mm³ (173.000 a 255.000mm³; p=0,029). Houve correlação entre o SYNTAX e a contagem de leucócitos (r=0,143; p=0,001) e segmentados (r=0,222; p<0,001). Houve correlação negativa entre a fração de ejeção ventricular e a contagem de leucócitos (r=-0,173; p<0,001) e dos segmentados (r=-0,255; p<0,001). Indivíduos reinternados em 30 dias apresentaram valores de segmentados de 7.440mm³ (6.590 a 8.360mm³), maior em relação aos não reinternados, com 7.100mm³ (6.100 a 8.022mm³), sendo p=0,05. Os participantes que morreram por qualquer causa possuíam hemoglobina de 12,0g/dL (11,4 a 13,7g/dL), inferior aos indivíduos que permaneceram vivos em 30 dias, cujos valores foram de 13,7g/dL (12,5 a 14,9g/dL), sendo p=0,021. Conclusão: A contagem maior de plaquetas está associada à dislipidemia. Valores de hemoglobina baixas estão associados a um pior prognóstico em 30 dias e aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia. A contagem maior de leucócitos está associada à reinternação em 30 dias e correlacionada à gravidade e à complexidade da lesão do infarto.

Objective: To evaluate the association of hematological indices with risk factors, complexity, and severity of the acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective cohort, nested to Catarina Heart Study, performed in a public hospital of Florianópolis. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, 580 participants were analyzed. Diabetic individuals had hemoglobin levels of 13.0g/dL (12.0 to 14.1g/dL), lower than those in non-diabetic individuals, with values of 14.0g/dL (12.7 to 15.0g/dL; p<0.001). Individuals with dyslipidemia had hemoglobin and segmented leukocytes of, respectively, 13.3g/dL (12.1 to 14.4g/dL) and 6,910mm³ (5,990 to 7,807mm³), lower than in non-dyslipidemic individuals, who had, respectively, 14.0g/dL (12.8 to 15.0g/dL; p<0.001) and 7,205mm³ (6,300 to 8,030mm³; p=0.038). Platelet count was higher in those who had dyslipidemia, 224,000mm³ (178,000 to 273,500mm³), when compared to non-dyslipidemic, 210,000mm³ (173,000 to 255,000mm³; p=0.029). There was a correlation between Syntax and leukocyte count (r=0.143, p=0.001) and segmented (r=0.222; p<0.001). There was a negative correlation between ventricular ejection fraction and leukocytes count (r=-0.173; p<0.001) and segmented (r=-0.255; p<0.001). Individuals readmitted in 30 days had segmented values of 7,440mm³ (6,590 to 8,360mm³), higher compared to non-readmitted, with 7,100mm³ (6,100 to 8,022mm³), p=0,05. Individuals who died of any cause had hemoglobin of 12.0g/dL (11.4 to 13.7g/dL), lower than those that remained alive in 30 days, with values of 13.7g/dL (12.5 to 14.9g/dL), p=0.021. Conclusion: Higher platelet count is associated with dyslipidemia. Low hemoglobin values are associated with worse outcomes in 30 days and with cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Higher leukocyte count is associated with readmission in 30 days and is also correlated to the severity and complexity of acute myorcardial infarction.

Características do primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio em indivíduos jovens / Characteristics of the first acute myocardial infarction in young adults

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil de gravidade de pessoas muito jovens (<30 anos) e jovens (<40 anos) atendidas com o primeiro episódio de infarto agudo do miocárdio e relacionar os fatores de risco e as lesões coronarianas. Método: Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva que avaliou 712 pessoas no período de agosto de 2016 a fevereiro de 2020, hospitalizadas pelo primeiro episódio de infarto agudo do miocárdio e atendidas na região da Grande Florianópolis. Foram avaliados fatores de risco, os escores Syntax e TIMI frame count, a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, o valor de delta t e o tempo porta-balão. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p<0,05. Resultado: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica teve menor prevalência entre os participantes muito jovens (<30 anos) quando comparados aos com mais idade (0% versus 58,7%; p=0,012), o que se repete também no grupo dos jovens (<40 anos), quando comparados aos com mais idade (26,1% versus 59,3%; p=0,002). Houve maior prevalência de uso de álcool nos muito jovens (80% versus 33,3%; p=0,046), e a prevalência de drogadição neste grupo foi de 40%, quando comparados aos pacientes com 30 anos ou mais (3,3%; p=0,046), e, nos jovens (<40 anos), quando comparados aos com 40 anos ou mais, foi de 21,7% (versus 2,9%; p=0,011). Os menores de 40 anos tiveram mais eventos com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST quando comparados aos pacientes com mais idade ­ sendo que, no grupo dos muito jovem (<30 anos), 100% apresentaram essa alteração eletrocardiográfica versus 48,8% nos com 30 anos ou mais (p=0,028). Os jovens tiveram maior razão de chances de apresentar disfunção ventricular esquerda pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (razão de chance de 4,24; p=0,026), além de apresentarem um fator protetor para melhor reperfusão coronariana pós-angioplastia (razão de chance de 0,135; p=0,063) e não obtiveram diferença significativa quanto ao delta t prolongado (razão de chance de 0,72; p=0,547) e ao tempo porta-balão prolongado (razão de chance de 0,86; p=0,776). Conclusão: Jovens têm menor prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e maior de uso de drogas e álcool. Em sua maioria, apresentaram infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e maior razão de chances de apresentar disfunção ventricular esquerda, apesar de um maior fluxo coronariano pós- -angioplastia. Não houve diferença quanto ao delta t e tempo porta-balão entre os participantes jovens e muito jovens.

Objective: To assess the severity profile of very young (<30 years old) and young (<40 years old) people seen with the first episode of myocardial infarction and to relate risk factors and coronary lesions. Method: A prospective cohort was performed that evaluated 712 individuals, from August 2016 to February 2020, admitted with first episode of myocardial infarction in hospitals in the metropolitan area of Florianópolis. Risk factors, Syntax scores, TIMI frame count, left ventricular ejection fraction, delta-t value, and door-to-balloon time were evaluated. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Result: Systemic arterial hypertension had a lower prevalence in very young (<30 years) when compared to the older ones (0% versus 58.7%; p=0.012), and is the same for the young group (<40 years) when compared to the older ones (26.1% versus 59.3%; p=0.002). There was a higher prevalence of alcohol use in the very young (80% versus 33.3%; p=0.046) and the prevalence of drug addiction in this group was of 40% when compared the participants of 30 years or more (versus 3.3%; p=0.046), and, in the young group (<40 years) when compared to those of 40 years or more was of 21.7% (versus 2.9%; p=0.011). The ones below 40 years had more ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction when compared to the older patients ­ and in the very young group (<30 years) 100% showed this electrocardiographic alteration versus 48.8% in those of 30 years or more (p=0.028). The young group had a higher odds ratio for left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction (odds ratio of 4.24; p=0.026), and had a protecting factor for better post-angioplasty coronary reperfusion (odds ratio of 0.135; p=0.063) and showed no significant difference in terms of prolonged delta-t (odds ratio of 0.72; p=0.547) and prolonged door-to-balloon time (odds ratio of 0.86; p=0.776). Conclusion: Young people have a lower prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and a higher prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse. Most of them had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and a higher odds ratio for presenting left ventricular dysfunction, despite a greater coronary flow after angioplasty. There was no difference regarding delta-t and door-to-balloon time among young and very young participants.

Ultrasound study of forearm arteries in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and assessment of predictors of arterial vessel caliber

BACKGROUND: The radial approach has been increasingly used worldwide for diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization. The radial artery caliber is one of the limitations of its use. The objective of this study was to describe the anatomy of the radial and ulnar arteries, as well as to develop a radial artery diameter prediction score using clinical and anthropometric criteria. METHODS: Using vascular ultrasound with bilateral radial and ulnar artery measurements, 1,180 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization or angioplasty procedures were prospectively evaluated. Using the patients' variables, a radial artery diameter prediction score was developed in a cross-sectional fashion, using half of the sample. The score was validated with the half not used for deriving the model. RESULTS: A total of 1,180 patients were evaluated. The mean internal diameter of the right and left radial arteries was 2.69±0.69mm and 2.53±0.64mm (p<0.01), and the mean internal diameter of the right and left ulnar arteries was 2.09±0.59mm and 2.10±0.60mm (p=0.76), respectively. The factors that positively correlated with arterial size were male sex, previous catheterization, height, weight, and body surface area. The risk score developed using clinical and anthropometric variables had unsatisfactory discriminatory capacity (c-statistics 0.64). CONCLUSION: The right radial artery is the largest forearm artery in most cases. Men and patients who had previously undergone catheterization have a larger mean radial artery diameter. The artery diameter prediction score has modest accuracy for clinical use. (AU)

Association Between Chocolate Consumption and Severity of First Infarction

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, are the main causes of death in the world. The flavonoids present in chocolate can have benefits for people who have risk factors to the development of cardiovascular diseases and have a coadjuvant effect on known therapies. Objective: To analyze the association between chocolate consumption, severity of coronary lesions, risk factors and severity of the first infarction in patients attended at the Cardiology Institute of Santa Catarina and other hospitals in the State of Santa Catarina. Methods: Subanalysis of the Catarina Heart Study cohort, evaluated 350 patients with first myocardial infarction. We evaluated clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic laboratorial variables. We used chi square test to evaluate qualitative variables, t student test in the case of parametric variables and U Mann Whitney test in non-parametric variables. We considered significant p < 0,05. Results: Lower prevalence of hypertension (43.2% % vs. 62.3% p = 0.003), diabetes mellitus (13.5% vs. 25.7%, p = 0.027) and smoking (24.3% vs. 37.7%, p = 0.032) among those who consume chocolate. Higher use of alcohol (40.5% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.018) and drugs (9.5% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.023) among those who consumed chocolate. Among the patients who consumed chocolate, there was a negative correlation between amount consumed and Syntax (r = -0.296, p = 0.019). Conclusion: There was association between chocolate consumption and lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and smoking. There was no association between amount of chocolate consumed and post-infarction ventricular function and TIMI frame count. Higher prevalence of alcohol and drug use among those who consume chocolate. Negative correlation between Syntax and the amount of chocolate consumed.

Association between Smoking and Alcohol Consumption and the Severity of Coronary Artery Injuries in Patients with AMI

Smoking is the most important risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic events; alcohol consumption, on the other hand, appears to have a protective role. Objective: Assess the association between smoking and alcohol consumption with the severity of coronary artery injuries in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Cross-sectional study, performed in Santa Catarina. Variables were evaluated using the Chi-squared T/Fisher's exact test, Kendall's correlation coefficient, Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Between August 2016 to June 2017, 226 patients were evaluated with first episode of AMI. There was a difference in sex distribution, showing that 59.7% of men and 85.4% of women were not alcoholic (p < 0.001). There was a higher prevalence of non-hypertensive patients who consumed alcohol than hypertensive ones (40.7% vs. 24.4% and p = 0.010) and patients without diabetes who had drinking habits than those diabetic (36.4% vs. 12.0% and p = 0.001). There was also a higher prevalence of non-diabetic patients who smoked than diabetic ones (38.1% vs. 22.0% and p = 0.035). A weak and negative correlation was found between the number of cigarettes per day and the pack-year with the TIMI frame count (r = -0.174 and p = 0.041 and r = -0.192 and p = 0.027, respectively). The other associations did not show statistical significance. Conclusion: The study showed that the number of cigarettes consumed per day and the pack-year is related to a smaller TIMI frame count, i.e., to a better coronary flow, which may be related to the Smoker's Paradox. There was no correlation between the beverage type and quantity with the SYNTAX score, Ejection fraction and TIMI frame count

Analysis of the Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Angiography in Two Cardiology Services of Southern Brazil / Análise do Uso dos Critérios de Indicação de Coronariografia em Dois Serviços de Cardiologia do Sul do Brasil

Abstract Background: Despite its great relevance, there are no studies in our country evaluating the application of the 2012 guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac diagnostic catheterization. Objective: To analyze the adequacy of coronary angiography performed in two hospitals in the southern region of Brazil. Methods: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study, which analyzed indications, results and proposals for the treatment of 737 coronary angiograms performed in a tertiary hospital with multiple specialties (Hospital A) and a tertiary cardiology hospital (Hospital B). Elective or emergency coronary angiographies were included, except for cases of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 737 coronary angiograms, 63.9% were performed in male patients. The mean age was 61.6 years. The indication was acute coronary syndrome in 57.1%, and investigation of coronary artery disease in 42.9% of the cases. Regarding appropriation, 80.6% were classified as appropriate, 15.1% occasionally appropriate, and 4.3% rarely appropriate. The proposed treatment was clinical for 62.7%, percutaneous coronary intervention for 24.6%, and myocardial revascularization surgery for 12.7% of the cases. Of the coronary angiographies classified as rarely appropriate, 56.2% were related to non-performance of previous functional tests, and 21.9% showed severe coronary lesions. However, regardless of the outcome of coronary angiography, all patients in this group were indicated for clinical treatment. Conclusion: We observed a low number of rarely appropriate coronary angiograms in our sample. The guideline recommendation in these cases was adequate, and no patient required revascularization treatment. Most of these cases are due to non-performance of functional tests.

Resumo Fundamento: Apesar de sua grande relevância, não existem trabalhos em nosso país que avaliem a aplicação das diretrizes de 2012 para uso apropriado do cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico. Objetivo: Analisar a apropriação das coronariografias realizadas em dois hospitais da região sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico, que analisou as indicações, resultados e propostas de tratamento de 737 coronariografias realizadas em um hospital terciário com múltiplas especialidades (Hospital A) e um hospital cardiológico terciário (Hospital B). Foram incluídas coronariografias eletivas ou de urgência, com exceção dos casos de infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Do total de 737 coronariografias, 63,9% foram realizadas em pacientes do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 61,6 anos. A indicação foi síndrome coronariana aguda em 57,1% e investigação de doença arterial coronariana em 42,9% dos casos. Em relação à apropriação, 80,6% foram classificadas como apropriadas, 15,1% ocasionalmente apropriadas e 4,3% raramente apropriadas. O tratamento proposto foi clínico para 62,7%, intervenção coronária percutânea para 24,6% e cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica para 12,7% dos casos. Das coronariografias classificadas como raramente apropriadas, 56,2% foram relacionadas à não realização de provas funcionais prévias e 21,9% apresentaram lesões coronarianas graves. Porém, independentemente do resultado da coronariografia, todos os pacientes nesse grupo foram indicados para tratamento clínico. Conclusão: Observamos baixo número de coronariografias raramente apropriadas em nossa amostra. A recomendação da diretriz nesses casos foi adequada, sendo que nenhum paciente necessitou de tratamento de revascularização. A maior parte desses casos se deve à não realização de provas funcionais.

Analysis of the Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Angiography in Two Cardiology Services of Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Despite its great relevance, there are no studies in our country evaluating the application of the 2012 guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac diagnostic catheterization. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the adequacy of coronary angiography performed in two hospitals in the southern region of Brazil. METHODS: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study, which analyzed indications, results and proposals for the treatment of 737 coronary angiograms performed in a tertiary hospital with multiple specialties (Hospital A) and a tertiary cardiology hospital (Hospital B). Elective or emergency coronary angiographies were included, except for cases of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Of the 737 coronary angiograms, 63.9% were performed in male patients. The mean age was 61.6 years. The indication was acute coronary syndrome in 57.1%, and investigation of coronary artery disease in 42.9% of the cases. Regarding appropriation, 80.6% were classified as appropriate, 15.1% occasionally appropriate, and 4.3% rarely appropriate. The proposed treatment was clinical for 62.7%, percutaneous coronary intervention for 24.6%, and myocardial revascularization surgery for 12.7% of the cases. Of the coronary angiographies classified as rarely appropriate, 56.2% were related to non-performance of previous functional tests, and 21.9% showed severe coronary lesions. However, regardless of the outcome of coronary angiography, all patients in this group were indicated for clinical treatment. CONCLUSION: We observed a low number of rarely appropriate coronary angiograms in our sample. The guideline recommendation in these cases was adequate, and no patient required revascularization treatment. Most of these cases are due to non-performance of functional tests.

Correlação entre fatores clínicos e educacionais e atraso na chegada ao hospital no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Corelation between clinical and educational factors and delayed hospital arrival in myocardial infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and one of the factors with the greatest prognostic impact is early specialist care, but there are still many factors that delay patient's arrival at the hospital. Objective: To correlate social, educational, cognitive and clinical factors with time to hospital arrival after the onset of acute myocardial infarction's first symptoms. Methods: Time interval to search for medical care was measured by patient's report of the onset of infarction's first symptoms and hospital admission verified through electronic medical data of the emergency service. The correlation between delta-T and other variables was performed through Kendall's correlation. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no correlation between delta-T and scholarity, or between delta - T and Mini Mental State Examination performance, as well as no association between the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history, sedentary lifestyle or smoking with arrival time at the hospital. Comparisons between delta-T and marital status were also not statistically significant. Transfer from another health service and city of origin were the most determinant delay factors in our population's arrival at the hospital. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, in our population, educational, social and cognitive factors are not directly related to the delay in arriving at the hospital

Fundamentos: O infarto agudo do miocárdio se configura como uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo, e um dos fatores de maior impacto prognóstico é o atendimento especializado precoce, porém ainda existem inúmeros fatores que retardam a chegada do paciente até o hospital. Objetivo: Correlacionar fatores sociais, educacionais, cognitivos e clínicos com o tempo para a chegada no hospital após os primeiros sintomas de infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: O tempo para a busca de atendimento médico foi mensurado entre o início dos primeiros sintomas de infarto relatado pelo paciente e o registro da admissão hospitalar em prontuário eletrônico do serviço de emergência. A correlação entre o delta T e outras variáveis foi verificada por meio da correlação de Kendall. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Não houve correlação entre delta T e escolaridade, e nem entre delta T e desempenho no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, assim como não houve associação entre a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, história familiar ou tabagismo com o tempo de chegada no hospital. Comparações entre delta T e estado civil também não foram estatisticamente significativas. A transferência de outro serviço de saúde e a região de procedência foram os fatores que mais determinaram atraso no atendimento especializado de nossa população. Conclusão: Fatores educacionais, sociais e cognitivos não estiveram diretamente relacionados ao atraso na chegada ao hospital

Correlation between Clinical and Educational Factors and Delayed Hospital Arrival in Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and one of the factors with the greatest prognostic impact is early specialist care, but there are still many factors that delay patient's arrival at the hospital. Objective: To correlate social, educational, cognitive and clinical factors with time to hospital arrival after the onset of acute myocardial infarction's first symptoms. Methods: Time interval to search for medical care was measured by patient's report of the onset of infarction's first symptoms and hospital admission verified through electronic medical data of the emergency service. The correlation between delta-T and other variables was performed through Kendall's correlation. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no correlation between delta-T and scholarity, or between delta - T and Mini Mental State Examination performance, as well as no association between the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history, sedentary lifestyle or smoking with arrival time at the hospital. Comparisons between delta-T and marital status were also not statistically significant. Transfer from another health service and city of origin were the most determinant delay factors in our population's arrival at the hospital. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, in our population, educational, social and cognitive factors are not directly related to the delay in arriving at the hospital