Hacia el diseño de Vida Saludable, un nuevo programa de estudios para la educación básica en México.

OBJETIVO: Describir el proceso de diseño de Vida Saludable, un nuevo programa de estudios para la educación básica en México. Material y métodos. Se conformó un equipo de trabajo entre especialistas en salud y la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Se establecieron las bases científicas de Vida Saludable, se seleccionaron y evaluaron materiales para Vida Saludable, y se revisaron contenidos vigentes de salud incluidos en otras asignaturas. RESULTADOS: Alimentación, actividad física e higiene y limpieza fueron definidos como los tres ejes temáticos para Vida Saludable. Se aprobaron 3 de 228 insumos para usarse en Vida Saludable y 71.7% de los con-tenidos vigentes en educación básica sobre salud requieren ediciones. CONCLUSIONES: Vida Saludable es un parteaguas hacia la alfabetización en materia de salud en educación básica en México, que se alinea con la agenda global para preservar la salud humana y planetaria.

Escudos sociales y balas mágicas para el control de la epidemia por Covid-19 en México.

La pandemia por Covid-19 llegó a México en febrero de 2020. Las autoridades sanitarias promovieron medidas de prevención no farmacológicas para contrarrestar el avance de la epidemia y a finales del año se anunció la aplicación de las primeras vacunas. A nivel global y local, las vacunas marcaron un hito al erigirse como "balas mágicas", sin em-bargo, enfrentaron diversas dificultades como la producción masiva, la logística de distribución, la efectividad, su aplicación escalonada que priorizó a grupos vulnerables, el rechazo y la baja percepción de riesgo por parte de algunos grupos de la población; por tanto, el énfasis sobre las medidas preventivas o "escudos sociales" se diluyó con el avance de la estrategia de vacunación. Este ensayo resalta la importancia de man-tener "los escudos sociales" como medidas fundamentales y complementarias a la aplicación de vacunas, puesto que, por sí solas, las "balas mágicas" presentan retos que podrían comprometer su eficacia.

Escudos sociales y balas mágicas para el control de la epidemia por Covid-19 en México / Social shields and magic bullets for the control of the Covid-19 epidemic in Mexico

Resumen: La pandemia por Covid-19 llegó a México en febrero de 2020. Las autoridades sanitarias promovieron medidas de prevención no farmacológicas para contrarrestar el avance de la epidemia y a finales del año se anunció la aplicación de las primeras vacunas. A nivel global y local, las vacunas marcaron un hito al erigirse como "balas mágicas", sin embargo, enfrentaron diversas dificultades como la producción masiva, la logística de distribución, la efectividad, su aplicación escalonada que priorizó a grupos vulnerables, el rechazo y la baja percepción de riesgo por parte de algunos grupos de la población; por tanto, el énfasis sobre las medidas preventivas o "escudos sociales" se diluyó con el avance de la estrategia de vacunación. Este ensayo resalta la importancia de mantener "los escudos sociales" como medidas fundamentales y complementarias a la aplicación de vacunas, puesto que, por sí solas, las "balas mágicas" presentan retos que podrían comprometer su eficacia.

Abstract: The first Covid-19 case was identified in Mexico in February 2020. Health authorities promoted non-pharmacological prevention measures to counteract the progress of the epidemic and, at the end of the year, they announced the application of the first vaccines in the country. Globally and locally, vaccines marked a milestone, positioning themselves as "magic bullets"; nevertheless, they faced several difficulties such as mass production, distribution logistics, variable effectiveness, phased implementation that prioritized vulnerable groups, rejection and low risk perception by certain groups in the population. The emphasis on population-based preventive measures or "social shields" was eventually diluted with the arrival of new vaccines. This essay highlights the importance of maintaining "social shields" as key preventive measures complementary to vaccines, since "magic bullets", on their own, present challenges that could compromise their effectiveness.

Consumo de agua, bebidas azucaradas y uso de bebederos en secundarias del Programa Nacional de Bebederos Escolares de la Ciudad de México / Plain water and sugar sweetened beverages intake and use of school drinking fountains in secondary schools of the National School Drinking Fountains Program in Mexico City

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir prácticas de consumo de bebidas y uso de bebederos escolares en estudiantes de secundarias del Programa Nacional de Bebederos Escolares (PNBE). Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo, con enfoque mixto en secundarias públicas (turnos matutino y vespertino). Se indagó el consumo de agua y bebidas azucaradas, utilización de bebederos escolares y barreras-facilitadores para el consumo de agua. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 617 estudiantes (11 a 16 años); 51.5% fueron hombres. El consumo promedio de agua (568.9 ml; IC95%: 470.7-667.1) y bebidas azucaradas (143.4 ml; IC95%:124.0-162.7) fue similar entre hombres y mujeres. En el turno matutino las mujeres presentaron una menor probabilidad de hacer uso de los bebederos en comparación con los hombres (p=0.032). Hombres y mujeres desconfían del agua de los bebederos. Conclusiones: Se requieren acciones integrales para favorecer el consumo de agua y el uso de los bebederos en las secundarias del PNBE.

Abstract: Objective: To describe beverages consumption practices, and school drinking fountains utilization among secondary school's students from National School Drinking Fountains Program (PNBE, Spanish acronym). Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with mixed methods in public secondary schools (morning and afternoon shifts). We estimated plain water and sugar sweetened beverages consumption, school drinking fountains utilization, and barriers-facilitators for plain water consumption. Results: We interviewed 617 students (11 to 16 y); 51.5% were men. The mean of plain water intake (568.9 ml; CI95%: 470.7-667.1), and sugar sweetened beverages (143.4 ml; CI95%:124.0-162.7) was similar among women and men. In the morning shift women had a lower probability of utilizing the school drinking fountains in comparison with men (p=0.032). Men and women have mistrust water that comes from school drinking fountains. Conclusions: Integral actions are necessary to favor plain water consumption, and utilization of school drinking fountains at PNBE secondary schools.

Consumo de agua, bebidas azucaradas y uso de bebederos en secundarias del Programa Nacional de Bebederos Escolares de la Ciudad de México.

Objetivo. Describir prácticas de consumo de bebidas y uso de bebederos escolares en estudiantes de secundarias del Programa Nacional de Bebederos Escolares (PNBE). Material y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo, con enfoque mixto en secundarias públicas (turnos matutino y vespertino). Se indagó el consumo de agua y bebidas azucaradas, utilización de bebederos escolares y barreras-facilitadores para el consumo de agua. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 617 estudiantes (11 a 16 años); 51.5% fueron hombres. El consumo promedio de agua (568.9 ml; IC95%: 470.7-667.1) y bebidas azucaradas (143.4 ml; IC95%:124.0-162.7) fue similar entre hombres y mujeres. En el turno matutino las mujeres presentaron una menor probabilidad de hacer uso de los bebederos en comparación con los hombres (p=0.032). Hombres y mujeres desconfían del agua de los bebederos. Conclusiones. Se requieren acciones integrales para favorecer el consumo de agua y el uso de los bebederos en las secundarias del PNBE.

Design of an educational strategy based on Intervention Mapping for nutritional health promotion in Child Care Centers.

Early childhood is a critical period for instilling healthy habits to prevent overweight and obesity. This paper describes the development of an educational intervention for the promotion of healthy eating and physical activity among two-to-four-year-old children in public child care centers (CCCs) in Mexico City. Following the Intervention Mapping (IM) protocol, we developed the Bright Futures multidisciplinary intervention. First, a formative research process to identify the personal and environmental determinants of childhood overweight and obesity, behavioral outcomes and performance objectives was conducted. Then, a matrix of change objectives by intersecting the performance objectives with the determinants was integrated. Bright Futures lasted six months and included 24 weekly sessions, each composed of five phases: warm-up, theory, active movements, relaxation, and hydration. Ad hoc interactive teaching materials focused on recreational activities, and formulated plans for the adoption, implementation and process/impact evaluation of the intervention was developed. IM successfully guided the design of a theory-driven and evidence-based intervention for children in CCCs within a socio-ecological and participatory planning framework. This is one of the first studies in Mexico to use IM in the context of CCCs.

Does the Mexican sugar-sweetened beverage tax have a signaling effect? ENSANUT 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential signaling effect of the Mexican tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by analyzing the association between awareness of and opinions about its effectiveness with current consumption of taxed SSBs and with a self-reported change in consumption of SSBs since the implementation of the tax. We also examined the association between psychosocial and environmental determinants of SSB consumption with current consumption of taxed SSBs and with a reported change in consumption of SSBs. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of survey and food-frequency questionnaire data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016. Participants were Mexican adults (20-59 years, N = 6,650). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the probability of a person reporting a decrease in SSB consumption, given their awareness of the tax, opinion about its effectiveness, psychosocial (SSB health-related beliefs, self-efficacy, and liking of SSBs) and environmental (availability of potable water) determinants. Multiple linear regression analysis was utilized to examine the association between the aforementioned factors and current consumption of taxed SSBs. RESULTS: Compared with adults not aware, adults who were aware of the SSB tax were more likely (OR = 1.30) to report a decrease in SSB consumption (p = .012). In urban areas, adults aware of the tax drank a significantly lower amount of taxed SSBs (-15.7%; p = .023) than those not aware. Self-efficacy and liking of SSBs were significantly associated with a reported decrease in consumption and with current consumption (p < .001), while health beliefs and availability of potable water were not significantly associated with either reported change in SSB consumption or current consumption of taxed SSBs. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an SSB tax accompanied by highly visible campaigns may further influence the impact of taxes on SSBs consumption. Future public health and nutrition education campaigns designed to increase knowledge and enhance motivation should be complemented by programs to assist individuals develop self-efficacy and self-regulation skills.

Percepción del peso corporal y de la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad en adultos mexicanos / Perception of body weight and of the probability of developing obesity in Mexican adults

Resumen: Objetivo: Documentar la percepción del peso corporal, las variables que se asocian con una percepción correcta de éste y la percepción de la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad a corto plazo en población adulta mexicana. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron datos de los cuestionarios de percepción de obesidad, comportamiento alimentario y actividad física (POCAA), y de hogar y antropometría obtenidos en la Ensanut MC, durante mayo y octubre de 2016. Resultados: Más de 90% de la población tiende a subestimar su peso. El 32% de la población refirió que sería muy probable que desarrollara obesidad; más de 90% consideró que padecer obesidad es grave. El tener una percepción correcta del peso corporal y tener sobrepeso u obesidad por IMC se relacionaron con la percepción de desarrollar obesidad a corto plazo. Conclusión: Resulta cada vez más relevante que los individuos, independientemente del estado de su peso, tengan una percepción precisa de su cuerpo y las consecuencias del sobrepeso en su salud.

Abstract: Objective: To document the perception of body weight, the variables that are associated with a correct perception of it and with the perception about the probability of developing obesity at short-term in Mexican adult population. Materials and methods: We used data from the Perception of obsesity, eating behavior and physical activity questionnaire (POCAA, by its Spanish acronym), as well as household and anthropometric measurements obtained at Ensanut MC during May and October of 2016. Results: More than 90% of the population tend to underestimate their weight; 32% of the population said that they would be very likely to develop obesity at short-term; more than 90% considered that suffering from obesity is very serious. Having a correct perception of body weight and being overweight or obese by BMI, were positively related to the perception of developing obesity at short-term. Conclusion: It is very relevant that individuals, regardless of the state of their weight, have an accurate perception of their body and the consequences to their health.

Conocimiento y nivel de comprensión de la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete en adultos mexicanos / Knowledge and level of understanding of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign in Mexican adults

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento, nivel de comprensión y características asociadas con la población adulta mexicana en relación con la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete. Material y métodos: A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016, se obtuvo información sobre el conocimiento y comprensión del logotipo y mensajes que apoyan la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete. Para identificar las características asociadas, se probaron modelos de regresión logística y lineal para presentar los contrastes de efectos por variable. Resultados: El 11% de los adultos conoce la campaña; 31% tuvo una alta comprensión y 1% no la comprendió en absoluto. Sexo, escolaridad, servicio de salud y sobrepeso u obesidad se asocian con el conocimiento de la campaña; para la comprensión, las características asociadas fueron edad, escolaridad y nivel socioeconómico. Conclusión: Estos resultados contribuyen a retroalimentar uno de los esfuerzos por controlar la epidemia de sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes en México.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and comprehension level of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign and its associated characteristics in Mexican adult population. Materials and methods: Based on the Mexican Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016, we obtained information about the knowledge and comprehension of the logo and messages that support the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign. To identify the associated characteristics, we proved logistic and linear regression models and the variable contrast effects are shown. Results: 11% of the interviewed adults knew the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign, 31% had a high comprehension of it and 1% did not comprehend it at all. The associated characteristics with knowledge were gender, scholarship, health service and overweight or obesity. Age, scholarship and socioeconomic status were associated to comprehension. Conclusion: These results provide new information about one of the Mexican efforts to control the overweight, obesity and diabetes epidemic.

[Perception of body weight and of the probability of developing obesity in Mexican adults]. / Percepción del peso corporal y la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad en adultos mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To document the perception of body weight, the variables that are associated with a correct perception of it and with the perception about the probability of developing obesity at short-term in Mexican adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from the Perception of obsesity, eating behavior and physical activity questionnaire (POCAA, by its Spanish acronym), as well as household and anthropometric measurements obtained at Ensanut MC during May and October of 2016. RESULTS: More than 90% of the population tend to underestimate their weight; 32% of the population said that they would be very likely to develop obesity at short-term; more than 90% considered that suffering from obesity is very serious. Having a correct perception of body weight and being overweight or obese by BMI, were positively related to the perception of developing obesity at short-term. CONCLUSIONS: It is very relevant that individuals, regardless of the state of their weight, have an accurate perception of their body and the consequences to their health.

OBJETIVO: Documentar la percepción del peso corporal, las variables que se asocian con una percepción correcta de éste y la percepción de la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad a corto plazo en población adulta mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos de los cuestionarios de percepción de obesidad, comportamiento alimentario y actividad física (POCAA), y de hogar y antropometría obtenidos en la Ensanut MC, durante mayo y octubre de 2016. RESULTADOS: Más de 90% de la población tiende a subestimar su peso. El 32% de la población refirió que sería muy probable que desarrollara obesidad; más de 90% consideró que padecer obesidad es grave. El tener una percepción correcta del peso corporal y tener sobrepeso u obesidad por IMC se relacionaron con la percepción de desarrollar obesidad a corto plazo. CONCLUSIONES: Resulta cada vez más relevante que los individuos, independientemente del estado de su peso, tengan una percepción precisa de su cuerpo y las consecuencias del sobrepeso en su salud.

[Knowledge and level of understanding of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign in Mexican adults.] / Conocimiento y nivel de comprensión de la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete en adultos mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge and comprehension level of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign and its associ¬ated characteristics in Mexican adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the Mexican Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016, we obtained information about the knowledge and comprehension of the logo and messages that support the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign. To identify the associated characteristics, we proved logistic and linear regression models and the variable contrast ef¬fects are shown. RESULTS: 11% of the interviewed adults knew the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign, 31% had a high comprehension of it and 1% did not comprehend it at all. The associated characteristics with knowledge were gender, scholarship, health service and overweight or obesity. Age, scholarship and socioeconomic status were associated to comprehension. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide new information about one of the Mexican efforts to control the overweight, obesity and diabetes epidemic.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento, nivel de comprensión y características asociadas con la población adulta mexicana en relación con la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016, se obtuvo información sobre el conocimiento y comprensión del logotipo y men­sajes que apoyan la campaña Chécate, Mídete, Muévete. Para identificar las características asociadas, se probaron modelos de regresión logística y lineal para presentar los contrastes de efectos por variable. RESULTADOS: El 11% de los adultos conoce la campaña; 31% tuvo una alta comprensión y 1% no la comprendió en absoluto. Sexo, escolaridad, servicio de salud y sobrepeso u obesidad se asocian con el conocimiento de la campaña; para la comprensión, las características asociadas fueron edad, escolaridad y nivel socioeconómico. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados contribuyen a retroalimentar uno de los esfuerzos por controlar la epidemia de sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes en México.

Efecto de una intervención basada en guarderías para reducir conductas de riesgo de obesidad en niños preescolares / Effect of an intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity in preschool children

Resumen: Introducción: La edad preescolar es una etapa crítica para la promoción de la salud y la prevención de la obesidad, que es un problema emergente de salud pública en la niñez. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y evaluar el efecto de una intervención multifacética basada en la atención en guarderías para reducir conductas de riesgo de obesidad en niños preescolares. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo comunitario, aleatorizado por conglomerados, en 16 guarderías del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de la Ciudad de México. El estudio duró 12 meses. Participaron niños entre 2 y 4 años de edad que asistían a las guarderías. La intervención consistió en 12 sesiones educativas semanales interactivas para los niños y seis talleres familiares. Se determinaron cambios de alimentación y actividad física, disponibilidad en el hogar por tipo de alimentos y estilos maternos de alimentación a 6 y 12 meses. Se comparó el cambio por etapa en cada grupo y entre ambos grupos en cada etapa con la prueba χ2. Resultados: Se observó la reducción de disponibilidad en el hogar de algunos alimentos no recomendados y una mayor actividad física en el grupo de intervención. Conclusiones: La mejora en actividad física puede tener efecto en el largo plazo; se requieren estrategias innovadoras que modifiquen las conductas alimentarias de riesgo para obesidad en las familias.

Abstract: Background: Preschool age is a critical stage for health promotion and prevention of obesity, which is an emerging public health problem in children. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the effect of a multifaceted intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity among preschool children. Methods: A 12-month cluster-randomized community trial was conducted in 16 Mexican Institute of Social Security child-care centers in Mexico City. Children between 2 and 4 years of age enrolled in the selected child-care centers participated in the study. Intervention comprised 12 weekly curriculum sessions for the children, and six family workshops. Changes in children's dietary and physical activity, food availability at home, and maternal feeding styles were determined after 6 and 12 months. Changes within groups among stages, and between groups by stage were analyzed through χ2 test. Results: The intervention showed decrease of home availability for some non-recommended foods and increase in physical activity in the intervention group compared to the usual care group. Conclusions: Improvement in physical activity can be effective in the long term; innovative strategies aimed to modify family dietary risk behaviors are required.

[Effect of an intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity in preschool children]. / Efecto de una intervención basada en guarderías para reducir conductas de riesgo de obesidad en niños preescolares.

BACKGROUND: Preschool age is a critical stage for health promotion and prevention of obesity, which is an emerging public health problem in children. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the effect of a multifaceted intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity among preschool children. METHODS: A 12-month cluster-randomized community trial was conducted in 16 Mexican Institute of Social Security child-care centers in Mexico City. Children between 2 and 4 years of age enrolled in the selected child-care centers participated in the study. Intervention comprised 12 weekly curriculum sessions for the children, and six family workshops. Changes in children's dietary and physical activity, food availability at home, and maternal feeding styles were determined after 6 and 12 months. Changes within groups among stages, and between groups by stage were analyzed through χ2 test. RESULTS: The intervention showed decrease of home availability for some non-recommended foods and increase in physical activity in the intervention group compared to the usual care group. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in physical activity can be effective in the long term; innovative strategies aimed to modify family dietary risk behaviors are required.

Development of an educational intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity in Mexican school-age children.

Mexico has the highest and most alarming rates of childhood obesity worldwide. A study conducted in the State of Mexico revealed that one of every three children presents overweight or obesity. The objective of this paper is to provide a step-by-step description of the design and implementation of an educational intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity called "Healthy Recess". The educational intervention was designed using the six stages of the Health Communication Process. This methodological model allowed identifying the needs of school-age children on information and participation in activities. In order to improve the strategy, adjustments were made to the print and audiovisual materials as well as to assessment tools. Typography was modified as well as the color of the images in student's workbook and facilitator's; special effects of the videos were increased; the narration of the radio spots was improved and common words and phrases were included. The Health Communication Process is an effective tool for program planners to design interventions aimed at managing prevalent health problems such as overweight and obesity in school-age children.