A multivariate generalized Cp and surface estimation.

We propose a new multivariate generalized Cp (MGCp) criterion for tuning parameter selection in nonparametric regression, applicable when there are multiple covariates whose values may be irregularly spaced. Apart from an asymptotically negligible remainder, the MGCp criterion has expected value equal to the sum of squared errors of a fitted derivative (rather than of a fitted mean response). Thus, unlike traditional criteria for tuning parameter selection, MGCp is not prone to undersmoothed derivative estimation. We illustrate a scientific application in a case study that explores the relationship among three measures of liver function. Since recent technological developments hold promise for assessing two of these measures outside of medical and laboratory facilities, better understanding of the aforementioned relationship may allow enhanced monitoring of liver function, especially in developing countries and among persons for whom access to medical and laboratory facilities is limited.

Withaferin A effectively targets soluble vimentin in the glaucoma filtration surgical model of fibrosis.

Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural product that binds to soluble forms of the type III intermediate filament (IF) vimentin. Currently, it is unknown under what pathophysiological contexts vimentin is druggable, as cytoskeltal vimentin-IFs are abundantly expressed. To investigate druggability of vimentin, we exploited rabbit Tenon's capsule fibroblast (RbTCF) cell cultures and the rabbit glaucoma filtration surgical (GFS) model of fibrosis. WFA potently caused G0/G1 cell cycle inhibition (IC50 25 nM) in RbTCFs, downregulating ubiquitin E3 ligase skp2 and inducing p27(Kip1) expression. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-induced myofibroblast transformation caused development of cell spheroids with numerous elongated invadopodia, which WFA blocked potently by downregulating soluble vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. In the pilot proof-of-concept study using the GFS model, subconjunctival injections of a low WFA dose reduced skp2 expression in Tenon's capsule and increased p27(Kip1) expression without significant alteration to vimentin-IFs. This treatment maintains significant nanomolar WFA concentrations in anterior segment tissues that correspond to WFA's cell cycle targeting activity. A ten-fold higher WFA dose caused potent downregulation of soluble vimentin and skp2 expression, but as found in cell cultures, no further increase in p27(Kip1) expression was observed. Instead, this high WFA dose potently induced vimentin-IF disruption and downregulated α-SMA expression that mimicked WFA activity in TGF-ß-treated RbTCFs that blocked cell contractile activity at submicromolar concentrations. These findings illuminate that localized WFA injection to ocular tissues exerts pharmacological control over the skp2-p27(Kip1) pathway by targeting of soluble vimentin in a model of surgical fibrosis.

Corneal antifibrotic switch identified in genetic and pharmacological deficiency of vimentin.

The type III intermediate filaments (IFs) are essential cytoskeletal elements of mechanosignal transduction and serve critical roles in tissue repair. Mice genetically deficient for the IF protein vimentin (Vim(-/-)) have impaired wound healing from deficits in myofibroblast development. We report a surprising finding made in Vim(-/-) mice that corneas are protected from fibrosis and instead promote regenerative healing after traumatic alkali injury. This reparative phenotype in Vim(-/-) corneas is strikingly recapitulated by the pharmacological agent withaferin A (WFA), a small molecule that binds to vimentin and down-regulates its injury-induced expression. Attenuation of corneal fibrosis by WFA is mediated by down-regulation of ubiquitin-conjugating E3 ligase Skp2 and up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). In cell culture models, WFA exerts G(2)/M cell cycle arrest in a p27(Kip1)- and Skp2-dependent manner. Finally, by developing a highly sensitive imaging method to measure corneal opacity, we identify a novel role for desmin overexpression in corneal haze. We demonstrate that desmin down-regulation by WFA via targeting the conserved WFA-ligand binding site shared among type III IFs promotes further improvement of corneal transparency without affecting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor levels in Vim(-/-) mice. This dissociates a direct role for desmin in corneal cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings illuminate a previously unappreciated pathogenic role for type III IF overexpression in corneal fibrotic conditions and also validate WFA as a powerful drug lead toward anti-fibrosis therapeutic development.

Story processing ability in cognitively healthy younger and older adults.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among measures of comprehension and production for stories depicted in wordless pictures books and measures of memory and attention for 2 age groups. METHOD: Sixty cognitively healthy adults participated. They consisted of two groups--young adults (20-29 years of age) and older adults (70-89 years of age). Participants completed cognitive measures and several discourse tasks; these included telling stories depicted in wordless picture books and answering multiple-choice comprehension questions pertaining to the story. RESULTS: The 2 groups did not differ significantly for proportion of story propositions conveyed; however, the younger group performed significantly better on the comprehension measure as compared with the older group. Only the older group demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the story measures. Performance on the production and comprehension measures significantly correlated with performance on the cognitive measures for the older group but not for the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between adults' comprehension of stimuli used to elicit narrative production samples and their narrative productions differed across the life span, suggesting that discourse processing performance changes in healthy aging. Finally, the study's findings suggest that memory and attention contribute to older adults' story processing performance.

Withaferin A targets intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in a model of retinal gliosis.

Gliosis is a biological process that occurs during injury repair in the central nervous system and is characterized by the overexpression of the intermediate filaments (IFs) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. A common thread in many retinal diseases is reactive Müller cell gliosis, an untreatable condition that leads to tissue scarring and even blindness. Here, we demonstrate that the vimentin-targeting small molecule withaferin A (WFA) is a novel chemical probe of GFAP. Using molecular modeling studies that build on the x-ray crystal structure of tetrameric vimentin rod 2B domain we reveal that the WFA binding site is conserved in the corresponding domain of tetrameric GFAP. Consequently, we demonstrate that WFA covalently binds soluble recombinant tetrameric human GFAP at cysteine 294. In cultured primary astrocytes, WFA binds to and down-regulates soluble vimentin and GFAP expression to cause cell cycle G(0)/G(1) arrest. Exploiting a chemical injury model that overexpresses vimentin and GFAP in retinal Müller glia, we demonstrate that systemic delivery of WFA down-regulates soluble vimentin and GFAP expression in mouse retinas. This pharmacological knockdown of soluble IFs results in the impairment of GFAP filament assembly and inhibition of cell proliferative response in Müller glia. We further show that a more severe GFAP filament assembly deficit manifests in vimentin-deficient mice, which is partly rescued by WFA. These findings illustrate WFA as a chemical probe of type III IFs and illuminate this class of withanolide as a potential treatment for diverse gliosis-dependent central nervous system traumatic injury conditions and diseases, and for orphan IF-dependent pathologies.

Protective effects of selenium against DNA adduct formation in Inuit environmentally exposed to PCBs.

Dietary habits that expose populations to potential toxicants as well as protective agents simultaneously are a realistic scenario where a meaningful assessment of the interactions and net benefit or damage can be made. A group of Inuit from Salluit, Northern Canada are exposed to high levels of PCBs and selenium, both present in the Inuit traditional foods such as blubber from sea mammals and fatty fish. Blood samples were collected from 83 Inuit, 22-70 years old. Blood selenium and PCB levels were determined previously and ranged from 227 to 2069µg/L and 1.7 to 143µg/L, respectively. DNA isolated from white blood cells were analyzed by modified (32)P-postlabeling adductomics technology that detects a multitude of highly polar to lipophilic adducts. The levels of 8-oxodG adducts ranged from 470 to 7400 adducts/10(9) nucleotides. Other as yet unidentified polar adducts showed a 30 to 800-fold inter-individual variability. Adduct levels were negatively associated with PCB and selenium levels. The subjects were classified into high and low ratio groups, with respect to selenium/PCB. In the high ratio group, the coefficient of selenium is significantly negatively correlated with 8-oxodG (r = -0.38, p = 0.014) and total adducts (r = -0.41, p = 0.009) while there was no correlation within the low selenium/PCB group. This study suggests that increasing selenium has mitigating effect in reducing DNA adducts and therefore, possible negative effects of PCB were not seen. A protective effect of selenium is highlighted.

Effect of antioxidant phytochemicals on the hepatic tumor promoting activity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77).

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have promoting activity in the liver, which may be brought about in part by the induction of oxidative stress. In this study we examined the effects of several antioxidant phytochemicals on the tumor promoting activity of 3,3',4'4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77). Female Sprague Dawley rats were first injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 150 mg/kg) and one week later the rats were fed an AIN-93 based purified diet or the same diet containing ellagic acid (0.4%), beta-carotene (0.5%), curcumin (0.5%), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 1.0%), coenzyme CoQ10 (CoQ10, 0.4%), resveratrol (0.005%), lycopene (10% as Lycovit, which contains 10% lycopene), or a tea extract (1%, containing 16.5% epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG] and 33.4% total catechins). Rats were fed the diets for the remainder of the study. After three weeks, 2/3 of the control rats and all of the antioxidant diet-fed rats were injected i.p. with PCB-77 (300 micromol/kg) every other week for four injections. All rats were euthanized ten days after the last PCB injection. The rats that received PCB-77 alone showed an increase in the number and size of placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST)-positive foci in the liver. Lycopene significantly decreased the number of foci, while curcumin and CoQ10 decreased the size of the foci. In contrast, ellagic acid increased the number but decreased the size of the foci. All of the other phytochemicals showed only slight or no effects. Compared with the PCB-77 group, CoQ10 increased cell proliferation in normal hepatocytes, whereas the other antioxidants had no effect in either normal or PGST-positive hepatocytes. These findings show that none of the antioxidant phytochemicals produced a clear decrease in the promoting activity of PCB-77.

Dietary berries and ellagic acid diminish estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis in ACI rats.

Estrogen acts as a complete mammary carcinogen in ACI rats. Prevention studies in this model allowed us to identify agents that are effective against estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated efficacy of dietary berries and ellagic acid to reduce estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. Female ACI rats (8-9 wk) were fed either AIN-93M diet (n = 25) or diet supplemented with either powdered blueberry (n = 19) and black raspberry (n = 19) at 2.5% wt/wt each or ellagic acid (n = 22) at 400 ppm. Animals received implants of 17beta-estradiol 2 wk later, were palpated periodically for mammary tumors, and were euthanized after 24 wk. No differences were found in tumor incidence at 24 wk; however, tumor volume and multiplicity were reduced significantly after intervention. Compared with the control group (average tumor volume = 685 +/- 240 mm3 and tumor multiplicity = 8.0 +/- 1.3), ellagic acid reduced the tumor volume by 75% (P < 0.005) and tumor multiplicity by 44% (P < 0.05). Black raspberry followed closely, with tumor volume diminished by > 69% (P < 0.005) and tumor multiplicity by 37% (P = 0.07). Blueberry showed a reduction (40%) only in tumor volume. This is the first report showing the significant efficacy of both ellagic acid and berries in the prevention of solely estrogen-induced mammary tumors.

Effect of dietary selenium on the promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that have promoting activity in the liver. PCBs induce oxidative stress, which may influence carcinogenesis. Epidemiological studies strongly suggest an inverse relationship between dietary selenium (Se) and cancer. Despite evidence linking Se deficiency to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver necrosis, the underlying mechanisms for Se cancer protection in the liver remain to be determined. We examined the effect of dietary Se on the tumor promoting activities of two PCBs congeners, 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) and 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) using a 2-stage carcinogenesis model. An AIN-93 torula yeast-based purified diet containing 0.02 (deficient), 0.2 (adequate), or 2.0 mg (supplemental) selenium/kg diet was fed to Sprague-Dawley female rats starting ten days after administering a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (150 mg/kg). After being fed the selenium diets for 3 weeks, rats received four i.p. injections of either PCB-77 or PCB-153 (150 micromol/kg) administered every 14 days. The number of placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST)-positive foci per cm(3) and per liver among the PCB-77-treated rats was increased as the Se dietary level increased. Unlike PCB-77, rats receiving PCB-153 did not show the same Se dose-response effect; nevertheless, Se supplementation did not confer protection against foci development. However, the 2.0 ppm Se diet reduced the mean focal volume, indicating a possible protective effect by inhibiting progression of preneoplastic lesions into larger foci. Cell proliferation was not inhibited by Se in the liver of the PCB-treated groups. Se did not prevent the PCB-77-induced decrease of hepatic Se and associated reduction in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. In contrast, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity was not affected by the PCBs treatment or by Se supplementation. These findings indicate that Se does not inhibit the number of PGST-positive foci induced during promotion by PCBs, but that the size of the lesions may be inhibited. The effects of Se on altered hepatic foci do not correlate with its effects on GPx and TrxR.

DNA damage associated with PCBs in the whole blood cells of Inuit.

Lower chlorinated PCBs can damage DNA directly or via free radical mechanisms. In order to assess the DNA-damaging potential of PCBs in humans, blood samples were collected from Inuit population from Salluit, Northern Canada. Their diet comprises blubber from sea mammals and fatty fish, which accumulate non-biodegradable PCBs at varying levels. The 103 samples thus collected were categorized into low-, medium- and high-PCB exposure groups. A comprehensive (32)P-postlabeling adductomics technology, which allows measure differences in DNA adduct profiles of polar and lipophilic adducts between control and exposure groups, was applied to these samples to assess the effect of PCB on DNA damage. The adduct patterns obtained were qualitatively similar to other human tissues studied previously. A range of highly polar to lipophilic subgroups of adducts were detected. The known oxidative lesion, 8-oxodG was predominant. While some individual adducts appear to accumulate with increasing PCB levels, a definitive association could not be made. A possible confounder effect of selenium is discussed.

Dose-dependent reduction of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-derived DNA adducts in colon and liver of rats administered celecoxib.

Colon cancer is second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. Diet and smoking, which contain aromatic and heterocyclic amines, are major risk factors for colon cancer. Colorectal cancers have a natural history of long latency and therefore provide ample opportunities for effective chemoprevention. 3,2'-Dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP) is an experimental aromatic amine that causes cancer in rat colon and serves as an experimental model for arylamine and heterocyclic amine mutagens derived from diet and smoking. In this study, we investigated the effects of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on DMABP-induced DNA adduct formation in rat liver and colon. Male F-344 rats (5-week old) were provided free access to modified AIN-76A rat chow containing 0 (control), 500, 1000, or 1500 ppm celecoxib. Two weeks later, the rats received a subcutaneous injection of 100mg/kg DMABP in peanut oil. Two days after DMABP treatment, the rats were killed and DMABP-derived adducts were analyzed in colon and liver DNA by butanol extraction-mediated (32)P-postlabeling. Two major DNA adducts, identified as dG-C8-DMABP and dG-N(2)-DMABP, were detected in liver and colon of rats treated with DMABP. These DNA adducts were diminished approximately 35-40% with 500 ppm and 65-70% with 1,000 ppm celecoxib. In the colon, no further decline in DNA adducts was observed at 1500 ppm. The same DMABP-DNA adducts also were detected in the liver and were also diminished by celecoxib treatment. The reduction in DMABP-DNA adduct levels in celecoxib-treated animals provides further support for celecoxib as a chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer.

Time-dependent formation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in the lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

Active and passive smoking are major risk factors for lung cancer. Pro-oxidants in tobacco smoke have been implicated in smoking-associated disease development due to their potential role in inducing oxidative stress. Previous studies have failed to associate increased levels of oxidative damage to DNA with the formation of the potentially mutagenic lesion, 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), probably due to repair of this lesion. However, no systematic studies have been performed to assess the dose- and time-dependent formation and removal of this lesion by cigarette smoke exposure. In the present study, female A/J mice were exposed to side-stream cigarette smoke in a whole body exposure chamber for 6 h a day, 5 days a week for up to 6 weeks. Age-matched controls were maintained in filtered ambient air. Lung tissues were harvested from 2, 4, and 6 weeks smoke-exposed mice after 1, 3, 6, and 20 h, following the cessation of smoking. A significant increase in the levels of 8-oxodG in lung DNA was observed in 10 day smoke-exposed mice at 1 (11.5+/-1.1/10(6) nucleotides), 3 (20.2+/-2.7/10(6) nucleotides; p=0.0008), and 6 h (17.2+/-1.0/10(6) nucleotides; p<0.005) postcessation, as compared with age-matched sham treatment (8.8+/-2.3/10(6) nucleotides) (mean+/-SD). The levels significantly declined 20 h after the cessation of smoke exposure (14.0+/-1.6/10(6) nucleotides), although they were still higher than the control. Our results strongly suggest that there is a significant increase in the 8-oxodG levels immediately after the cessation of smoking, which is repaired over time. This initial increase in 8-oxodG levels may lead to gene mutations, and accumulation of such mutations over time can eventually lead to malignant transformation of the cells.

Derivatives of scattering profiles: tools for nanoparticle characterization.

This paper presents a new approach to characterize nanoparticles using derivatives of scattering profiles of evanescent waves/surface plasmons. We start the procedure using the scattering profiles for an unknown configuration of nanoparticles, either from physical experiments or numerical simulations conducted for different nanoparticles on surfaces. We apply the statistical technique of compound estimation to recover the derivatives of scattering profiles. The L(1) discrepancies with the corresponding curves from known configurations are used to identify the most plausible configuration of particles that could yield the "experimental" profiles. We conduct a simulation study to see how often the new procedure correctly recovers the agglomeration level for gold spherical nanoparticles on a thin gold film. The results suggest that first derivatives are much more effective for characterization than undifferentiated profiles and that M(33) is the most useful element for distinguishing among configurations. The proposed compound estimation technique is more effective than typical inverse analyses based on look-up tables and can be used effectively in nanoparticle characterization platforms.

The effect of dietary glycine on the hepatic tumor promoting activity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rats.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitious lipophilic environmental pollutants. Some of the PCB congeners and mixtures of congeners have tumor promoting activity in rat liver. The mechanism of their activity is not fully understood and is likely to be multifactorial. The aim of this study was to investigate if the resident liver macrophages, Kupffer cells, are important in the promoting activity of PCBs. The hypothesis of this study was that the inhibition of Kupffer cell activity would inhibit hepatic tumor promotion by PCBs in rats. To test our hypothesis, we studied the effects of Kupffer cell inhibition by dietary glycine (an inhibitor of Kupffer cell secretory activity) in a rat two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model using 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153, a non-dioxin-like PCB) or 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77, a dioxin-like PCB) as promoters. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 150 mg/kg) was administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats, which were then placed on an unrefined diet containing 5% glycine (or casein as nitrogen control) starting two weeks after DEN administration. On the third day after starting the diets, rats received PCB-77 (300 micromol/kg), PCB-153 (300 micromol/kg), or corn oil by i.p. injection. The rats received a total of 4 PCB injections, administered every 14 days. The rats were euthanized on the 10th day after the last PCB injection, and the formation of altered hepatic foci expressing placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST) and the rate of DNA synthesis in these foci and in the normal liver tissue were determined. Glycine did not significantly affect foci number or volume. PCB-153 did not significantly increase the focal volume, but increased the number of foci per liver, but only in the rats not fed glycine; PCB-77 increased both the foci number and their volume in both glycine-fed and control rats. Glycine did not alter the PCB content of the liver, but did increase the activity of 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase (BROD) in liver microsomes from PCB-153 treated rats. However, glycine did not affect the induction of ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity by PCB-77 in liver microsomes. Glycine diminished hepatocyte proliferation in PGST-positive foci, but not in normal tissue. Overall these results do not support the hypothesis that dietary glycine inhibits the promoting activities of PCBs. The observations that PCB-153 increased the number of foci per liver in control rats but not glycine-fed rats and that dietary glycine reduced cell proliferation in PGST-positive foci, however, do not allow us to completely rule out a role for dietary glycine. But the data overall indicate that Kupffer cells likely do not contribute to the tumor promoting activities of PCB-77 and PCB-153.

Mammary tumor induction in ACI rats exposed to low levels of 17beta-estradiol.

Animal models play a major role in understanding the etiology, molecular mechanisms, strategizing intervention and treatment of human diseases. ACI, an inbred line derived from August and Copenhagen strains, is unique for its susceptibility to estrogen-induced mammary tumors. Histologically and in many molecular aspects, the tumors formed in these rats are similar to human breast cancers. Previous studies have shown high mortality and significant weight loss in this model associated with pituitary gland abnormality. We hypothesized that this could be due to overwhelming the biological system with estrogen. Three groups of female ACI rats (7-8 weeks) received either 3-cm sham silastic implants, or the conventional 3-cm silastic implants containing 27 mg of 17beta-estradiol, or 1.2-cm silastic implants containing 9 mg 17beta-estradiol. The sham and 3-cm implant rats were euthanized at 180 days while the 1.2-cm implant rats were euthanized at 240 days. The 1.2-cm implants resulted in significantly reduced serum estrogen levels and pituitary gland size. Animals with 1.2-cm implants had 100% tumor incidence, while not all rats developed tumors with 3-cm implants. Both the tumor burden (from 1,011+/-402 to 2,324+/-454 mm(3); p=0.01) and tumor multiplicity (from 5.78+/-1.4 to 7.6+/-1.04) increased by lowering the estrogen dose, and the inter-animal variability in the tumor indices decreased. Finally, the weight of the pituitary gland was also significantly (p=0.0004) reduced (from 178+/-23.5 mg to 80+/-8.9 mg) and the mortality rate decreased from 42% to 0% (p=0.01). Our data indicate that the improvised model will provide valuable insights into the molecular alterations in the estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis and will be ideal for inhibition studies.

Modulation of novel DNA adducts during human uterine cervix cancer progression.

Progressive accumulation of DNA lesions leads to genetic mutations that are central to the process of tumorigenesis. Human cervix provides an ideal system to determine progressive accumulation of DNA adducts in the target tissue because of its accessibility during routine diagnostic checkups. Uterine cervix samples from various pathologies, i.e. normal (n=13), inflammation (n=9), dysplasia (n=5) and different stages of invasive cancer (n=47), were analyzed for DNA adduct burden by modified 32P-postlabeling/TLC systems. Six subgroups of adducts were detected in the following descending order of polarities: P-1, P-2, PL-1, PL-2, L-1 and L-2 (P, polar; L, lipophilic; PL, between polar and lipophilic). No qualitative differences were observed in adduct profiles in the various cervix pathologies analyzed. However, significant quantitative differences were found. Previously known lipophilic adducts increased significantly from normal to cancer (144+/-61 to 503+/-51 adducts/10(9) nucleotides). Interestingly, the newly discovered polar adducts were present at 61- to 527-fold higher levels than lipophilic adducts. Of all the polar adducts, the known mutagenic lesion, 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, predominated in all cervix conditions. Notably, this lesion was elevated 27-fold in inflammation compared with normal cervix (51,058+/-9,863 versus 1,886+/-507 adducts/10(9) nucleotides). The P-1, PL-1, PL-2 and L-1 adducts were elevated 3- to 13-fold in inflammation compared with normal cervix, and were also higher in dysplasia and cancer. Our data suggest that inflammation may be involved in directing the course of disease progression by accumulating higher levels of DNA lesions. The data further suggest the biomarker potential of the newly detected array of DNA adducts.

Functional multijoint position reproduction acuity in overhead-throwing athletes.

CONTEXT: Baseball players rely on the sensorimotor system to uphold the balance between upper extremity stability and mobility while maintaining athletic performance. However, few researchers have studied functional multijoint measures of sensorimotor acuity in overhead-throwing athletes. OBJECTIVE: To compare sensorimotor acuity between 2 high-demand functional positions and among planes of motion within individual joints and to describe a novel method of measuring sensorimotor function. DESIGN: Single-session, repeated-measures design. SETTING: University musculoskeletal research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (age = 20.8 +/- 1.5 years, height = 181.3 +/- 5.1 cm, mass = 87.8 +/- 9.1 kg) with no history of upper extremity injury or central nervous system disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We measured active multijoint position reproduction acuity in multiple planes using an electromagnetic tracking device. Subjects reproduced 2 positions: arm cock and ball release. We calculated absolute and variable error for individual motions at the scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, elbow, and wrist joints and calculated overall joint acuity with 3-dimensional variable error. RESULTS: Acuity was significantly better in the arm-cock position compared with ball release at the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints. We observed significant differences among planes of motion within the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints at ball release. Scapulothoracic internal rotation and glenohumeral horizontal abduction and rotation displayed less acuity than other motions. CONCLUSIONS: We established the reliability of a functional measure of upper extremity sensorimotor system acuity in baseball players. Using this technique, we observed differences in acuity between 2 test positions and among planes of motion within the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. Clinicians may consider these differences when designing and implementing sensorimotor system training. Our error scores are similar in magnitude to those reported using single-joint and single-plane measures. However, 3-dimensional, multijoint measures allow practical, unconstrained test positions and offer additional insight into the upper extremity as a functional unit.

A comparison of individual joint contributions to multijoint position reproduction acuity in overhead-throwing athletes.

BACKGROUND: Measures of joint position sense often test single-axis motions isolating a single joint. Such methods hamper our ability to apply findings to functional multijoint activities. Using a functional, active, multijoint test, we measured upper-extremity position reproduction in overhead-throwers. We compared acuity among four joints and examined individual joint contributions or patterns of contribution among joints to overall task acuity. METHODS: We used an electromagnetic tracking device to measure reproduction of two functional upper-extremity positions. We calculated absolute, constant and variable error at four upper-extremity joints around multiple axes of rotation: three axes at the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints and two axes at the elbow and wrist. To represent individual joint acuity, we calculated 3-dimensional variable error. Additional 3-dimensional variable error scores using deviation in hand position (with reference to the thorax) represented overall task acuity. We used principle component analyses to identify contributions of individual joints or patterns of contribution among joints to overall task acuity for absolute, constant and variable error. FINDINGS: Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints displayed better acuity compared with elbow and wrist joints. When examined separately, absolute, constant and variable error scores did not indicate any individual joint contributed more to task acuity. When we examined the principle components of all error score measures together, a distinct proximal-to-distal pattern of joint contribution to overall task acuity emerged. INTERPRETATION: Proximal joints display better reposition acuity compared with distal joints, however proximal joints contribute more to acuity of the overall task. Our results indicate that upper-extremity joints do not function independently in repositioning tasks and measures of absolute, constant and variable errors combined over multiple joints may better represent upper-extremity function.

Lung DNA adducts detected in human smokers are unrelated to typical polyaromatic carcinogens.

Several studies have reported the presence of DNA adducts derived from benzo(a)pyrene and other polyaromatics by 32P-postlabeling/TLC by measuring diagonal radioactive zones (DRZs) in lung tissues of human smokers. However, our experimental studies in rodent models, which used modified chromatographic conditions to obtain distinct adduct spots, suggested that cigarette smoke-related lipophilic DNA adducts may not be derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or aromatic amines. In the present study, we have performed similar analysis of human lung tissues to study the chemical nature of DNA adducts. Fifty human lung tissues from cancer patients (ages 42-83 years) with active, ex-, or never-smoking status were analyzed for highly lipophilic DNA adducts by nuclease P1- and n-butanol enrichment-mediated 32P-postlabeling assay. All DNA samples yielded low to highly intense adduct DRZs when adducts were resolved by PEI-cellulose TLC in standard high-salt, high-urea solvents. Adduct burden ranged from 6.6 to 2930 per 10(10) nucleotides. However, when adducts were resolved in a different solvent system comprising of high-salt, high-urea in direction 3 and dilute ammonium hydroxide in direction 4, which retained adducts derived from PAHs and aromatic amines on the chromatograms, this yielded no detectable adducts from human lung DNAs. Furthermore, analysis of human lung DNAs mixed with reference adducted DNAs in multisolvent systems confirmed an absence of PAH- and aromatic amine-derived adducts in human smoker lung DNA. To determine the origin of cigarette smoke-associated DNA adducts, calf thymus DNA was incubated with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are known to be present in cigarette smoke in significant quantities. Analysis of purified DNAs by 32P-postlabeling resulted in adduct DRZs in the aldehyde-modified DNAs when adducts were resolved in standard urea-containing solvents, but no adducts were detected when the ammonium hydroxide-based solvent was used, suggesting that even nonpolyaromatic electrophiles can result in adduct DRZs on the chromatograms similar to those from PAH metabolites. Taken together, our data demonstrate that cigarette smoke-associated lung DNA adducts appear on chromatograms as DRZs, consistent with the literature, but they are not related to PAHs and aromatic amines.

Nicotine attenuates morphological deficits in a contusion model of spinal cord injury.

Protection against the progression of secondary injury appears to be an effective therapeutic strategy in spinal cord injury (SCI). Evidence indicates that nicotine can induce potent neuroprotective effects against injury to spinal cord neurons. Therefore, the present study was focused on the effects of nicotine on the behavioral and morphological recovery associated with SCI. Adult male Long-Evans rats were subjected to a moderate contusion model of SCI and received subcutaneous injections of nicotine for 14 days at the dose of 0.35 or 7 mg/kg/day. The rats were examined using the BBB locomotor rating scale for 6 weeks. At the end of the BBB recording, spinal cords were examined for the volumetric tissue sparing of gray and white matters. All SCI rats demonstrated a loss of hindlimb function followed by a recovery phase that peaked at 2-3 weeks after the trauma. Compared to untreated SCI rats, chronic nicotine administration appeared to improve the recovery of the locomotor functions. Indeed, nicotine-treated animals scored consistently higher on the BBB scale indicating that the treatment altered animal behavior. However, when taking under consideration correction factors for multiple comparisons, these data did not reach significance at overall experimental levels of significance 0.05. Nevertheless, nicotine administration was effective in sparing tissue at injury epicenter and a lower dose of nicotine also resulted in significant sparing of white matter of the injured spinal cord. These results suggest that agonists of neuronal nicotinic receptors can be attractive candidates for SCI therapy.