Generation of Glycosyl Radicals from Glycosyl Sulfoxides and Its Use in the Synthesis of C-linked Glycoconjugates.

We here report glycosyl sulfoxides appended with an aryl iodide moiety as readily available, air and moisture stable precursors to glycosyl radicals. These glycosyl sulfoxides could be converted to glycosyl radicals by way of a rapid and efficient intramolecular radical substitution event. The use of this type of precursors enabled the synthesis of various complex C-linked glycoconjugates under mild conditions. This reaction could be performed in aqueous media and is amenable to the synthesis of glycopeptidomimetics and carbohydrate-DNA conjugates.

How to reprogram human fibroblasts to neurons.

Destruction and death of neurons can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. One possible way to treat neurodegenerative diseases and damage of the nervous system is replacing damaged and dead neurons by cell transplantation. If new neurons can replace the lost neurons, patients may be able to regain the lost functions of memory, motor, and so on. Therefore, acquiring neurons conveniently and efficiently is vital to treat neurological diseases. In recent years, studies on reprogramming human fibroblasts into neurons have emerged one after another, and this paper summarizes all these studies. Scientists find small molecules and transcription factors playing a crucial role in reprogramming and inducing neuron production. At the same time, both the physiological microenvironment in vivo and the physical and chemical factors in vitro play an essential role in the induction of neurons. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed these relevant factors. In addition, due to the unique advantages of physical factors in the process of reprogramming human fibroblasts into neurons, such as safe and minimally invasive, it has a more promising application prospect. Therefore, this paper also summarizes some successful physical mechanisms of utilizing fibroblasts to acquire neurons, which will provide new ideas for somatic cell reprogramming.

Enhanced catalytic activity of MIL-101(Fe) with coordinatively unsaturated sites for activating persulfate to degrade organic pollutants.

In this work, four novel defective MIL-101(Fe) catalysts with coordinatively unsaturated sites were successfully prepared via a facile synthesis strategy by employing benzoic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid as a modulator. The modified catalysts were demonstrated the existence of defects in the parent framework by a series of characterizations. As compared to the initial MIL-101(Fe), the electronic structure of defective MIL-101(Fe) catalyst was effectively adjusted; meanwhile, the coordinatively unsaturated Fe sites were efficiently generated and the pore sizes were enlarged. Besides, the defective MIL-101(Fe) catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance for rhodamine B degradation by persulfate activation. To be specific, the degradation rates of rhodamine B increased from 58.70 to 94.05%, 86.11%, 78.70%, and 82.62%, respectively. The defective MIL-101(Fe) with coordinatively unsaturated sites showed good reusability and stability, and the probable catalytic mechanism was also investigated.

Diastereo- and Enantioselective Propargylation of 5H-Thiazol-4-ones and 5H-Oxazol-4-ones as Enabled by Cu/Zn and Cu/Ti Catalysis.

Reported is the asymmetric propargylic substitution (APS) reaction of 5H-thiazol-4-ones using a Cu/Zn dual metal catalytic system and the APS reaction of 5H-oxazol-4-ones using a Cu/Ti catalytic system. These reactions furnish functional-group-rich, terminal-alkyne-containing products with two vicinal stereocenters in high yields and with good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. This study demonstrates the use of dual metal catalytic systems as a viable approach to improve the selectivity profiles of the copper-catalyzed APS reactions.

Heterogeneous activation of Oxone by Co(x)Fe(3-x)O4 nanocatalysts for degradation of rhodamine B.

The removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) by Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles activated Oxone has been performed in this study. A series of Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) nanoparticles was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The synthetic Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that they were spinel structures and Co was introduced into their structures. The performances of Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) nanocatalysts on the activation of Oxone for removal of RhB were investigated and we found that the higher cobalt content in the catalyst, the better removal performance was resulted. A series experiments of reaction conditions were also performed, which confirmed that weak acidic, higher temperature, higher dosages of Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) nanocatalyst and Oxone and lower concentration of RhB were favored for the degradation of RhB. The pseudo-first order kinetics was observed to fit the Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4)/Oxone process. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was discussed and the scavenging effect was examined by using phenol and tert-butyl alcohol which indicated that sulfate radicals were the dominating reactive species responsible for the degradation process. Finally, the stability of Co(x)Fe(3-x)O(4) nanocatalyst was studied.

Degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution using sulphate radicals under ultrasound irradiation.

Degradation of the antibiotics amoxicillin in aqueous solution using sulphate radicals under ultrasound irradiation was investigated. The preliminary studies of optimal degradation methodology were conducted with only oxone (2KHSO(5) · KHSO(4) · K(2)SO(4)), cobalt activated oxone (oxone/Co(2+)), oxone+ultrasonication (oxone/US) and cobalt activated oxone+ultrasonication (oxone/Co(2+)/US). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency were in the order of oxone