Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in cattle, sheep, and goats from Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review.

This study aimed to systematically collect and appraise the scientific evidence to answer the research question: What MAP genotypes have been isolated from cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean? An electronic search was conducted on three platforms (i.e., OVID®, Web of Science®, SciELO) as well as on the proceedings of the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined a priori and conserved through the systematic process and only articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. A total of 26 articles met the definitive inclusion criteria. All were published in English, in 15 different journals, and between 1989 and 2020. The relevant articles reported the use of six different genotyping techniques (i.e., polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, type-specific-PCR, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats, multi-locus short sequence repeat, single nucleotide polymorphism) in isolates from seven countries. Genotypes found so far in the region using typing techniques were mainly C type. MIRU-VNTR mostly reported INMV 1, INMV 2, and INMV 11 subtypes, among others. MLSSR reported genotypes from four different countries, reporting nine different subtypes of which 7g-10g-4ggt was the most common for loci 1, 2, and 8, respectively. Regardless the high diversity of techniques used so far to genotype Latin American and Caribbean MAP isolates, the original question of this systematic review has been answered. In addition, a relative genetic similarity between MAP strains recovered from cattle, goats, and sheep unrelatedly of the matrix and geographic origin was identified.

Tipificación molecular de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en lecherías de Antioquia, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad molecular de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) en muestras ambientales de hatos lecheros colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Las muestras ambientales de 25 hatos lecheros positivos a MAP por IS900-qPCR se cultivaron por duplicado en medio de yema de huevo de Herrold con micobactina J para obtener aislamientos. Las colonias sospechosas fueron confirmadas para MAP por IS900-qPCR. El ADN positivo se subtipó utilizando técnicas de unidades micobacterialess repetitivas intercaladas - número variable de repeticiones en tándem (MIRU-VNTR) y técnicas de repeticiones de multilocus de secuencia corta (MLSSR) para analizar las diferencias genéticas entre los aislamientos. Resultados. El subtipado reveló dos genotipos diferentes por MIRU-VNTR (INMV 2 e INMV 36). La técnica de MLSSR se realizó para aumentar el poder discriminatorio de lo obtenido por MIRU-VNTR, pero no se observaron diferencias entre los aislamientos recuperados. Conclusiones. El presente estudio representa un enfoque importante para el conocimiento del estatus epidemiológico de MAP en la población de estudio.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in environmental samples from Colombian dairy herds. Materials and methods. Environmental samples from 25 IS900-qPCR MAP-positive dairy herds were cultured by duplicate in Herrold's egg yolk medium with mycobactin J to obtain isolates. Suspicious colonies were confirmed by MAP-IS900-qPCR. Positive DNA was sub-typed using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and multilocus short sequence repeats (MLSSR) techniques to analyze the genetic differences between the isolates. Results. Sub-typing revealed two different genotypes by MIRU-VNTR (INMV 2 and INMV 36). MLSSR technique was carried out to increase the discriminatory power from what was obtained by MIRU-VNTR, but no differences were observed among the recovered isolates. Conclusions. The present study represents an important approach to the knowledge on MAP epidemiological status in the study population.