Rotavirus infection and the current status of rotavirus vaccines.

Among children, rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide and of diarrheal deaths in developing countries. Current vaccines (e.g., Rotarix, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; RotaTeq, Merck and Company) effectively reduce rotaviral gastroenteritis, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. The tremendous burden of rotavirus-related diarrhea in children across the world continues to drive the remarkable pace of vaccine development. This review assesses the global epidemiological and economic burden of rotavirus diseases, summarizes the relevant principles of the development of rotavirus vaccines, and presents data on the efficacy and effectiveness of currently licensed vaccines in both developed and developing countries.

Metachronous brain and intramedullary spinal cord metastases from nonsmall-cell lung cancer: a case report.

A 44-year-old man had a brain tumor secondary to lung adenocarcinoma and underwent craniectomy to remove the brain tumor. After postoperative whole-brain radiation therapy, he underwent pneumonectomy followed by chemotherapy, mediastinal radiotherapy, and target therapy for lung cancer. Thirty-six months after the initial brain surgery, he suffered from neck pain and right upper limb numbness that rapidly progressed to upper extremity weakness and paralysis in 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intramedullary spinal cord lesion at the C4 level. Laminectomy and gross intramedullary tumor removal were performed. The patient's neurological function improved after the operation. Nevertheless, 4 months after the intramedullary tumor removal, he began to show multiple metastases. Unfortunately, the patient died from respiratory failure 8 months after diagnosis with intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. In this case, early diagnosis and aggressive surgical treatment combined with postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy might have provided this patient with a prolonged survival and better quality of life.

Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle crash injuries in southern Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between psychoactive drug use and motor vehicle crash (MVC) injuries requiring hospitalization in southern Taiwan. A case-control study was conducted in southern Taiwan from January 2009 to December 2009. The cases included car or van drivers who were involved in MVCs and required hospitalization. Demographic and trauma-related data were collected from questionnaires and hospital and ambulance records. Urine and/or blood samples were collected on admission. The controls consisted of drivers who were randomly recruited while driving on public roads. Study subjects were interviewed and asked to provide urine samples. All blood and urine samples were tested for alcohol and a number of other legal and illegal drugs. Only those subjects who provided urine and/or blood specimens were included in the study. During the study period, 254 case patients and 254 control drivers were enrolled. The analysis showed an odds ratio (OR) of 3.41 (95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 1.76-6.70; p < 0.001) for persons taking benzodiazepines, and an OR of 3.50 (95% CI, 1.81-6.85; p < 0.001) for those taking alcohol (blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) ≥ 0.8 g/l) with regard to hospitalizations due to MVCs. For persons taking combinations of benzodiazepines and alcohol, the OR increased to 5.12 (95% CI: 1.77-15.91, p < 0.001). This study concluded that drug use among motor vehicle drivers increases the risk of MVCs that require hospitalization. From a public health perspective, the high risk ratios are concerning, and preventive measures are warranted.

Characterization of ADAM28 as a biomarker of bladder transitional cell carcinomas by urinary proteome analysis.

Human urine contains a large number of proteins and peptides (the urinary proteome). Global analysis of the human urinary proteome is important for understanding urinary tract diseases. Bladder cancer is the most common urological cancer with higher incidence rates in endemic areas of Blackfoot disease (BFD) in southern Taiwan. The aim of this study was to use the proteomic approach to establish urinary protein biomarkers of bladder cancer. ADAM28, identified by proteomic approaches and confirmed by Western blotting, showed significant differences compared with normal individuals, so it may be a biomarker of bladder cancer.

Identification of urine PLK2 as a marker of bladder tumors by proteomic analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patterns of urinary proteins in bladder cancer subjects using pooled urine from 27 bladder cancer patients. METHODS: The urine matrix was removed by acetonitrile precipitation followed by molecular weight cutoff. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze the urinary proteome. The candidate protein was validated by western blot. RESULTS: A total of 146 urinary proteins were identified. The protein list was screened using bioinformatic tools, and 11 cancer-related urinary proteins were found to be potential tumor markers for bladder cancer. However, only PLK2 was identified with high confidence. This candidate protein was validated by western blot using urine samples from 14 normal subjects and 10 bladder cancer patients. Statistically significant correlations were detected between PLK2 expression and bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (P < 0.05). Urinary PLK2 had a sensitivity of 80% at a specificity of 64% for bladder TCC in the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate overexpression of PLK2 in bladder carcinomas, suggesting a possible role of PLK2 in the pathogenesis of bladder carcinomas. However, the small cohort, preliminary results, and lack of subgroup analysis (such as carcinoma in situ, high grade, and stage) in this study prevent us from drawing definitive conclusions about the diagnostic value of PLK2 in these patients. Further studies directed toward a multitude of possible carcinogenic mechanisms of PLK2 in bladder cancer are warranted.

Transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and the ureter: comparative demographic characteristics, pathological grade and stage and 5-year survival in a Taiwanese population.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive value for 5-year survival of demographic characteristics, pathological grade and stage between upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) of the renal pelvis (RPUC) and ureter (UUC) in a Taiwanese population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study (1986-98) we analysed 141 patients with UTUC, including 71 with RPUC and 70 with UUC (median age 59 years; median follow-up 54 months, SD 2.5). Prognostic indicators were examined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A significant percentage of patients had tumour on the right side and a high proportion of those with UUC were women. Gross haematuria and hypertension were the most common symptoms of RPUC. The sensitivity of intravenous pyelography in diagnosing RPUC and UUC was 49% (34/69) and 36% (25/70), respectively. However, in patients assessed by retrograde pyelography the diagnostic sensitivity was 85% (60/71) for RPUC and 89% (55/62) for UUC. The incidence of tumour recurrence after nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision was significantly higher in those with UUC (13%) than RPUC (3.6%). Distant metastasis was detected in 37 of 141 (26%) patients, the most common sites being bone (46%), lung (22%), liver (14%) and colon (8%). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in the prognosis for high-grade and high-stage tumours. The prognosis was particularly poor in patients aged >60 years. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, tumour stage and grade were the best outcome predictors for RPUC, but stage and age were the best outcome predictors for UUC. CONCLUSION: UUC is more common in women and has a more aggressive clinical outcome than RPUC after nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff incision. Tumour stage and grade are the best predictors of survival in patients with RPUC. Also, in patients with UUC the prognosis is poor in older patients and those with advanced stages of cancer.

Clinical and epidemiological features of patients with genitourinary tract tumour in a blackfoot disease endemic area of Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with genitourinary (GU) tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in an endemic area of blackfoot disease (BFD), the arsenic-exposed group, to compare them with characteristics among other non-BFD endemic areas (unexposed group). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 474 patients with pathologically diagnosed GU-TCC were enrolled in the study. All follow-up data were prospectively collected and entered into a database throughout the study period. Statistical analysis was used to determine the association between clinical variables and prognosis, and multivariate regression models were used to assess the association between arseniasis and mortality from GU-TCC. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in age, sex, tumour stage and grade. However, the exposed group had a significantly higher proportion of females. The overall 5-year survival rate of patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) TCC was 49%, and the two groups had similar 5-year survival rates. The overall 5-year survival rate of patients with urinary bladder (UB) TCC was 68.3%, and there was a statistically significant difference in survival between the groups, with a 5-year survival rate of 58.7% for the exposed and 72.4% for the unexposed group. For patients with early-stage (pTa and pT1) UB cancers, the death rate was five times higher in exposed patients with tumour progression and recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumour than in the unexposed group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significantly higher mortality rate for UB-TCC among exposed patients in the area endemic for arseniasis than in those from other non-endemic areas. The arsenic content of artesian-well water might contribute to the increased ratio of female patients with GU-TCC and the unusually high incidence of UUT-TCC in the BFD endemic area in Taiwan.

Proteomic analysis for human urinary proteins associated with arsenic intoxication.

Arsenic is widely distributed in nature and is mainly transported in the environment by water. Consumption of artesian well water with high levels of arsenic has been associated with genitourinary cancer, especially bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). To search for biomarkers that are specific for arsenic associated with the diagnosis of bladder TCC, proteins in the urine of non-cancer urological patients and patients with either bladder TCC or arsenic-associated bladder TCC were systematically examined by HPLC ESI-MS/MS. Urine specimens were collected by catheterization from patients and age- (within 5 years) and sex-matched non-cancer urological patients. A nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to generate proteome patterns from urine specimens obtained from patients with arsenic-associated (n = 8) and non-arsenic-associated (n = 8) primary TCC and from sex- and age-matched non-cancer urological patients (n = 8). Three urinary proteins were found to have significantly altered levels in patients following chronic arsenic exposure. These proteins were a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) protein, a calpain9, and ring finger protein 20. The large-scale identification of urinary proteomes using HPLC ESI-MS/MS may serve as an ideal and efficient method to establish a panel of potential arsenic-associated TCC biomarkers and may help elucidate the mechanisms involved in bladder cancer induced by chronic arsenic exposure.