Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of student nurses regarding community activities in primary care: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain student nurses' degree of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding the implementation of community activities (CA) in primary care. DESIGN: Questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. SAMPLE: The study was conducted with 152 students seeking a nursing degree at the University of Santiago de Compostela (North Spain) in the 2022/2023 academic year. MEASUREMENTS: We distributed a self-administered online questionnaire on CA, which are actions undertaken in collaboration with the local community and targeted at groups of people with common needs, in order to improve the health and wellbeing of the population. RESULTS: Only 15.1% of the sample was able to identify CA correctly. However, 93.4% considered these an effective approach for the control of chronic diseases. Special mention should be made of the positive attitude shown by students toward the implementation of these types of activities. CONCLUSION: Nurses play a key role in preventing chronic diseases, and it is therefore necessary to ensure that they are trained in the implementation of CA aimed at reducing the incidence of such diseases. Future training plans for nurses should emphasize the community perspective in order to improve the skills of future professionals in this field and to increase the success of these interventions.

Impact of lifestyle changes on home energy consumption during pandemic COVID-19 in Indonesia.

This study aims to grasp the lifestyle changes in residential buildings related to energy consumption since the emergence of Covid-19 in Indonesia. Data collection through online questionnaires was conducted from more than 1,000 households domiciled in the five largest islands of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua). Firstly, this article summarizes the results of questionnaire, including the household's basic information and the lifestyle changes. It is found that more than 89% of families have implemented Work from Home (WFH) affecting other lifestyle changes during the pandemic. Secondly, the Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was conducted to find influential factors on electricity use in residential housing. It was found that the number of family members, the use of air conditioning, and the use of kitchen appliances significantly contributed to the increase in electricity during stay homes period. Thirdly, the characteristics and lifestyle attributes are classified, the largest increase occurred in household groups with middle to upper average electricity consumption before the pandemic. Finally, the discussion results are expected to encourage industry and policymakers to implement energy monitors, especially regarding electricity use in residential homes. In addition, periodic surveys of post-occupancy evaluations (POE) in households need to be implemented to obtain detailed data in monitoring people's lifestyle and energy use behavior. This study can also be used as a report on energy performance in the residential sector to increase awareness of energy savings and encourage the government to develop renewable energy distribution. Especially to avoid an energy crisis due to disasters that force residents to stay at home during a pandemic.

Social Participation Benefit in Elderly Patients With Diabetes: A Scoping Review.

Aims: To conduct a scoping review on the proportion of social participation in elderly patients with diabetes and related factors to clarify what is known and what needs to be addressed in the future. Methods: Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, CiNii, and Ichu-shi. Articles that surveyed social participation in elderly patients with diabetes were included. Social participation was defined as participation in community activities/groups (exercise, sports, hobbies, volunteer activities, neighborhood associations, senior citizens associations, and political and religious organizations). Results: The mean age of the subjects was 67 years, and 42% were women. The percentage of social participation was 13%-36%. Moreover, factors contributing to social participation included self-management of treatment, lifestyle, mobility, subjective assessment of health, and quality of life. Conclusion: This study showed the percentage of social participation in elderly patients with diabetes and related factors. Further study is required to evaluate the causal relationship, the mechanism between social participation and contributing factors, the relationship between social participation and other outcomes, and several stratified analyses in elderly patients with diabetes.

Patterns of Living Lost? Measuring Community Participation and Other Influences on the Health of Older Migrants in China.

Community participation is a key element of active aging that promotes a new paradigm to enhance health and well-being as people age. However, social isolation is often a concern for older migrants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the current status of older migrants' community participation and assess the main influences on three forms of welfare, development, and organizational participation. We adopted a quantitative research design for this study. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1216 older migrants in 4 cities; 1105 valid responses were received, representing a response rate of around 91%. The research findings showed that the current participation of older migrants in community activities was limited. By comparison, full self-care capability and non-chronic illness positively affected general and welfare participation. Educated at primary school had a negative influence on general, development, and organizational participation, whereas knowledge of the local language was a significant predictor of general and development participation. Urban inclusion and resident friendship had positive effects on general, welfare, and development participation. The study also revealed direct influences of socioeconomic characteristics on different types of participation. Moving forward, actions are needed to maximize older migrants' participation in public events and community life.

Using Video Modeling Plus a System of Least Prompts to Teach People With Intellectual Disability to Participate in Faith Communities.

There is a need for meaningful inclusion of people with disabilities in faith communities beyond physical presence. Although it has been recommended that evidence-based practices be used to increase the meaningful participation of people with intellectual disability in faith communities, there is a lack of empirical studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of video modeling and the system of least prompts in teaching individuals with intellectual disability to participate in a community activity. The results indicated the intervention was effective in teaching the tasks in simulated situations and following acquisition, the behaviors generalized to the actual worship service or faith community setting.

Association between participation in hospital-led community activities and sense of security in continued community living among older adults in a rural district of Japan: A cross-sectional study.

For older adults to continue living in a community, they need to have a certain sense of security, especially in terms of the availability of healthcare in the community. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore important factors of the sense of security among older adults in their continued community living, with particular attention to hospital-led community activities. The participants comprised 252 randomly sampled older adults aged 65 years or older, living in a local community in western Japan, and ranging from being independent to physically and cognitively frail. Participants' sense of security in continued community living was assessed using a modified scale from past research on cancer care. Activities provided by local community organisations and hospitals were examined. The participants' mean age was 75.0 years, 144 (57.8%) were female and 32 (13.3%) were frail. Hospital-led groups (e.g. health lectures) and individual (e.g. health counselling) activities were used by 73 (30.5%) and 76 (31.9%) participants respectively. Among participants, 174 (73.4%) had participated in activities run by the local community, such as senior day celebrations or senior centre activities. A stronger sense of security was associated with participation in hospital-led individual activities (ß = 0.171, p = .036), being a member of a neighbourhood association (ß = 0.156, p = .020), frequency of contact with family members (ß = 0.145, p = .034) and lower depression (ß = -0.269, p < .001). Participation in community hospital-led individual activities may provide older adults opportunities to discuss their health-related concerns in a community setting, and thus might enhance their sense of security. In the aged society, the role of healthcare facilities may need to be expanded to facilitate outreach for older adults in the community to enhance their sense of security and actualise ageing in place.

Brief Report: Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Autistic Adults.

Autistic individuals are at risk for developing depression though the risk and protective factors for co-occurring depression in autistic individuals are not yet fully characterized. In this retrospective medical chart review study, we explored factors associated with self-reported depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) in autistic adults (N = 58). For autistic adults, engagement in one or more activities (recreational, educational and/or vocational) was associated with less severe depressive symptoms (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.006); and reported family history of depression/anxiety was associated with increased likelihood of suicidal ideation (Chi-square test, p = 0.027). Promotion of community-based activities and family support systems may be an integral part of creating effective treatment plans for depressive symptoms in autistic adults.

Community Participation Comparison Between Adults on the Autism Spectrum and Adults in the General Population.

Little research has examined the full-range of participation among adults on the autism spectrum. The current study addresses this knowledge gap by comparing the frequency, importance, breadth, and sufficiency of participation between autistic adults and adults in the general population. Autistic adults participated less, had fewer areas that were important to them, participated in fewer areas that were important to them, and were less satisfied with their participation even after controlling for demographic characteristics. Moreover, this study raises questions about what influences their perceptions about the breadth of activities that are important to them and the degree to which they desire to participate in those areas. Suggestions for future interventions and research are offered.

Association of Structural Social Capital and Self-Reported Well-Being among Japanese Community-Dwelling Adults: A Longitudinal Study.

Previous studies have shown both positive and non-positive associations between social capital and health. However, longitudinal evidence examining its comprehensive effects on well-being is still limited. This study examined whether structural social capital in the local community was related to the later well-being of Japanese people aged 40 or above. A 4-year longitudinal study was conducted in a rural Japanese town. "Well-being" was measured using three indicators (happiness, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms), and those who were high in well-being in the baseline 2015 survey and responded to the follow-up 2019 survey were analyzed (n = 1032 for happiness, 938 for self-rated health, and 471 for depressive symptoms). Multilevel Poisson regression analysis adjusted for covariates showed that having contact with fewer neighbors was associated with a decline in happiness at both the community level (adjusted relative risk = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-1.63) and the individual level (adjusted relative risk = 1.51, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-2.17), but participation in local community activities was not. The results suggest that dense personal networks might be more important in areas with thriving local community activities, not only for individuals but also for all community members.

[Functional physical condition after a multi-component community intervention of active aging: Pragmatic clinical trial]. / Condición física funcional tras una intervención comunitaria multicomponente de envejecimiento activo. Ensayo clínico pragmático.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent program of active aging in the improvement of the functional physical condition of patients older than 65years old with social risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pragmatic clinical trial non-blinded. SETTING: Community activity; primary care and public education center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients older than 65years and diagnosed with social risk. The patients who attended at the health center and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected consecutively (n=102). INTERVENTIONS: The patients were randomized into the intervention group or to the control group. The intervention included two weekly sessions of 1h of exercise during 4months, monthly health education sessions, and three days of social activities. The control group received the regular tips. The physical conditions were evaluated before and at the end the study. RESULTS: Eighty of the patients completed the study. Their middle age was 71.5±5 years old, and 91.3% of them were women. There was no significant differences between both groups. After the intervention, all the test for physical qualities improved in the intervention group; in the 6-minutes walk test the patients improved their mark in a 98% from the baseline marks, with an average increase of 65±35m. Flexibility improved in the 60% of the patients (95%CI: 50-70); strength increased an 84% (95%CI: 76-92), and dynamic balance increased a 79% (95%CI: 70-88). In control group improve some test marks but it had no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The socio-motor intervention program coordinated between health services and educational centers improves the functional physical condition of the elderly with social risk.

Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Community Activities and Employment: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Older Japanese Adults.

We evaluated differences in the cumulative benefit costs of public long-term care (LTC) insurance services by employment status and frequency of community activities. A baseline survey was conducted on functionally independent older people from 12 municipalities as a nationwide survey from 2010 to 2011. Employment status was dichotomized, and community activity was assessed based on the frequency of participation in hobbies, sports clubs, or volunteering. We followed the respondents' LTC service costs over a period of 6 years using public LTC claim records (n = 46,616). We adopted a classical linear regression analysis and an inverse probability weighting estimation with multiple imputation for missing values. Compared with non-participation in each community activity, the cumulative LTC costs among individuals who participated in hobbies or sports group activities at least twice a week were 1.23 (95% confidence interval: 0.73-1.72) to 1.18 (0.68-1.67) thousand USD lower per person over the 6-year period (28.7% to 30.1% lower, respectively). Similarly, the costs for employed persons were 0.55 (0.20-0.90) to 0.64 (0.29-0.99) thousand USD per person lower than among retirees (14.5% to 16.9% lower). Promoting employment opportunities and frequent participation in community activities among older adults may help reduce future LTC costs by around 20% as a result of extending healthy longevity.

Cardiovascular and Quality of Life Outcomes of a 3-Month Physical Exercise Program in Two Brazilian Communities.

Background: A reduction in physical activity levels in older people is associated with declining quality of life and lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels associated with cardiovascular disease outcomes and mortality from all causes. Evidence supports the positive effect of community-based exercise (CEXE) programs on cardiovascular health and quality of life. This research aimed to examine the effects of a 3-month CEXE on health-related quality of life and cardiovascular risk factors in two Brazilian populations. Methods: Adults with an average age of 70.2 ± 5.4 years were recruited to engage in an individually designed group based CEXE program two to three times/week (aerobic exercise, circuit resistance training, and stretching exercises for 1 h each time). Once a week, competitions were held to improve socialization and collaboration capacity among group members. The CEXE group was compared with a sedentary group. Cardiovascular outcomes were blood pressure, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glycemia. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form-36. Results: Of the cardiovascular outcomes studied, the CEXE program significantly reduced systolic blood pressure [5.7 (95% CI 0.2 to 11.3), p < 0.05] and the triglyceride-HDL-C ratio [0.8 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.5), p < 0.05], whereas HDL-C was significantly increased [4.4 (95% CI 0.02 to 8.8), p < 0.05]. A significant improvement in the Short Form-36 subscales occurred in CEXE but not in the control group: physical functioning score [increase of 24.2 (95% CI 11.8 to 36.5) vs. -9.2 (95% CI -21.5 to 3.2), p < 0.001], physical role functioning score [increase of 35.4 (95% CI 12.8 to 58.0) vs. 16.7 (95% CI -6.0 to 39.3), p < 0.01], and general health score [increase of 23.7 (95% CI: 36.9. to 10.4) vs. 2.4 (95% CI -10.9 to 15.7), p < 0.001]. Conclusion: This study shows that in older adults, a 12-week physical activity program can significantly decrease cardiovascular risk and improve health-related quality of life measures. An important transferable sociocultural strategy of our exercise program was to establish social interactions during and outside the CEXE program.

Factors related to preference for participation and degree of commitment in community activities among older adults in Japanese depopulated areas.

To address the rapid increase in the ageing population, Japan implemented the Long-Term Care Insurance System (LTCS) in 2000. Additionally, a community-based integrated community care system was released in 2012. The purpose of these policies was to help older people who need care or support to continue to live their preferred lifestyles in their own communities. According to this paradigm, older residents are themselves considered members of the community caregiving team and expected to participate in volunteer activities to help the neighbourhood. One such activity is social participation including community activities. Many factors influencing social participation have been found in previous literature. However, knowledge of specific factors about community activities is limited, even though these kinds of activities have attracted policy attention. Our study examined factors related to thoughts about community activities among people aged >40 years. We conducted random sampling in two depopulated areas in Japan and used an anonymous mail survey method. Our survey consisted of three parts: social demographics, health and life, and medical/long-term care. A total of 2,466 individuals participated in the study (response rate 52.2%), whose average age was 64.2 (SD = 10.3) and 46.5% (n = 1,146) were female. Items including talking with neighbours frequently (social demographics), higher self-rated health (health and life), the need for health consultations and the desire to take care of family members when they need help (medical/long-term care) were significantly related to both preference for participation and degree of commitment in community activities. To encourage participation in community activities among older citizens, we recommend interventions related to health literacy and family ties.

[The associations of frailty with regular participation in physical, cultural, and community social activities among independent elders in Japan].

Objective　The goal of the study was to assess the relationships of the frequency (more than one time per week) of various activities to frailty among independent elderly people in Japan.Methods　Survey data were collected from 73,341 community-dwelling elders who were not certified as Needing Long-Term Care. Basic checklist survey items developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare were used along with exhaustive items on the weekly physical, cultural, community, and volunteer activities of the respondents. The effects of the frequencies of each activity with and without frailty were estimated. The relationship between frailty and pre-frailty was analyzed in a multinomial logistic regression model regarding involvement in activities and controlling for the effects of gender, age, and with non-frailty as a reference category.Results　Data on 49,238 individuals in the study area not certified as Needing Long-Term Care (24,632 males and 24,606 females), corresponding to 67% of all elderly (aged 65 or more years) Japanese people were analyzed. About 65.9% of the respondents reported that they engaged in physical activities, 78.8% reported cultural activities, and 14.9% reported community social activities. The percentages classified as frail and pre-frail were 12.8% and 22.7%, respectively. All of the activities significantly related to frailty. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of frailty among the respondents that engaged in all the types of activity was: 2.19 (1.71, 2.80) among those that reported no physical activities, 1.48 (0.91, 2.43) among those with no cultural activities, and 2.09 (1.80, 2.44) among those with no community social activities. The adjusted odds ratio on frailty for the three groups reporting one type of activity ranged from 5.40 to 6.42, which was statistically significant, and the adjusted odds ratio on the group reporting no activities was 16.41 (14.02, 19.21). These results indicate that the extent of frailty increased as the number of activities decreased.Conclusions　This cross-sectional study found that frailty among elders in Japan was separately associated with participation in cultural activities, social community activities, and physical activities. Frailty was more severe among those with less participation. This result suggests that, for elders who find it difficult to participate in physical activities, engaging in cultural or community social activities might help to prevent or delay frailty.

Program Evaluation of Camp V.I.P: Promoting Self-confidence and Independence for Patients with Spina Bifida.

PURPOSE: Camp V.I·P (Victory, Independence, Possibilities) was established by the Spina Bifida Association of Alabama in 2012. The goal is to provide children with spina bifida (SB) and their families a traditional-style summer camp focusing on self-empowerment and fostering independence in medical self-management. DESIGN AND METHODS: Part 1 of this study describes Camp V.I·P. structure. Part 2 describes an online survey to caregivers of campers gauging camp effectiveness and value and evaluating perceptions of confidence/independence and family connections. Camper characteristics were compared to the overall SB clinic population. RESULTS: 63 children with SB, 81 siblings, and over 100 caregivers have attended camp. Campers are similar to the overall clinic population in race, gender, and ambulation status. At camp, there are significantly more children with myelomeningocele (versus other spinal dysraphism) and lumbar functional level (versus thoracic). Survey results show that confidence grew in 93% of campers, and 86% gained greater independence. Parents stated that they created lifelong friendships. The majority of caregivers (91%) indicated "certainty" that they would attend camp again. CONCLUSION: Camp V.I·P is a family-centered environment that emphasizes respite, nurture, and the continuum between family and clinic. Our research shows that camp can be a useful tool to aid in independence, confidence, and social adaption. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Camp has become an integral part of our comprehensive care of children with SB and has been shown to reinforce what is taught through the clinic by creating trust between the care team and campers.

[Correlation between community activity functions and the antecedent factors of mothers and activity forms].

Objectives This study aimed to validate the function of community activities for mothers and examine the constructions of these functions. The relationships between these functions and the antecedent factors of mothers and community activity forms were investigated as well.Method Several items were selected, in accordance with a conceptual framework determined by a preliminary investigation, to measure the function of community activities, mothers' antecedent factors, and community activity forms. The target group was mothers of infants living in metropolitan areas who participated in community activities. The validity and reliability of the Community Activity Function Evaluation Scale for Mothers (CAFES), which includes five subscales, were examined by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's reliability coefficient. Covariance structure analysis was also carried out. The construction of the five subscales was examined, and the relationships between the five functions, mothers' antecedent factors, and community activity forms were validated.Results Of the 405 responses (36.8% response rate), 379 (93.5%) were eligible for analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the goodness of fit and reliability of the five subscales model. The five functions were correlated, per covariance structure analysis (CFI=0.858, RMSEA=0.060). Multiple regression analysis validated the relationships between the activity functions and mothers' antecedent factors and activity forms.Conclusion The community activities measured by CAFES worked mutually and were interrelated. The five activity functions showed relationships with mothers' antecedent factors (participation>10 times) and activity forms (mothers participate in half-day activities as administrators). Further studies are required in diverse community groups to refine CAFES for generalized use.

Organized Community Activity Participation and the Dynamic Roles of Neighborhood Violence and Gender among Latino Adolescents.

Relative to their peers, Latino youth are underinvolved in organized community activities (e.g., Boys and Girls Club), and their experiences lack examination. This study employed a neighborhood case-study approach to examine the experiences of Latino youth in a neighborhood with high levels of violence and their participation in organized community activities. Employing a cluster sampling design (Lohr, Sampling: Design and analysis. Pacific Grove, CA: Nelson Education, 2009), we used quantitative, spatial, and qualitative data to understand adolescents' participation in organized community activities. Furthermore, to understand how adolescents from the same neighborhood may experience violence differently we examined gender differences. Those who participated in organized community activities witnessed more violence, regardless of gender. General violence (e.g., robberies, shootings) was dispersed throughout the neighborhood, but gender-specific violence was concentrated along the main street of the neighborhood. In qualitative interviews, adolescents reported this concentration of violence a deterrent to their participation: sexual harassment for girls and gang intimidation for boys. Our findings highlight the unique experiences of youth in violent neighborhoods and the importance of examining differential constraints for those within the same neighborhood.

Engagement in community activities and trust in local leaders as concomitants of psychological distress among Israeli civilians exposed to prolonged rocket attacks.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Present study, conducted in the aftermath of the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, investigated psychological toll of exposure to rockets attacks in a sample of residents of central and southern Israel. Analyses focused on the distress-protective functions of collectively grounded resources: engagement in community activities and trust in local leadership. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2 and 3 months after the hostilities. METHOD: Participants (N = 764) were recruited by an online survey company that distributed a questionnaire assessing, in addition to focal predictors, sociodemographic factors and prior exposure to trauma. The outcome variables were post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nonspecific distress symptoms. RESULTS: Conservative regression analyses revealed that greater exposure to rocket attacks was predictive of higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Higher engagement in community activities exhibited a partial trauma-buffering function. However, higher levels of trust in local leaders appeared to exacerbate, rather than diminish, negative impact of rocket exposure on PTSD. Symptoms of psychological distress were not influenced neither by trauma exposure nor by stressor interactions with resources. Trust in local leadership exerted a beneficial main effect on distress. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively based resources are important for coping in times of community-wide stressors, yet their role is complex.

Community Development for teenage smoking prevention.

Context: Community Development for teenage smoking prevention is one of the themes approached by the project Building Capacity for Tobacco Research in Romania, which was initiated by Davidson College (USA) and coordinated by UMF Tg. Mures.Our basic idea was that prevention must aim at the development of the motivation-evaluation dimension of personality - i.e. the affective-motivational structure, at the level of needs, wishes, anxieties, complexes etc - and at orientation, on which the development capacity of the person depends. The accent must lay on mobilizing basic (archetype) resources of the individuals and the communities. Methodology: the collection of data is done using questionnaires, interviews and a projective test from a sample of 200 adolescents aged 14 - 15, from Transylvania. Results: the necessity of empowerment through actions of the local communities and sustaining of the individualization process in adolescents.

Psicologia Comunitária e Psicologia Histórico-Cultural: Análise e Vivência da Atividade Comunitária pelo Método Dialógico-Vivencial / Community Psychology and Cultural-Historical Psychology: Analysis and Experience of Community Activities by the Dialogical and Experiential Method

Este artigo, fundamentado em trabalhos de Góis, tem o objetivo de evidenciar as contribuições da Psicologia histórico-cultural para o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Psicologia Comunitária, argumentando que o método microgenético de Vigotski oferece à Psicologia Comunitária uma teoria de leitura da realidade e de transformação social. Essa teoria sugere a postura dialógico-vivencial de Góis que utiliza o diálogo e a vivência como base para facilitar à comunidade transformações de sua vida. As metodologias participativas da Psicologia Comunitária promovem a compreensão da atividade comunitária. Elas se valem de: círculo de cultura, grupo comunitário de produção, caminhada comunitária e mutirão. A interação envolvendo morador e psicólogo possibilita a ambos compreender e assumir a vida da comunidade tendo em vista transformar o indivíduo, o coletivo e a realidade social (AU)

This article, based on Góis‟s works, aims at highlighting the contributions from cultural-historical psychology to the theoretical and methodological framework of Community Psychology, claiming that Vigotski‟s microgenetic method offers community psychology a theory for reality reading and social change. This theory suggests Góis‟s dialogical and experiential posture that utilizes dialogue and experience as the basis for making community‟s life changes easier. Community Psychology‟s participatory methodologies promote the understanding of community activities. They make use of: culture circle, community group of production, collective walking, and community effort. The interaction involving dwellers and psychologists makes it possible for both to understand and assume the community life aiming at transforming the individual, the collective, and social reality (AU)