Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthognathic surgery: an overview of systematic reviews.

The purpose of this overview was to assess different antibiotic regimens used in orthognathic surgery and to establish an evidence-based protocol so that beneficial and adverse effects can be determined. A comprehensive literature search for systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library until March 2020. Grey literature was investigated in Google Scholar, and a manual search was done of references lists. Two meta-analyses and four systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. The AMSTAR-2-tool was used to ascertain the potential risk of bias in the included studies, which presented moderate to high methodological quality. Lower infection rates were associated with long-term therapies of penicillin, cefazolin-cephalexin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic-acid, with rates varying from 0% - 3.13%. Higher rates were reported in placebo groups (52.6%) and short-term penicillin therapy (60%). Side effects were reported with cefazolin, clindamycin, and penicillin therapies, including nausea, pain, swelling, headache, vomiting, and skin rash. Evidence suggests that long-term antibiotics can reduce the risk of a surgical site infection (SSI) in orthognathic surgery, but there is uncertainty regarding the effects of one dose of antibiotics preoperatively versus short-term antibiotics. In the same way, intravenous penicillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid kept the infection rates associated with bimaxillary procedures under 3.5%.

Gamma band oscillations in parietooccipital areas during performance of a sensorimotor integration task: a qEEG coherence study / Oscilações na banda gama em áreas parieto-occipitais durante desempenho de uma tarefa sensório-motora: um estudo de coerência na EEGq

This study aimed to elucidate cortical mechanisms involved in anticipatory actions when 23 healthy right-handed subjects had to catch a free falling object through quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG). For this reason, we used coherence that represents a measurement of linear covariation between two signals in the frequency domain. In addition, we investigated gamma-band (30-100 Hz) activity that is related to cognitive and somatosensory processes. We hypothesized that gamma coherence will be increase in both parietal and occipital areas during moment after ball drop, due to their involvement in manipulation of objects, visuospatial processing, visual perception, stimuli identification and attention processes. We confirmed our hypothesis, an increase in gamma coherence on P3-P4 (t= -2.15; p=0.033) and PZ-OZ (t= -2.16; p=0.034) electrode pairs was verified for a paired t-test. We conclude that to execute tasks involving anticipatory movements (feedforward mechanisms), like our own task, probably, there is no need of a strong participation of visual areas in the process of information organization to manipulate objects and to process visuospatial information regarding the contact hand-object.

Este estudo teve como objetivo elucidar os mecanismos corticais envolvidos em ações antecipatórias quando 23 indivíduos saudáveis destros tinham que apreender um objeto em queda livre, através da eletroencefalografia quantitativa (EEGq). Por esta razão, usamos a coerência que representa a covariação linear entre dois sinais no domínio da frequência. Além disso, investigamos a atividade da banda gama (30-100 Hz), que está relacionada à processos cognitivos e somato-sensoriais. Nossa hipótese é que a coerência de gama estará aumentada em ambas as áreas parietais e occipitais durante o momento pós-queda da bola, devido ao seu envolvimento na manipulação de objetos, processamento visuo-espacial, percepção visual, identificação de estímulos e processos de atenção. Confirmamos nossa hipótese. Um aumento de coerência em gama nos pares de eletrodos P3-P4 (t= -2,15; p=0,033) e PZ-OZ (t= -2,16; p=0,034) foi verificado por teste-t pareado. Conclui-se que, para executar tarefas que envolvem movimentos de antecipação (mecanismos de retro-alimentação) como a nossa própria tarefa, provavelmente, não há necessidade de forte participação de áreas visuais no processo de organização da informação como para manipular objetos e processar a informação visuo-espacial no contato mão-objeto.

Corticomuscular coherence behavior in fine motor control of force: a critical review.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding how the human motor control operates is an important issue to the neuroscience. One example is how the motor cortex controls muscle activity, which can be observed through corticomuscular coherence (CMC). AIM: Our study aimed to verify the influence of certain factors related to the fine motor control of force tasks on CMC. Our issue is if would be possible the strength of the coupling between the central and muscular systems measured by changes in oscillatory activity of beta- and gamma-band being influenced by these factors as much healthy subjects as patients. DEVELOPMENT: Beta-band CMC was especially important when executing sustaining accurate control tasks, which need more concentration and effort. However, we found that beta-band CMC was influenced by some factors. With regard to gamma-band CMC, apparently a complex and continuous dynamic integration of several mechanisms would be necessary to modulate gamma-band CMC, since it was not modulated by magnitude of force. Therefore, it seems these mechanisms would be required to an adequate and effective neural networks operation when a dynamic force output is required. CONCLUSION: Beta- and gamma-band CMC could enrich our understanding of the dynamic changes of the motor system not only in health subjects but also in neurological patients. It may serve as a sensitive index for quantifying dynamical changes in fine motor control of force. It has the potential to become a useful tool to characterize the patterns of changes in central nervous system's activities for the purposes of basic research, especially in restoring of motor function.

[The effects of bromazepam on the performance of a sensory-motor activity: an electroencephalographic study]. / Efectos del bromacepam en el desarrollo de una actividad sensoriomotora: un estudio electroencefalográfico.

AIMS: To investigate the effects of using bromazepam on the relative power in alpha while performing a typing task. Bearing in mind the particularities of each brain hemisphere, our hypothesis was that measuring the relative power would allow us to investigate the effects of bromazepam on specific areas of the cortex. More specifically, we expected to observe different patterns of powers in sensory-motor integration, attention and activation processes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample was made up of 39 subjects (15 males and 24 females) with a mean age of 30 +/- 10 years. The control (placebo) and experimental (3 mg and 6 mg of bromazepam) groups were trained in the typing task with a randomised double-blind model. RESULTS: A three-way ANOVA and Scheffé test were used to analyse interactions between the factors condition and moment, and between condition and sector. CONCLUSIONS: The doses used in this study facilitated motor performance of the typing task. In this study, the use of the drug did not prevent learning of the task, but it did appear to concentrate mental effort on more restricted and specific aspects of typing. It also seemed to influence the rhythm and effectiveness of the operations performed during mechanisms related to the encoding and storage of new information. Likewise, a predominance of activity was observed in the left (dominant) frontal area in the 3 mg bromazepam group, which indicates that this dose of the drug affords the subject a greater degree of directionality of cortical activity for planning and performing the task.

Efectos del bromacepam en el desarrollo de una actividad sensoriomotora: un estudio electroencefalográfico / The effects of bromazepan on the performance of a sensory-motor activity: an electroencephalographic study

Objetivos. Investigar los efectos del uso del bromacepam en la potencia relativa en alfa durante la realización de unatarea de mecanografía. Teniendo en cuenta las particularidades de cada hemisferio cerebral, nuestra hipótesis era que a travésde la medida de la potencia relativa sería posible investigar el efecto del bromacepam sobre áreas corticales específicas. Concretamente,se esperaba observar diferentes patrones de potencias en los procesos de atención, activación e integración sensoriomotora.Sujetos y métodos. La muestra estaba formada por 39 sujetos (15 hombres y 24 mujeres) con una media de edad de30 ± 10 años. Los grupos control (placebo) y experimental (bromacepam de 3 mg y 6 mg) fueron entrenados en la tarea de mecanografíacon un modelo doble ciego aleatorizado. Resultados. Mediante el ANOVA de tres vías y el test de Scheffé se comprobaroninteracciones entre los factores condición y momento y entre condición y sector. Conclusión. Las dosis empleadas en esteestudio facilitaron el desarrollo motor de la tarea de mecanografía. En este estudio, el uso del fármaco no impidió el aprendizajede la tarea, pero parece ser que concentró el esfuerzo mental sobre aspectos más restringidos y específicos de la mecanografía.Tuvo lugar una influencia sobre el ritmo y la eficacia de las operaciones ejecutadas durante mecanismos de codificacióny almacenamiento de nuevas informaciones. Asimismo, se comprobó un predominio de actividad en el área frontal izquierda(dominante) en el grupo bromacepam 3 mg, lo cual indica que esta dosis del fármaco permite al sujeto un mayor direccionamientode la actividad cortical para la planificación y la ejecución de la tarea(AU)

Aims. To investigate the effects of using bromazepam on the relative power in alpha while performing a typing task.Bearing in mind the particularities of each brain hemisphere, our hypothesis was that measuring the relative power wouldallow us to investigate the effects of bromazepam on specific areas of the cortex. More specifically, we expected to observedifferent patterns of powers in sensory-motor integration, attention and activation processes. Subjects and methods. The samplewas made up of 39 subjects (15 males and 24 females) with a mean age of 30 ± 10 years. The control (placebo) and experimental(3 mg and 6 mg of bromazepam) groups were trained in the typing task with a randomised double-blind model. Results. A threewayANOVA and Scheffé test were used to analyse interactions between the factors condition and moment, and betweencondition and sector. Conclusions. The doses used in this study facilitated motor performance of the typing task. In this study,the use of the drug did not prevent learning of the task, but it did appear to concentrate mental effort on more restricted andspecific aspects of typing. It also seemed to influence the rhythm and effectiveness of the operations performed duringmechanisms related to the encoding and storage of new information. Likewise, a predominance of activity was observed in theleft (dominant) frontal area in the 3 mg bromazepam group, which indicates that this dose of the drug affords the subject agreater degree of directionality of cortical activity for planning and performing the task(AU)

Participación de la corteza parietooccipital en el proceso de integración sensoriomotora: estudio electroencefalográfico / The role played by the parietooccipital cortex in the process of sensory-motor integration: An electroencephalographic study

Introducción. La planificación de acciones futuras tiene como aspecto fundamental la realización y el control de la tarea motora. Este comportamiento se da a través de la integración sensoriomotora. Objetivo. Explicar los mecanismos electrofisiológicos corticales (modificaciones en banda alfa) que intervienen en las acciones anticipatorias cuando los individuos tienen que coger un objeto en caída libre. Sujetos y métodos. La muestra estaba compuesta por 20 sujetos sanos de ambos sexos (11 hombres y 9 mujeres), con edades que oscilaban entre los 25 y 40 años (32,5 ± 7,5), sin enfermedades mentales ni físicas(anamnesis previa), diestros (inventario de Edimburgo) y que no tomaban ninguna sustancia psicoactiva o psicotrópica en el momento del estudio. El experimento consistió en una tarea de coger objetos en caída libre. Constaba de seis bloques con 15 pruebas, con una duración de 2 minutos y 30 segundos cada una de ellas, y con un minuto de intervalo entre los bloques.La captación de los datos a través de la electroencefalografía cuantitativa se produjo dos segundos antes y dos segundos después de la caída de la bola. Resultados. Se verificó una interacción de los factores momento y posición solamente para la corteza parietooccipital derecha, en la combinación de electrodos P4-O2. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos indican una importanteparticipación de la corteza parietooccipital derecha en el aumento de la expectativa y la celeridad en los procesos preparatorios de una tarea motora

Introduction. A fundamental aspect of planning future actions is the performance and control of motor tasks. This behaviour is done through sensory-motor integration.Aim. To explain the electrophysiological mechanisms in the cortex (modifications to the alpha band) that are involved in anticipatory actions when individuals have to catch a free-falling object.Subjects and methods. The sample was made up of 20 healthy subjects of both sexes (11 males and 9 females) with ages ranging between 25 and 40 years (32.5 ± 7.5) who were free of mental or physical diseases (previous medical history); the subjects were right-handed (Edinburgh Inventory) and were not taking any psychoactive or psychotropic substances at the time of the study. The experiment consisted in a task in which subjects had to catch freely falling objects. The experiment was made up of six blocks of 15 tests, each of which lasted 2 minutes and 30 seconds, with a break of one minute between blocks. Data were captured by means of a quantitative electroencephalogram two seconds before and two seconds after each ball was dropped. Results. An interaction of the factors moment and position was only observed for the right parietooccipitalcortex, in the combination of electrodes P4-O2. Conclusion. These findings suggest that the right parietooccipital cortex plays an important role in increasing expectation and swiftness in the processes of preparing for a motor task

[The role played by the parietooccipital cortex in the process of sensory-motor integration: an electroencephalographic study]. / Participación de la corteza parietooccipital en el proceso de integración sensoriomotora: estudio electroencefalográfico.

INTRODUCTION: A fundamental aspect of planning future actions is the performance and control of motor tasks. This behaviour is done through sensory-motor integration. AIM: To explain the electrophysiological mechanisms in the cortex (modifications to the alpha band) that are involved in anticipatory actions when individuals have to catch a free-falling object. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample was made up of 20 healthy subjects of both sexes (11 males and 9 females) with ages ranging between 25 and 40 years (32.5 +/- 7.5) who were free of mental or physical diseases (previous medical history); the subjects were right-handed (Edinburgh Inventory) and were not taking any psychoactive or psychotropic substances at the time of the study. The experiment consisted in a task in which subjects had to catch freely falling objects. The experiment was made up of six blocks of 15 tests, each of which lasted 2 minutes and 30 seconds, with a break of one minute between blocks. Data were captured by means of a quantitative electroencephalogram two seconds before and two seconds after each ball was dropped. RESULTS: An interaction of the factors moment and position was only observed for the right parietooccipital cortex, in the combination of electrodes P4-O2. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the right parietooccipital cortex plays an important role in increasing expectation and swiftness in the processes of preparing for a motor task.

[Learning and implicit memory: mechanisms and neuroplasticity]. / Aprendizaje y memoria implícita: mecanismos y neuroplasticidad.

INTRODUCTION: Learning and memory are complex processes that researchers have been attempting to unravel for over a century in order to gain a clear view of the underlying mechanisms. AIMS: To review the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of procedural retention, to offer an overall view of the fundamental mechanisms involved in storing information by means of theories and models of memory, and to discuss the different types of memory and the role played by the cerebellum as a modulator of procedural memory. DEVELOPMENT: Experimental results from recent decades have opened up new areas of study regarding the participation of the biochemical and cellular processes related to the consolidation of information in the nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: The neuronal circuits involved in acquiring and consolidating memory are still not fully understood and the exact location of memory in the nervous system remains unknown. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interfere in these processes, such as molecular (long-term potentiation and depression) and cellular mechanisms, which respond to communication and transmission between nerve cells. There are also factors that have their origin in the outside environment, which use the association of events to bring about the formation of new memories or may divert the subject from his or her main focus. Memory is not a singular occurrence; it is sub-divided into declarative and non-declarative or, when talking about the time it lasts, into short and long-term memory. Moreover, given its relation with neuronal mechanisms of learning, memory cannot be said to constitute an isolated process.

Aprendizaje y memoria implícita: mecanismos y neuroplasticidad / Learning and implicit memory: mechanisms and neuroplasticity

El aprendizaje y la memoria son procesos complejos que hace más de un siglo que desafían a los investigadoresen su intento de esclarecer cuáles son los mecanismos básicos implicados. Objetivos. Revisar los mecanismoscelulares y moleculares básicos implicados en el proceso de retención de procedimientos, proporcionar una visión global de los mecanismos básicos implicados en el almacenamiento de información mediante teorías y modelos de la memoria, y discutir los diferentes tipos de memoria y el papel del cerebelo como modulador de la memoria de procedimientos. Desarrollo. Losresultados experimentales de las últimas décadas establecieron nuevas direcciones en la participación de los procesos bioquímicos y celulares relacionados con la consolidación de la información en el sistema nervioso. Conclusiones. Los circuitos neuronales implicados en la adquisición y consolidación de la memoria aún no se conocen del todo, ni tampoco la localizaciónde la memoria en el sistema nervioso. Numerosos factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos interfieren en estos procesos, como los mecanismos moleculares (potenciación y depresión a largo plazo) y celulares, que responden a la comunicación y transmisión entre las células nerviosas, y los factores que proceden del medio externo, capaces de propiciar, a través de las asociacionesde sucesos, la formación de nuevas memorias o de desviar al sujeto de su foco principal. La memoria no es un hechoúnico; se subdivide en declarativa y no declarativa, o, cuando se refiere al tiempo de duración, en memoria de corta y larga duración. Además, no se puede afirmar que la memoria constituya un proceso aislado, dada su relación con los mecanismos neuronales del aprendizaje

Learning and memory are complex processes that researchers have been attempting to unravel forover a century in order to gain a clear view of the underlying mechanisms. Aims. To review the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of procedural retention, to offer an overall view of the fundamental mechanisms involvedin storing information by means of theories and models of memory, and to discuss the different types of memory and the role played by the cerebellum as a modulator of procedural memory. Development. Experimental results from recent decades have opened up new areas of study regarding the participation of the biochemical and cellular processes related to the consolidationof information in the nervous system. Conclusions. The neuronal circuits involved in acquiring and consolidating memory are still not fully understood and the exact location of memory in the nervous system remains unknown. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interfere in these processes, such as molecular (long-term potentiation and depression) and cellularmechanisms, which respond to communication and transmission between nerve cells. There are also factors that have their origin in the outside environment, which use the association of events to bring about the formation of new memories or may divert the subject from his or her main focus. Memory is not a singular occurrence; it is sub-divided into declarative and nondeclarative or, when talking about the time it lasts, into short and long-term memory. Moreover, given its relation with neuronal mechanisms of learning, memory cannot be said to constitute an isolated process