ABSTRACT
Evodiamine (Evo) is an indole alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Evodia rutaecarpa. Evo may regulate gastrointestinal motility, but the evidence is insufficient, and the mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Evo on colonic motility of rats and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Rat colonic muscle was exposed to Evo (10 and 100 µM) followed by immunohistochemistry of cholecystokinin receptor 1 (CCK1R). Muscle contractions were studied in an organ bath system to determine whether CCK1R, nitric oxide (NO), and enteric neurons are involved in the relaxant effect of Evo. Whole-cell patch-clamp was used to detect L-type calcium currents (I Ca,L) in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). CCK1R was observed in SMCs, intermuscular neurons, and mucosa of rat colon. Evo could inhibit spontaneous muscle contractions; NO synthase, inhibitor L-NAME CCK1R antagonist, could partly block this effect, while the enteric neurons may not play a major role. Evo inhibited the peak I Ca,L in colonic SMCs at a membrane potential of 0 mV. The current-voltage (I-V) relationship of L-type calcium channels was modified by Evo, while the peak of the I-V curve remained at 0 mV. Furthermore, Evo inhibited the activation of L-type calcium channels and decreased the peak I Ca,L. The relaxant effect of Evo on colonic muscle is associated with the inhibition of L-type calcium channels. The enteric neurons, NO, and CCK1R may be partly related to the inhibitory effect of Evo on colonic motility. This study provides the first evidence that evodiamine can regulate colonic motility in rats by mediating calcium homeostasis in smooth muscle cells. These data form a theoretical basis for the clinical application of evodiamine for treatment of gastrointestinal motility diseases.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Studies evaluating submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) have recently increased. However, the efficacy and safety of STER for the treatment of large symptomatic SMTs in the esophagus have not been well investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of STER for the treatment of large symptomatic SMTs in the esophagus. METHODS: A total of 24 patients with large symptomatic SMTs in the esophagus who underwent STER in our hospitals between January 2015 and May 2018 were included in the study. The tumors were confirmed to be of muscularis propria layer origin. Treatment outcomes, complications, and follow-up results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: All 24 lesions were resected en bloc with STER. The mean maximum transverse diameter of the lesions was 4.7 (3.5-6.5) cm. The mean maximum longitudinal diameter of the lesions was 2.1 (1.5-3.0) cm. The mean duration from mucosal incision to complete mucosal closure was 65 (50-115) min. Postoperative pathological diagnosis confirmed 18 cases with leiomyomas, 4 cases with stromal tumors, and 2 cases with schwannomas. There were no major complications. There were no residual lesions or disease recurrence during follow-up. CONCLUSION: STER is safe and effective for the treatment of large symptomatic SMTs of muscularis propria layer origin in the esophagus.
Subject(s)
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection/methods , Esophageal Mucosa/surgery , Esophageal Neoplasms/surgery , Esophagoscopy/methods , Adult , Aged , Esophageal Mucosa/pathology , Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Ginseng is a plant in the family Araliaceae and the genus Panax with the formal name of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the treasure of traditional herbal medicine resources as the "king of herbs". Ginseng has been traditionally used for over 2,000 years in Asian countries, especially in China and Republic of Korea. During the ginseng industry chain, the cultivation in farmland and seed breeding are important for sustainable development of ginseng resources. Active components in ginseng including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, phenolic compound and their therapeutic benefits for multiple diseases are being studied. This paper aimed to review current research status and problem-solving strategies for each step of ginseng industry, including ginseng growing cultivation and seed resources, basic and clinical studies as well as comparison of ginseng industry between China and Republic of Korea, hoping to provide a reference for research direction and future development of ginseng industry.
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Objective To analyze the distribution of main pathogens,antimicrobial susceptibility,and clinical characteristics of osteoarticular infection,and provide evidence for clinical treatment.Methods A retrospective sur-vey was conducted on clinical data and pathogenic results of hospitalized patients with osteoarticular infection diag-nosed by etiology and pathology in Peking University First Hospital from 2009 to 2016,surveyed data were analyzed statistically.Results A total of 99 cases of bacterial osteoarticular infection were enrolled,100 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated,gram-positive bacteria accounted for 67.00%,49.00% of which were Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae bacteria accounted for 67.74% of 31 strains of gram-negative bacteria.Isolation rate of methicil-lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)was 16.13%,resistance rates of Staphylococcus spp.to fluoroquino-lones and rifampicin were both lower than 30%.Complication with other site infection (urinary tract infection,in-testinal infection,bloodstream infection)was an independent risk factor for gram-negative bacterial steoarticular in-fection (P＝0.027,OR＝10.536,95% CI:1.300－85.417).Conclusion Staphylococcus spp.is still the main pathogen causing osteoarticular infection,proportion of MRSA is low.Patients with urinary tract infection and in-testinal infection as well as long duration of implant should be considered the possibility of gram-negative bacterial infection when they develop steoarticular infection.
ABSTRACT
Protein kinase C beta (PKCbeta) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase, which plays an important role in many cell signaling pathways. PKCbeta takes part in multiple physiological processes, including regulation of the cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Increased PKCbeta activity has been observed in many human cancers, such as colon, breast and haematological malignancies. At present, Enzastaurin is mostly studied in preclinical and clinical studies, which is a selective PKCbeta inhibitor. This review focuses on the functional properties of PKCbeta, its role played in tumors and Enzastaurin.
