Transcriptional regulation of cancer stem cell: regulatory factors elucidation and cancer treatment strategies.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first discovered in the 1990s, revealing the mysteries of cancer origin, migration, recurrence and drug-resistance from a new perspective. The expression of pluripotent genes and complex signal regulatory networks are significant features of CSC, also act as core factors to affect the characteristics of CSC. Transcription is a necessary link to regulate the phenotype and potential of CSC, involving chromatin environment, nucleosome occupancy, histone modification, transcription factor (TF) availability and cis-regulatory elements, which suffer from ambient pressure. Especially, the expression and activity of pluripotent TFs are deeply affected by both internal and external factors, which is the foundation of CSC transcriptional regulation in the current research framework. Growing evidence indicates that regulating epigenetic modifications to alter cancer stemness is effective, and some special promoters and enhancers can serve as targets to influence the properties of CSC. Clarifying the factors that regulate CSC transcription will assist us directly target key stem genes and TFs, or hinder CSC transcription through environmental and other related factors, in order to achieve the goal of inhibiting CSC and tumors. This paper comprehensively reviews the traditional aspects of transcriptional regulation, and explores the progress and insights of the impact on CSC transcription and status through tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia, metabolism and new meaningful regulatory factors in conjunction with the latest research. Finally, we present opinions on omnidirectional targeting CSCs transcription to eliminate CSCs and address tumor resistance.

Mechanical Stability and Unfolding Pathways of Parallel Tetrameric G-Quadruplexes Probed by Pulling Simulations.

Guanine quadruplex (GQ) is a noncanonical nucleic acid structure formed by guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences. Folding of GQs is a complex process, where several aspects remain elusive, despite being important for understanding structure formation and biological functions of GQs. Pulling experiments are a common tool for acquiring insights into the folding landscape of GQs. Herein, we applied a computational pulling strategy─steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations─in combination with standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the unfolding landscapes of tetrameric parallel GQs. We identified anisotropic properties of elastic conformational changes, unfolding transitions, and GQ mechanical stabilities. Using a special set of structural parameters, we found that the vertical component of pulling force (perpendicular to the average G-quartet plane) plays a significant role in disrupting GQ structures and weakening their mechanical stabilities. We demonstrated that the magnitude of the vertical force component depends on the pulling anchor positions and the number of G-quartets. Typical unfolding transitions for tetrameric parallel GQs involve base unzipping, opening of the G-stem, strand slippage, and rotation to cross-like structures. The unzipping was detected as the first and dominant unfolding event, and it usually started at the 3'-end. Furthermore, results from both SMD and standard MD simulations indicate that partial spiral conformations serve as a transient ensemble during the (un)folding of GQs.

Effect of Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will.Watson essential oil on antioxidant activity, immune and intestinal barrier-related function, and gut microbiota in pigeons infected by Candida albicans.

Essential oils are potential alternatives to antibiotics for preventing Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection which is responsible for economic losses in the pigeon industry. Cymbopogon martini essential oil (EO) can inhibit pathogens, particularly fungal pathogens but its potential beneficial effects on C. albicans-infected pigeons remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. martini EO on antioxidant activity, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microbiota in C. albicans-infected pigeons. The pigeons were divided into four groups as follows: (1) NC group: C. albicans uninfected/C. martini EO untreated group; (2) PC group: C. albicans infected/C. martini EO untreated group; (3) LPA group: C. albicans infected/1% C. martini EO treated group; and (4) HPA group: C. albicans infected/2% C. martini EO treated group. The pigeons were infected with C. albicans from day of age 35 to 41 and treated with C. martini EO from day of age 42 to 44, with samples collected on day of age 45 for analysis. The results demonstrated that C. martini EO prevented the reduction in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px causes by C. albicans challenge in pigeons. Furthermore, C. martini EO could decrease the relative expression of IL-1ß, TGF-ß, and IL-8 in the ileum, as well as IL-1ß and IL-8 in the crop, while increasing the relative expression of Claudin-1 in the ileum and the crop and Occludin in the ileum in infected pigeons. Although the gut microbiota composition was not significantly affected by C. martini EO, 2% C. martini EO increased the abundance of Alistipes and Pedobacter. In conclusion, the application of 2% C. martini EO not only enhanced the level of antioxidant activity and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier function but also inhibited inflammatory genes in C. albicans-infected pigeons and increased the abundance of gut bacteria that are resistant to C. albicans.

Phenotypic and comparative transcriptomics analysis of RDS1 overexpression reveal tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to furfural.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to tolerate lignocellulose-derived inhibitors like furfural. Yeast strain performance tolerance has been measured by the length of the lag phase for cell growth in response to the furfural inhibitor challenge. The aims of this work were to obtain RDS1 yeast tolerant strain against furfural through overexpression using a method of in vivo homologous recombination. Here, we report that the overexpressing RDS1 recovered more rapidly and displayed a lag phase at about 12 h than its parental strain. Overexpressing RDS1 strain encodes a novel aldehyde reductase with catalytic function for reduction of furfural with NAD(P)H as the co-factor. It displayed the highest specific activity (24.8 U/mg) for furfural reduction using NADH as a cofactor. Fluorescence microscopy revealed improved accumulation of reactive oxygen species resistance to the damaging effects of inhibitor in contrast to the parental. Comparative transcriptomics revealed key genes potentially associated with stress responses to the furfural inhibitor, including specific and multiple functions involving defensive reduction-oxidation reaction process and cell wall response. A significant change in expression level of log2 (fold change >1) was displayed for RDS1 gene in the recombinant strain, which demonstrated that the introduction of RDS1 overexpression promoted the expression level. Such signature expressions differentiated tolerance phenotypes of RDS1 from the innate stress response of its parental strain. Overexpression of the RDS1 gene involving diversified functional categories is accountable for stress tolerance in yeast S. cerevisiae to survive and adapt the furfural during the lag phase.

Discovery of new strains for furfural degradation using adaptive laboratory evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In industrial production, the excessive discharge of furfural can pose harm to soil microorganisms, aquatic animals and plants, as well as humans. Therefore, it is crucial to develop efficient and cost-effective methods for degrading furfural in the environment. Currently, the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for furfural degradation in water has shown effectiveness, but there is a need to explore improved efficiency and tolerance in S. cerevisiae for this purpose. In this study, we isolated and evolved highly efficient furfural degradation strains, namely YBA_08 and F60C. These strains exhibited remarkable capabilities, degrading 59% and 99% furfural in the YPD medium after 72 h of incubation, significantly higher than the 31% achieved by the model strain S288C. Through analysis of the efficient degradation mechanism in the evolutionary strain F60C, we discovered a 326% increase in the total amount of NADH and NADPH. This increase likely promotes faster furfural degradation through intracellular aldehyde reductases. Moreover, the decrease in NADPH content led to a 406% increase in glutathione content at the background level, which protects cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Mutations and differential expression related to cell cycle and cell wall synthesis were observed, enabling cell survival in the presence of furfural and facilitating rapid furfural degradation and growth recovery. Based on these findings, it is speculated that strains YBA_08 and F60C have the potential to contribute to furfural degradation in water and the production of furfuryl alcohol, ethanol, and FDCA in biorefinery processes.

Contribution of YPRO15C Overexpression to the Resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 Strain to Furfural Inhibitor.

Lignocellulosic biomass is still considered a feasible source of bioethanol production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can adapt to detoxify lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, including furfural. Tolerance of strain performance has been measured by the extent of the lag phase for cell proliferation following the furfural inhibitor challenge. The purpose of this work was to obtain a tolerant yeast strain against furfural through overexpression of YPR015C using the in vivo homologous recombination method. The physiological observation of the overexpressing yeast strain showed that it was more resistant to furfural than its parental strain. Fluorescence microscopy revealed improved enzyme reductase activity and accumulation of oxygen reactive species due to the harmful effects of furfural inhibitor in contrast to its parental strain. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed 79 genes potentially involved in amino acid biosynthesis, oxidative stress, cell wall response, heat shock protein, and mitochondrial-associated protein for the YPR015C overexpressing strain associated with stress responses to furfural at the late stage of lag phase growth. Both up- and down-regulated genes involved in diversified functional categories were accountable for tolerance in yeast to survive and adapt to the furfural stress in a time course study during the lag phase growth. This study enlarges our perceptions comprehensively about the physiological and molecular mechanisms implicated in the YPR015C overexpressing strain's tolerance under furfural stress. Construction illustration of the recombinant plasmid. a) pUG6-TEF1p-YPR015C, b) integration diagram of the recombinant plasmid pUG6-TEF1p-YPR into the chromosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Atomistic Picture of Opening-Closing Dynamics of DNA Holliday Junction Obtained by Molecular Simulations.

Holliday junction (HJ) is a noncanonical four-way DNA structure with a prominent role in DNA repair, recombination, and DNA nanotechnology. By rearranging its four arms, HJ can adopt either closed or open state. With enzymes typically recognizing only a single state, acquiring detailed knowledge of the rearrangement process is an important step toward fully understanding the biological function of HJs. Here, we carried out standard all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the spontaneous opening-closing transitions, which revealed complex conformational transitions of HJs with an involvement of previously unconsidered "half-closed" intermediates. Detailed free-energy landscapes of the transitions were obtained by sophisticated enhanced sampling simulations. Because the force field overstabilizes the closed conformation of HJs, we developed a system-specific modification which for the first time allows the observation of spontaneous opening-closing HJ transitions in unbiased MD simulations and opens the possibilities for more accurate HJ computational studies of biological processes and nanomaterials.

Structural and dynamic effects of pseudouridine modifications on noncanonical interactions in RNA.

Pseudouridine is the most frequently naturally occurring RNA modification, found in all classes of biologically functional RNAs. Compared to uridine, pseudouridine contains an additional hydrogen bond donor group and is therefore widely regarded as a structure stabilizing modification. However, the effects of pseudouridine modifications on the structure and dynamics of RNAs have so far only been investigated in a limited number of different structural contexts. Here, we introduced pseudouridine modifications into the U-turn motif and the adjacent U:U closing base pair of the neomycin-sensing riboswitch (NSR)-an extensively characterized model system for RNA structure, ligand binding, and dynamics. We show that the effects of replacing specific uridines with pseudouridines on RNA dynamics crucially depend on the exact location of the replacement site and can range from destabilizing to locally or even globally stabilizing. By using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, MD simulations and QM calculations, we rationalize the observed effects on a structural and dynamical level. Our results will help to better understand and predict the consequences of pseudouridine modifications on the structure and function of biologically important RNAs.

Current applications of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in bone repair and regeneration: A review of cell experiments, animal models, and clinical trials.

In the field of orthopaedics, bone defects caused by severe trauma, infection, tumor resection, and skeletal abnormalities are very common. However, due to the lengthy and painful process of related surgery, people intend to shorten the recovery period and reduce the risk of rejection; as a result, more attention is being paid to bone regeneration with mesenchymal stromal cells, one of which is the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) from adipose tissue. After continuous subculture and cryopreservation, ASCs still have the potential for multidirectional differentiation. They can be implanted in the human body to promote bone repair after induction in vitro, solve the problems of scarce sources and large damage, and are expected to be used in the treatment of bone defects and non-union fractures. However, the diversity of its differentiation lineage and the lack of bone formation potential limit its current applications in bone disease. Here, we concluded the current applications of ASCs in bone repair, especially with the combination and use of physical and biological methods. ASCs alone have been proved to contribute to the repair of bone damage in vivo and in vitro. Attaching to bone scaffolds or adding bioactive molecules can enhance the formation of the bone matrix. Moreover, we further evaluated the efficiency of ASC-committed differentiation in the bone in conditions of cell experiments, animal models, and clinical trials. The results show that ASCs in combination with synthetic bone grafts and biomaterials may affect the regeneration, augmentation, and vascularization of bone defects on bone healing. The specific conclusion of different materials applied with ASCs may vary. It has been confirmed to benefit osteogenesis by regulating osteogenic signaling pathways and gene transduction. Exosomes secreted by ASCs also play an important role in osteogenesis. This review will illustrate the understanding of scientists and clinicians of the enormous promise of ASCs' current applications and future development in bone repair and regeneration, and provide an incentive for superior employment of such strategies.

A Plasmid With Conserved Phage Genes Helps Klebsiella pneumoniae Defend Against the Invasion of Transferable DNA Elements at the Cost of Reduced Virulence.

Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibits extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity. Higher plasmid loads in the cell were supposed to play an key role in its genome diversity. Although some plasmids are widely distributed in Kp populations, they are poorly recognized. A plasmid named p2 in strain Kp1604 was predicted to be an intact prophage like Salmonella phage SSU5. However, our study showed that p2 was specifically packaged into membrane vesicles (MVs) rather than phage particles triggered by mitomycin C and subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. p2-minus mutant Kp1604Δp2 did not affect MV production. Compared with Kp1604, the capacity of plasmid uptake and the amount of phage burst of Kp1604Δp2 were improved. Moreover, virulence of Kp1604Δp2 also increased. Our results indicated that p2 could contribute to the host defense against the invasion of transferable DNA elements at the cost of reduced virulence. Further study on the mechanism will help us understand how it provides adaptive phenotypes to host evolution.

Phosphorothioate Substitutions in RNA Structure Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, QM/MM Calculations, and NMR Experiments.

Phosphorothioates (PTs) are important chemical modifications of the RNA backbone where a single nonbridging oxygen of the phosphate is replaced with a sulfur atom. PT can stabilize RNAs by protecting them from hydrolysis and is commonly used as a tool to explore their function. It is, however, unclear what basic physical effects PT has on RNA stability and electronic structure. Here, we present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantum mechanical (QM) calculations, and NMR spectroscopy measurements, exploring the effects of PT modifications in the structural context of the neomycin-sensing riboswitch (NSR). The NSR is the smallest biologically functional riboswitch with a well-defined structure stabilized by a U-turn motif. Three of the signature interactions of the U-turn: an H-bond, an anion-π interaction, and a potassium binding site; are formed by RNA phosphates, making the NSR an ideal model for studying how PT affects RNA structure and dynamics. By comparing with high-level QM calculations, we reveal the distinct physical properties of the individual interactions facilitated by the PT. The sulfur substitution, besides weakening the direct H-bond interaction, reduces the directionality of H-bonding while increasing its dispersion and induction components. It also reduces the induction and increases the dispersion component of the anion-π stacking. The sulfur force-field parameters commonly employed in the literature do not reflect these distinctions, leading to the unsatisfactory description of PT in simulations of the NSR. We show that it is not possible to accurately describe the PT interactions using one universal set of van der Waals sulfur parameters and provide suggestions for improving the force-field performance.

YMR152W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding a novel aldehyde reductase for detoxification of aldehydes derived from lignocellulosic biomass.

Aldehydes are the main inhibitors generated during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, which can inhibit cell growth and disturb subsequent fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the intrinsic ability to in situ detoxify aldehydes to their less toxic or nontoxic alcohols by numerous aldehyde dehydrogenases/reductases during the lag phase. Herein, we report that an uncharacterized open reading frame YMR152W from S. cerevisiae encodes a novel aldehyde reductase with catalytic functions for reduction of at least six aldehydes, including two furan aldehydes (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), three aliphatic aldehydes (acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and 3-methylbutanal), and an aromatic aldehyde (benzaldehyde) with NADH or NADPH as the co-factor. Particularly, Ymr152wp displayed the highest specific activity (190.86 U/mg), and the best catalytic rate constant (Kcat), catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km), and affinity (Km) when acetaldehyde was used as the substrate with NADH as the co-factor. The optimum pH of Ymr152wp is acidic (pH 5.0-6.0), but this enzyme is more stable in alkaline conditions (pH 8.0). Metal ions, chemical protective additives, salts, and substrates could stimulate or inhibit enzyme activities of Ymr152wp in varying degrees. Ymr152wp was classified into the quinone oxidoreductase (QOR) subfamily of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) family based on the results of amino acid sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Although Ymr152wp was grouped into the QOR family, no quinone reductase activity was observed using typical quinones (9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, and p-benzoquinone) as the substrates. This study provides guidelines for exploring more uncharacterized aldehyde reductases in S. cerevisiae for in situ detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysis.

Cellular Analysis and Comparative Transcriptomics Reveal the Tolerance Mechanisms of Candida tropicalis Toward Phenol.

Phenol is a ubiquitous pollutant and can contaminate natural water resources. Hence, the removal of phenol from wastewater is of significant importance. A series of biological methods were used to remove phenol based on the natural ability of microorganisms to degrade phenol, but the tolerance mechanism of phenol-degraded strains to phenol are not very clear. Morphological observation on Candida tropicalis showed that phenol caused the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, damaging the mitochondrial and the endoplasmic reticulum. On the basis of transcriptome data and cell wall susceptibility analysis, it was found that C. tropicalis prevented phenol-caused cell damage through improvement of cell wall resistance, maintenance of high-fidelity DNA replication, intracellular protein homeostasis, organelle integrity, and kept the intracellular phenol concentration at a low level through cell-wall remodeling and removal of excess phenol via MDR/MXR transporters. The knowledge obtained will promote the genetic modification of yeast strains in general to tolerate the high concentrations of phenol and improve their efficiency of phenol degradation.

YKL107W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a novel aldehyde reductase for detoxification of acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and furfural.

The aldehyde reductases from the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family were identified as a series of critical enzymes for the improved tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the aldehydes by catalyzing the detoxification reactions of aldehydes. Herein, we report that a novel aldehyde reductase Ykl107wp deduced from YKL107W from S. cerevisiae belongs to the classical SDR group and can catalyze the reduction reactions of acetaldehyde (AA), glycolaldehyde (GA), furfural (FF), formaldehyde (FA), and propionaldehyde (PA) but cannot reduce the six representative ketones. Ykl107wp displayed the best maximum velocity (Vmax), catalytic rate constant (Kcat), catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km), and highest affinity (Km) to acetaldehyde. The optimum pH of Ykl107wp was 6.0 for the reduction of AA and 7.0 for the reduction of GA and FF, and the optimum temperatures were 40, 35, and 30 °C for the reduction of AA, GA, and FF, respectively. Ykl107wp for the reduction of AA was greatly affected by metal ions, chemical additives, and salts and showed poor thermal and pH stability, but its stability was slightly affected by a substrate. Ykl107wp was localized in endoplasmic reticulum and prevented the yeast cells from damage caused by furfural via the detoxification of furfural to furfural alcohol. This research provides guidelines for the study of uncharacterized classical SDR aldehyde reductases and exploration of their protective mechanisms on the corresponding organelles.

Biochemical Evidence for a Nuclear Modifier Allele (A10S) in TRMU (Methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate-methyltransferase) Related to Mitochondrial tRNA Modification in the Phenotypic Manifestation of Deafness-associated 12S rRNA Mutation.

Nuclear modifier gene(s) was proposed to modulate the phenotypic expression of mitochondrial DNA mutation(s). Our previous investigations revealed that a nuclear modifier allele (A10S) in TRMU (methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate-methyltransferase) related to tRNA modification interacts with 12S rRNA 1555A→G mutation to cause deafness. The A10S mutation resided at a highly conserved residue of the N-terminal sequence. It was hypothesized that the A10S mutation altered the structure and function of TRMU, thereby causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we showed that the A10S mutation introduced the Ser10 dynamic electrostatic interaction with the Lys106 residue of helix 4 within the catalytic domain of TRMU. The Western blotting analysis displayed the reduced levels of TRMU in mutant cells carrying the A10S mutation. The thermal shift assay revealed the Tm value of mutant TRMU protein, lower than that of the wild-type counterpart. The A10S mutation caused marked decreases in 2-thiouridine modification of U34 of tRNALys, tRNAGlu and tRNAGln However, the A10S mutation mildly increased the aminoacylated efficiency of tRNAs. The altered 2-thiouridine modification worsened the impairment of mitochondrial translation associated with the m.1555A→G mutation. The defective translation resulted in the reduced activities of mitochondrial respiration chains. The respiratory deficiency caused the reduction of mitochondrial ATP production and elevated the production of reactive oxidative species. As a result, mutated TRMU worsened mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with m.1555A→G mutation, exceeding the threshold for expressing a deafness phenotype. Our findings provided new insights into the pathophysiology of maternally inherited deafness that was manifested by interaction between mtDNA mutation and nuclear modifier gene.