De trastorno neuropsiquiátrico a insulinoma, corrección diagnóstica y resolución mediante resección pancreática mayor / From a neuropsychiatric disorder to the correct diagnosis of insulinoma resolved by major pancreatic resection

RESUMEN El insulinoma es un tumor pancreático poco frecuente con una incidencia del 0,4%, generalmente benigno. Se presenta más frecuentemente en mujeres con una relación 2:1. Es el tumor neuroendocrino funcionante más común del páncreas1, responsable del 70 al 75% de hiperinsulinemía en la práctica clínica. El diagnóstico suele representar un desafío, y el retraso diagnóstico poner en riesgo la vida del paciente. El tratamiento quirúrgico es curativo en más del 90% de los casos; la táctica conservadora, siempre que sea posible, es la de elección. Informamos acerca de una duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (DPC) por insulinoma en un paciente de sexo masculino, con mala interpretación diagnóstica previa de enfermedad neuropsiquiátrica y tratado con anticonvulsivantes.

ABSTRACT Insulinomas are rare pancreatic tumors usually benign with an incidence of 0.4%. They are more common in women with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1. It is the most common functioning neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas and is responsible for 70-75% of hyperinsulinemia in clinical practice1. The diagnosis is often a challenge, and a delay in diagnosis can have serious consequences for the patient. Surgical treatment is curative in more than 90% of cases, and the conservative approach is the treatment of choice whenever possible. We report the case of a cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy (CPD) due to an insulinoma in a male patient with a previous misdiagnosis of a neuropsychiatric disorder treated with anticonvulsants.

Labeling of medications in anesthesia: colors and letters that save lives

Medication errors are the cause of severe lesions and complications, particularly with regards to injectable medications. During anesthesia, several drugs are administered simultaneously and quite easily the wrong medication may be administered, leading to morbidity and mortality. Different strategies have been devised to reduce error, including the use of color and letters to facilitate the identification of the various medications and improving safety in anesthesia.

Los errores asociados a la administración de medicamentos son una causa de graves lesiones y complicaciones sobre todo con los medicamentos inyectables. En un acto anestésico se administran distintos medicamentos y de manera simultánea, en el que fácilmente se puede administrar un medicamento errado causando morbilidad y mortalidad. Se han establecido diferentes estrategias para disminuir el error, entre estas el uso de colores y letras para facilitar su identificación y mejorar la seguridad en anestesia.

Communication of medical errors in a simulated clinical scenario. Experience with a pediatric residency group / Comunicação de erros médicos em cenário clínico simulado. Experiência com residentes em Pediatria

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the performance of groups of pediatric residents from a Buenos Aires hospital, in terms of correct recognition and communication of a medical error (ME), in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. To describe the reactions and communication attempts following the ME and the self-perception by the trainees before and after a debriefing. Methods: Quasi-experimental uncontrolled study conducted in a simulation center. First- and third-year pediatric residents participated. We designed a simulation case in which an ME occurred and the patient deteriorated. During the simulation, participants had to provide information on communicating the ME to the patient's father. We assessed communication performance and, additionally, participants completed a self-perception survey about ME management before and after a debriefing. Results: Eleven groups of residents participated. Ten (90.9%) identified the ME correctly, but only 27.3% (n=3) of them reported that a ME had occurred. None of the groups told the father they were going to give him important news concerning his son's health. All 18 residents who actively participated in this communication completed the self-perception survey, with an average score before and after debriefing of 5.00 and 5.05 (out of 10) (p=0.88). Conclusions: We observed a high number of groups that recognized the presence of a ME, but the communication action was substantially low. Communication skills were insufficient and residents' self-perception of error management was regular and not modified by the debriefing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o desempenho de grupos de residentes pediátricos de um hospital de Buenos Aires, em termos de reconhecimento e comunicação correta de um erro médico (EM),em cenário de simulação. Descrever as reações e tentativas de comunicação após o EM e a autopercepção pelos estagiários antes e depois de um questionário. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental não controlado realizado em centro de simulação. Participaram residentes pediátricos do primeiro e terceiro anos. Concebeu-se um caso de simulação em que ocorreu um EM com deterioração de um paciente. Durante a simulação, os participantes tiveram que fornecer informações relacionadas à comunicação do EM ao pai do paciente. Avaliou-se o desempenho da comunicação e, adicionalmente, os participantes completaram um inquérito de autopercepção sobre a gestão da EM, antes e depois de um questionário. Resultados: Onze grupos de residentes participaram. Dez (90,9%) identificaram corretamente o EM, mas apenas 27,3% (n=3) deles comunicaram que havia ocorrido o EM. Nenhum dos grupos disse ao pai que iria dar notícias importantes sobre a saúde do seu filho. Todos os 18 residentes que participaram ativamente da comunicação completaram o questionário de autopercepção com uma pontuação média antes e depois do questionário de 5,00 e 5,05 (máximo: 10 pontos) (p=0,88). Conclusões: Observamos elevado número de grupos que reconheceram a presença de um EM, mas a ação de comunicação foi rara. A capacidade de comunicação foi insuficiente e a autopercepção da gestão de erros por parte dos residentes foi regular, não sendo modificada pelo debriefing.

Seguro de responsabilidade civil médica não garante segurança do paciente / Medical liability insurance does not guarantee patient safety

O presente ar tigo, pautado no método hipotético-dedutivo, tratou do seguro de responsabilidade civil médica no Brasil diante do aumento das ações judiciais relacionadas à saúde. A partir de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e utilização de procedimentos bibliográficos e documentais, objetivou-se descobrir se a contratação de seguros profissionais teria um possível efeito preventivo de proteção ao médico e ao paciente contra danos durante a assistência. Para tanto, apresentaram-se noções introdutórias sobre esse tipo de seguro e os principais desafios contemporâneos relacionados a sua utilização para, finalmente, se avaliarem as prováveis consequências dele frente às ações indenizatórias. Verificou-se que a contratação do seguro de responsabilidade civil médica ainda não alcançou números expressivos no país, e que a inexistência de imposição legislativa e a ausência de incentivo pelo conselho profissional competente podem ser fatores que contribuem para esse cenário. Com desafios pré-existentes semelhantes, a experiência nos Estados Unidos demonstrou efeito contrário à prevenção, com o crescimento de ações indenizatórias e o surgimento de uma nova crise. Por fim, os resultados apontaram para a solidificação da segurança do paciente em detrimento das adversidades decorrentes da adesão ao seguro.

The present article, based on the hypotheticaldeductive method, dealt with medical liability insurance in Brazil in view of the increase in health-related lawsuits. From a research with a qualitative approach and the use of bibliographic and documental procedures, the objective was to discover whether the contracting of professional insurance would have a possible preventive effect of protecting the doctor and the patient against damages during care. To do so, introductory notions about this type of insurance and the main contemporary challenges related to its use were presented, and finally, the probable consequences of this type of insurance Against indemnity claims were evaluated. It was verified that the contracting of medical liability insurance has not yet reached expressive numbers in the country, and that the inexistence of legislative imposition and the absence of incentive by the competent professional council may be factors that contribute to this scenario. With similar pre-existing challenges, the experience in the United States has demonstrated the opposite effect to prevention, with the growth of indemnity suits and the emergence of a new crisis. Finally, the results pointed to the solidification of patient safety at the expense of the adversities arising from insurance adherence.

El error en la práctica médica / Error in Medical Practice

Introducción: El error está presente en cualquier actividad humana y la práctica de la medicina no es una excepción. Debido al aumento de los conocimientos sobre la salud y las enfermedades, la posibilidad de error, relacionada con la atención de estas últimas, disminuye, pero no se ha eliminado en su totalidad. Objetivo: Exponer las experiencias de los autores acerca del error en la práctica médica. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica entre los años 2000 y 2020. Se localizaron y consultaron fuentes bibliográficas validadas en: Medline, PubMed y SciELO, a las que se accedió a través de la biblioteca virtual de salud. Se utilizaron para la búsqueda las palabras clave error médico, iatrogenia, responsabilidad penal del médico, método clínico. Se revisaron también tres bibliografías anteriores que se consideraron de utilidad para el artículo y tres capítulos de libros con temas afines, además de las resoluciones del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba que tratan acerca del error médico. Al final se seleccionaron 21 bibliografías en idiomas español e inglés. Conclusiones: Existen grandes posibilidades de errores en el proceso del diagnóstico y tratamiento de los enfermos. El desarrollo de la tecnología y la mejoría en la construcción de guías y protocolos disminuyen las probabilidades de equivocaciones, pero no las eliminan. El perfeccionamiento en la formación de recursos humanos, unido al uso correcto del método clínico es una estrategia eficaz para disminuir los errores en la práctica médica(AU)

(AU)ntroduction: Error is present in any human activity; the medical practice is not an exception. Due to an increase in knowledge about health and diseases, error possibility related to disease management is decreasing, but has not been totally eliminated. Objective: To expose the authors' experiences regarding error in medical practice. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out, covering the years between 2000 and 2020. Validated bibliographic sources were located and consulted in Medline, PubMed and SciELO, accessed through the Virtual Health Library. The following keywords were used for the search: error médico [medical error], iatrogenia [iatrogenic error], responsabilidad penal del médico [physician criminal liability] and método clínico [clinical method]. Three previous bibliographies considered useful for the article and three book chapters with related topics were also reviewed, in addition to the resolutions of the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba dealing with the topic of medical error. Finally, 21 bibliographies in Spanish and English were selected. Conclusions: There are great possibilities of errors in the process of patient diagnosis and management. The development of technology, as well as the improvement in the construction of guides and protocols, decreases the probabilities of errors, but do not eliminate them. The improvement in the training of human resources, together with the correct use of the clinical method, is an effective strategy to reduce errors in medical practice(AU)

Determinants of the intention to speak up about medical error in primary healthcare settings in Chile.

Medical error frequently occurs in ambulatory care, and healthcare professionals may encounter situations in which they need to speak up to ensure better practice. This study aims to investigate the factors that influenced the intention to speak up about medical errors among healthcare professionals in primary care settings. Data were generated through a national cross-sectional survey of primary healthcare centres in the Republic of Chile. A research instrument was designed using the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour and was analysed using the structural equation model technique. In total, 203 healthcare professionals were recruited between March and May 2020. The model showed that the intention to speak up was directly and positively influenced by attitudes towards speaking up and perceived control (standard deviation [SD] = 0.284 and 0.576, respectively). Subjective norms indirectly and negatively influenced the intention to speak up through attitudes towards speaking up and perceived control (total effect SD = -0.303). The exploratory construct of willingness to change self-behaviour positively influenced the attitude towards behaviour. The intention to speak up strongly influenced the speaking up behaviour (total effect SD = 0.631). The proposed model explained 40% of the variance in behaviour. Based on this model, it was concluded that the intention to speak up strongly influenced the speaking up behaviour and predicted it by 40%. Factors that modify the intention to speak up are expected to influence the occurrence of this behaviour. This knowledge will inform strategies to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, improve speaking up behaviour and improve patient care.

O erro médico nos tribunais: uma análise das decisões do Tribunal de Justiça da capital brasileira / Medical error in the courts: an analysis of the decisions of the Court of Justice of the Brazilian Federal District

Resumo Neste artigo buscou-se a ocorrência de erros médicos e sua resposta pelo Poder Judiciário, no âmbito do Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios (TJDFT), situado na capital da República brasileira, entre os anos de 2002 e 2019. Trata-se de pesquisa documental, retrospectiva com análise qualitativa das peças processuais dos processos judiciais tramitados nas varas cíveis do TJDFT e estatística descritiva. Foram levantadas as variáveis: especialidade médica da ocorrência, tipo de dano causado, vínculo do médico, se público ou privado, tipo de pedido do autor(a), decisão judicial e valor da indenização, dentre outros. O número de ações sobre erro médico está em crescimento no tribunal estudado e há uma tendência dos juízes em condenar com valores mais altos os médicos de instituições públicas. Mais da metade dos processos analisados tiveram a decisão judicial final desfavorável ao autor da demanda e mesmo os procedentes tiveram redução de aproximadamente 30% no valor da indenização pedida. Os pedidos de indenização por dano moral e dano material são de maior frequência. Os processos julgados ao longo dos últimos 17 anos pelo TJDFT em matéria de erro médico tiveram crescimento exponencial, caracterizando-se como uma nova forma de judicializar a saúde.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze medical errors and the response of the Court of Justice of the Federal District and Territories (TJDFT) from 2002 to 2019. This is a documentary, qualitative, and retrospective study performed using procedural documents of the lawsuits subjected to the TJDFT. The following variables were considered: medical specialty, type of damage caused, public or private health professional, type of the plaintiff's claim, court decision, amount of compensation, and others. Data were obtained from the TJDFT website-which provides full case files-and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The number of lawsuits involving medical error increases in the studied court and judges tend to sentence higher compensations to public professionals. The final court decision of most cases analyzed was unfavorable to the plaintiff and even those that were successful showed a reduction of about 30% in the amount of compensation requested. Claims for moral and material damages were the most common. The number of lawsuits involving medical error judged over the last 17 years by the TJDFT increased exponentially and became a new way to judicialize health.

La responsabilidad jurídica del médico, conceptos que se debaten entre dos ciencias / The Physician's Legal Responsibility, Debatable Concepts between two Sciences

La exigencia de responsabilidad jurídica a los profesionales de la salud ha experimentado, a pesar de su antigüedad, un auge en las sociedades contemporáneas. En el artículo se reflexiona sobre conceptos médicos y jurídicos que permitan clarificar los presupuestos de intervención del Derecho en el ámbito de la Medicina, en función de la determinación de la responsabilidad médica jurídicamente relevante(AU)

In spite of being demanded since long ago, legal responsibility from health professionals has experienced a boom in contemporary societies. This article reflects on medical and legal concepts that make it possible to clarify the assumptions for involving law in the field of medicine, based on the determination of legally relevant medical responsibility(AU)

Errors in Breast Imaging: How to Reduce Errors and Promote a Safety Environment.

Medical errors have a significant impact on patient care, worker safety, and health care finances. Breast imaging has the most common cause of organ-related misdiagnosis subject to malpractice suits. In order to effectively develop strategies to prevent errors, breast imaging radiologists must first understand the underlying causes of the errors that occur in the breast imaging setting. Errors in breast imaging can be related to errors in interpretation, improper workup of imaging findings, procedural errors, or errors in communication to the patient or other medical staff. The Yorkshire contributory factors framework was developed to identify factors that contribute to the errors in a hospital setting and can be adapted for use in the breast imaging setting. Within this framework, active failures refer to errors that directly affect the patient. Active errors include slips (including biases), lapses, and mistakes. The framework describes how active errors often result from factors that occur uphill from these active errors at different levels within the system. Once error causes are understood, there are concrete strategies and tools that breast imaging radiologists can implement to decrease adverse events, reduce medical errors, and promote a safety environment in the breast imaging clinic. Error mitigation tools can be summarized using the acronym SAFE, which includes support the team, ask questions, focus on a task, and effectively communicate/ensure equipment optimization/safe environment. Knowledge of errors commonly seen in a breast imaging clinic represent an opportunity for constructive changes and, ultimately, improved health care delivery.

Aspectos técnicos, éticos e legais na elaboração do prontuário médico-veterinário / Technical, ethical and legal aspects in the preparation of the veterinary medical record

O prontuário, documento que compila toda a história clínica de um paciente, deve incluir todos os procedimentos médicos realizados e todos os documentos pertinentes ao seu atendimento. Ainda há muitas falhas no preenchimento e elaboração de prontuários e na Medicina Veterinária os estudos acerca desse tema ainda são escassos. O presente trabalho apresenta a correta estruturação desse documento, relaciona as informações que nele devem ser contempladas e trata da elaboração dos termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Também é discutida a importância do desenvolvimento de uma normatização de prontuário unificado para que o paciente possa ser atendido em qualquer estabelecimento, e para que o seu prontuário esteja disponível para o médico-veterinário que o atenda. O uso do prontuário e a sua relação com o Código de Defesa do Consumidor torna evidente o quanto o prontuário pode amparar o médico-veterinário em sua rotina, inclusive no caso de eventual interposição de defesa na esfera judicial, em que o profissional é acusado de ter cometido erros na condução das suas atividades técnicas. O trabalho pretende ser um alerta para que os profissionais atentem para a importância da elaboração e do adequado preenchimento do prontuário e também apresenta uma proposta da implantação de um prontuário médico-veterinário unificado.(AU)

The medical record is a document that compiles the entire clinical history of a patient, which is based on all medical procedures performed and must include all of the relevant documents of the case. It is seen that nowadays there are still many drawbecks in filling and preparing medical records and that in Veterinary Medicine the discussion of this topic is very scarce. This work presentshow should be the correct structure of this document, what information it must contain and how the proper terms of free and informed consent could be elaborated. The importance of developing a standardized medical record is discussed, so the patient could be attended in any establishment, and his record would be available to the veterinarian. The use of the medical record and its relationship with the consumer protection code, elucidates how the medical record correctly filled could assist the professional in his routine, and also when he needs to perform hisdefense in the judicial sphere, as in thecase of accusation of a veterinary medical error. The paper was writtento keep the professionals informed about the importance of preparing and filling out the medical record, and also presents a proposal for a unified veterinary medical record.(AU)

Aspectos técnicos, éticos e legais na elaboração do prontuário médico-veterinário / Technical, ethical and legal aspects in the preparation of the veterinary medical record

O prontuário, documento que compila toda a história clínica de um paciente, deve incluir todos os procedimentos médicos realizados e todos os documentos pertinentes ao seu atendimento. Ainda há muitas falhas no preenchimento e elaboração de prontuários e na Medicina Veterinária os estudos acerca desse tema ainda são escassos. O presente trabalho apresenta a correta estruturação desse documento, relaciona as informações que nele devem ser contempladas e trata da elaboração dos termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Também é discutida a importância do desenvolvimento de uma normatização de prontuário unificado para que o paciente possa ser atendido em qualquer estabelecimento, e para que o seu prontuário esteja disponível para o médico-veterinário que o atenda. O uso do prontuário e a sua relação com o Código de Defesa do Consumidor torna evidente o quanto o prontuário pode amparar o médico-veterinário em sua rotina, inclusive no caso de eventual interposição de defesa na esfera judicial, em que o profissional é acusado de ter cometido erros na condução das suas atividades técnicas. O trabalho pretende ser um alerta para que os profissionais atentem para a importância da elaboração e do adequado preenchimento do prontuário e também apresenta uma proposta da implantação de um prontuário médico-veterinário unificado.

The medical record is a document that compiles the entire clinical history of a patient, which is based on all medical procedures performed and must include all of the relevant documents of the case. It is seen that nowadays there are still many drawbecks in filling and preparing medical records and that in Veterinary Medicine the discussion of this topic is very scarce. This work presentshow should be the correct structure of this document, what information it must contain and how the proper terms of free and informed consent could be elaborated. The importance of developing a standardized medical record is discussed, so the patient could be attended in any establishment, and his record would be available to the veterinarian. The use of the medical record and its relationship with the consumer protection code, elucidates how the medical record correctly filled could assist the professional in his routine, and also when he needs to perform hisdefense in the judicial sphere, as in thecase of accusation of a veterinary medical error. The paper was writtento keep the professionals informed about the importance of preparing and filling out the medical record, and also presents a proposal for a unified veterinary medical record.

Operational performance, concordance, and coincidence between passive and active safety event reporting systems in the surgery service in a teaching hospital in Colombia / Desempeño operativo, concordancia y coincidencia entre sistemas pasivos y activos de reporte de incidentes en el servicio de cirugía de un hospital universitario en Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Reporting systems (RSs) are the first step to improve patient safety in health institutions, consequently determining their performance is relevant. Objective: To determine the performance in terms of positive predictive value (PPV), the concordance, and the coincidence of passive and active RSs in the detection of true clinical incidents and reportable events with unwanted effects (REUWEs), in a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study, assembled in a retrospective cohort, consisting of hospitalized patients (>12hours) in the surgery service, between May and July 2017. The PPV was calculated for the detection of patients with clinical incidents or REUWE in both RS. Concordance and coincidence between RS were determined. Results: The incidence of REUWE from the passive RS was lower than the incidence from the active RS (2% vs 11.8%), the PPV for the identification of patients with clinical incidents and REUWE was similar (PPV patients with clinical incidents: passive 95% confidence interval [CI] 34.6-66.2 vs active 95% CI 45.1-71.7; and PPV patients with REUWE: passive 95% CI 36.8-65.4 vs active 95% CI 29.3-54.9). Concordance was acceptable (Kappa 0.38) and the coincidence of patients and their REUWEs was 15.38%. Conclusion: In the active and passive RSs, the detection of true clinical incidents and REUWE (PPV) was similar and the concordance in the detection of subjects with REUWE was acceptable. However, the coincidence between the REUWEs in the patients detected by each RS was substantially different and should be considered when analyzing the information coming from one or another RS.

Resumen Introducción: Los sistemas de reporte (SR) son el primer paso para mejorar la seguridad del paciente en las instituciones de salud y de allí la importancia de determinar su desempeño. Objetivo: Determinar, en términos de valor predictivo positivo (VPP), el desempeño, la concordancia y la coincidencia de SR pasivos y activos en la detección de incidentes clínicos verdaderos y de eventos reportables con efectos no deseados (EREND) en un hospital de enseñanza de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal ensamblado en una cohorte retrospectiva constituida por pacientes hospitalizados (> 12 horas) en el servicio de cirugía, entre mayo y julio de 2017. Se calculó el VPP para la detección de pacientes con incidentes clínicos o EREND en ambos SR. Se determinó la concordancia y la coincidencia entre los SR. Resultados: La incidencia de EREND a partir del sistema pasivo de reporte fue menor que la incidencia a partir del sistema activo (2% vs. 11,8%). El VPP para la identificación de pacientes con incidentes clínicos y EREND fue semejante (VPP para pacientes con incidentes clínicos: pasivo, IC 95%; 34,6-66,2 vs. activo, IC 95%; 45,171,7; y VPP para pacientes con EREND: pasivo, IC 95%; 36,8-65,4 vs. activo, IC 95%; 29,3-54,9). La concordancia fue aceptable (Kappa 0,38) y la coincidencia entre pacientes y sus EREND fue de 15,38%. Conclusiones: En los SR activo y pasivo la detección de incidentes clínicos verdaderos y EREND (VPP) fue semejante, y la concordancia en la detección de sujetos con EREND fue aceptable. Sin embargo, la coincidencia entre EREND en los pacientes detectados por cada sistema de reporte fue sustancialmente diferente, lo cual se debe tomar en consideración al analizar la información derivada de uno u otro SR.

Physicians' attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors: A qualitative study.

The experiences of physicians' errors could affect their professional practice. The aim of study was to explore physicians' experiences of medical errors and its consequences. This was a qualitative study in which ten Brazilian physicians were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected via semistructured interviews and analyzed through principles derived of the phenomenological method. The interview topics were around how the error occurred in their practice, its process of disclosure and consequences of medical errors. Excessive workload and difficulty communicating among physicians are some of the factors that may increase the likelihood of medical error. Not looking for help after the error was a common attitude. This may be related to the difficulty for some physicians to acquire new practices after the error, even though physicians have shown that experiencing a medical error situation has a negative impact in their lives. To disclose training and institutional practices which contribute to the dissemination of conduct favorable to the improvement of medical practice.

Estratégias de apoio aos trabalhadores de saúde envolvidos em eventos adversos: revisão integrativa da literatura / Support strategies for health workers involved in adverse events: Integrative literature review

Introdução: quando um paciente é acometido por um evento adverso muitos são os envolvidos e afetados; sendo o paciente e seus familiares, a instituição, bem como os trabalhadores da saúde que estiveram diretamente envolvidos no evento, tornandose se as "segundas vítimas". As instituições de saúde devem empenhar-se em proporcionar apoio constante e eficiente depois da ocorrência desses eventos, visando reduzir o sofrimento dos trabalhadores e a ocorrência de novos eventos adversos. Objetivo: identificar e analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre as estratégias utilizadas pelas instituições de saúde para apoiar os trabalhadores de saúde envolvidos em eventos adversos (segundas vítimas). Método: estudo de revisão integrativa de literatura; as buscas ocorreram nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2019 nas bibliotecas virtuais: LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB of SCIENCE e CINAHL. Identificou-se 18.036 publicações potencialmente elegíveis, sendo que 374 eram duplicadas e foram excluídas. Do restante (n=17.662), após aplicação dos critérios de seleção, foram excluídos 12.800 estudos e dos 4.862 selecionados após leitura do título e resumo, 97 foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra. Após leitura, a amostra da revisão integrativa foi composta de 21 estudos primários. Resultados: Os dados foram analisados e posteriormente divididos em seis categorias, sendo, apoio jurídico, apoio psicológico, apoio de pares, cultura de segurança do paciente, programas de apoio institucionais e sem estratégias de apoio às segundas vítimas. Conclusão: A presente revisão integrativa é relevante para a área da saúde no sentido que avança no conhecimento das segundas vítimas, visto que traz por meio de evidências científicas as diferentes formas de manejo dos eventos adversos a nível nacional e internacional principalmente. As estratégias voltadas aos trabalhadores de saúde envolvidos nesses eventos (segundas vítimas) são de fundamental importância na gestão de qualquer instituição de saúde. Os resultados sugeriram um papel importante da cultura organizacional na estruturação e implementação de estratégias de apoio às segundas vítimas, que auxilia na criação de processos mais seguros não só para os pacientes, mas também para os trabalhadores que nelas atuam.

Introduction: When a patient is affected by an adverse event, many people are involved and affected; the patient and their family members, the institution, as well as the health workers who were directly involved in the event, becoming the "second victims". Healthcare institutions should strive to provide constant and efficient support after the occurrence of these events, with a view to reducing workers' suffering and the occurrence of new adverse events. Objective: To identify and analyze the scientific available evidence in the literature on used strategies by health institutions to support the workers involved in adverse events (second victims). Method: integrative literature review study; the searches took place in September and October 2019 in the virtual libraries: LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB of SCIENCE and CINAHL. It was identified 18,036 potentially eligible publications, which 374 were duplicates and were excluded. The remainder was (n = 17,662), after applying the selection criteria, and then 12,800 studies were excluded and finally 4,862 were selected after reading the title and abstract, after that 97 were selected for full reading. After reading the 97 ones, the integrative review sample consisted of 21 primary studies. Results: The data were analyzed and further divided into six categories: legal support, psychological support, peer support, patient safety culture, institutional support programs and no strategies to support second victims. Conclusion: This integrative review is relevant for health in the sense that it advances in the knowledge of second victims, and it brings through scientific evidence the different ways of handling the adverse events according to the national and mainly the international level. The strategies aimed to the involved health workers in these events (second victims) are with fundamental importance in the management in any health institution. The results suggested an important function of the organizational order in the structuring and implementation of strategies to support second victims, which helps to create safer processes not only for patients, but also for everybody who work with them.

Medical error: concept, characterization and management / Erro médico: conceito, caracterização e gestão

Abstract The objective of this study is to better understand the tensions involved in the fear of making an error due to the harm and risk this would pose to those involved. This is a qualitative study based on the narratives of the experiences lived by ten acting physicians in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The concept and characterization of errors were discussed, as well as the fear of making an error, the near misses or error in itself, how to deal with errors and what to do to avoid them. The analysis indicates an excessive pressure in the medical profession for error-free practices, with a well-established physician-patient relationship to facilitate the management of medical errors. The error occurs but the lack of information and discussion often leads to its concealment due to fear of possible judgment by society or peers. The establishment of programs that encourage appropriate medical conduct in the event of an error requires coherent answers for humanization in Brazilian medical science.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as tensões presentes no medo de errar por conta dos riscos e danos que tal erro causaria aos envolvidos. Este é um estudo qualitativo baseado nas narrativas das experiências de 10 médicos atuantes no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O conceito e a caracterização do erro foram discutidos, bem como o medo de cometê-lo, a proximidade com o erro, como lidar com ele e como evitá-lo. A análise aponta pressões excessivas no tocante a práticas sem erros na profissão médica, considerando a existência de uma relação médico-paciente bem estabelecida de forma a facilitar a gestão de erros médicos. Erros médicos ocorrem, mas a falta de informação e discussão sobre o tema costuma levar ao seu encobrimento, uma vez que médicos temem o possível julgamento feito pela sociedade e por seus pares. O estabelecimento de programas que encorajem a conduta médica apropriada caso um erro ocorra requer respostas coerentes para a humanização da ciência médica no Brasil.

An IDEA: Safety Training to Improve Critical Thinking by Individuals and Teams.

Errors in thinking contribute to harm, delays in diagnosis, incorrect treatments, or failures to recognize clinical changes. Models of cognition are useful in understanding error occurrence and avoidance. Intra-team conflict can represent failures in joint cognitive processing. The authors developed training focused on recognizing and managing cognitive bias and resolving conflicts. The program provides context and introduces models of cognition, concepts of bias, team cognition, conflict resolution, and 2 tools. "IDEA" incorporates 4 de-biasing strategies: Identify assumptions; Don't assume correctness; Explore expectations; Assess alternatives. "TLA" presents strategies for resolving conflicts: Tell your thoughts; Listen actively, and Ask questions. A total of 4941 care providers participated in training using didactic presentations, group discussion, and simulation. Learners rated training effectiveness at 4.68 on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 as optimum) and perceived improvement in recognizing or managing errors. Nonphysician caregivers reported greatest improvement. Training to improve critical thinking is feasible, well received, and effective.

Underutilization of the reports of adverse events in an Argentine hospital.

BACKGROUND: An adverse event is defined as any unintentional harm that results in temporary or permanent disability and/or prolongation of hospitalization time, or death of a patient; as a consequence of health care provided by any staff member of the health institution. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the adverse events that affect patient safety, reported in 2015 in a private hospital in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. METHODS: We analyzed 678 events reported through the computer system on the hospital's intranet. RESULTS: The highest frequency of events reported corresponded to the nursing professionals (40.7% ). Problems related to drug therapy process showed the highest frequency of reports (17.7% ), followed by communication failures (11.1% ) and patient's fall (10.3% ). In the notification of the causes of the incident, 51.9% of "No answer" was observed. CONCLUSION: In the case of this hospital, this valuable tool is being underutilized. The reports should allow identifying the entire chain of events that lead to the incidents to address effective interventions in patient safety that involve all hospital staff, with greater emphasis on senior staff.

Importância e desafios do treinamento simulado em saúde / Importance and challenges of simulation training in healthcare

O uso da simulação no ensino em saúde amplia as oportunidades de aprendizagem, contribuindo de forma relevante para a prevenção de erros durante a atividade profissional. Entretanto, são vários os desafios para alcançar um treinamento simulado eficiente, incluindo a necessidade de adaptar o conhecimento produzido em diferentes contextos. Como deve ser organizado um centro de simulação? Como levar em conta as peculiaridades dos estudantes na aplicação do conceito de debriefing? Os instrumentos de avaliação foram validados para a população na qual estão sendo aplicados? Quais elementos devem ser incluídos no ensino baseado em simulação para melhorar a aquisição e/ou a retenção de habilidades, conhecimentos e atitudes? Em que momento do currículo introduzir cada possibilidade de treinamento simulado, de modo a tornar o investimento válido? Neste editorial, os autores assinalam a importância do treinamento simulado em saúde e a necessidade de pesquisas que objetivem entender as diferentes situações e fornecer respostas a estas questões.

The use of simulation in health education expands learning opportunities, contributing in a relevant way to the prevention of errors during professional activity. However, there are several challenges to achieving efficient simulated training, including the need to adapt the knowledge produced in different contexts. How should a simulation center be organized? How to take into account the peculiarities of the students in applying the concept of debriefing? Have the evaluation tools been validated for the population in which they are being applied? What elements should be included in simulation-based teaching to improve acquisition and/or retention of skills, knowledge, and attitudes? At what point, in the curriculum, should every possibility of simulated training be introduced in order to make the investment valid? In this editorial, the authors point out the importance of simulation training in healthcare and the need for research aimed at understanding the different situations and providing answers to these questions.

Análise Idiossincrática dos Discursos proferidos nas decisões judiciais sobre Erro Médico no TJDFT: um estudo qualitativo / Idiosyncratic analysis of the Discourses pronounced in the judicial decisions on Medical Error in the TJDFT: a qualitative study / Análisis idiosincrático de los discursos pronunciados en las decisiones judiciales sobre error médico en el TJDFT: un estudio cualitativo

Objetivo - Conhecer os argumentos utilizados nas decisões judiciais procedentes sobre erro médico que foram julgadas no TJDFT. Metodologia - Optou-se por uma metodologia qualitativa com análise idiossincrática do discurso com a finalidade de conhecer pressupostos classificados como: legal, processual e material. Resultados ­ Há uso diferenciado da legislação para o julgamento de casos de erro médico de forma distinta para o setor público e o setor privado assim como há julgados em vista de problemas processuais e erros formais no processo civil. Conclusão - É possível aferir a partir do discurso analisado tanto a negligência, como imperícia e imprudência no trato dos pacientes o que evidencia falhas no sistema de saúde. Constata-se a necessidade de efetivação de ações de saúde e propostas de formação dos profissionais de saúde e do direito mais humanizadas

Objective - It is necessary to knowledge the importance and the factors associated to medical errors to promote measures in order to avoid professional malpractice. In order to understand the arguments used in sentences regarding medical error that were pronounced in the TJDFT. Methods - this research made a qualitative analysis through an idiosyncratic reading of the sentences conducted with the purpose of understanding assumptions classified as: legal, procedural and material. Results - We observed differentiated uses of legislation for the lawsuits regarding medical error in a different way for the public sector and the private sector; we also observed the outcome of the complaints due to procedure and formal errors in civil proceedings. Conclusion - It is possible to estimate from the complaints problems such as negligence, malpractice and presumption in the treatment of the patients, which demonstrates failures in the health system. There is a need for health actions and proposals of health professionals and law practitioners training with a more humanized manner

Objetivo - Conocer los argumentos utilizados en las decisiones judiciales procedentes sobre error médico que fueron juzgadas en el TJDFT. Metodología - Se optó por una metodología cualitativa con análisis idiosincrático del discurso con la finalidad de conocer presupuestos clasificados como: legal, procesal y material. Resultados - Hay uso diferenciado de la legislación para el juicio de casos de error médico de forma distinta para el sector público y el sector privado, así como hay juzgados en vista de problemas procesales y errores formales en el proceso civil. Conclusión - Es posible aferir a partir del discurso analizado tanto la negligencia, como impericia e imprudencia en el trato de los pacientes lo que evidencia fallas en el sistema de salud. Se constata la necesidad de efectividad de acciones de salud y propuestas de formación de los profesionales de salud y del derecho más humanizadas.

Detección de eventos adversos en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados mediante la herramienta de disparadores globales Global Trigger Tool / Measuring adverse events in pediatric inpatients with the Global Trigger Tool

Introducción: La seguridad del paciente hospitalizado es prioritaria para el sistema de salud. La herramienta de disparadores globales parecería ser adecuada para estimar la incidencia de eventos adversos (EA) en niños hospitalizados. Objetivos: Describir la incidencia y la categorización de EA en niños hospitalizados utilizando la herramienta de disparadores globales e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición. Población y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 200 historias clínicas de pacientes internados en el Hospital Elizalde en el año 2013. Variables de resultado: número de EA/100 ingresos y distribución del dano. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado, la prueba de t y la correlación de Pearson. Nivel de significación de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se detectaron 289 disparadores (1,4/paciente); 52 EA (26 EA cada 100 pacientes, IC 95%: 20,4-32,5). Presentaron, al menos, un EA 36 pacientes; 7 pacientes sufrieron más de uno; 45 EA fueron categoría E y F (dano temporario). Los disparadores de cuidados médicos se asociaron con EA (OR 8,1; IC 95%: 3,7-17,3; p < 0,001). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el número de disparadores y el número de EA por paciente (R= 0,46; p < 0,001). Los pacientes internados en unidad cerrada (OR 2,8; IC 95%: 1,2-6,5; p= 0,03) y el mayor promedio de días de internación se asociaron a EA (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Se identificó una frecuencia de 26% de EA; la mayoría fue dano temporario. La internación en una unidad cerrada, la mayor cantidad de días de internación, el mayor número de disparadores y los disparadores de cuidados generales se asociaron con la presencia de EA.

Introduction: The safety of inpatients is a priority in the health care system. The Global Trigger Tool seems to be suitable to estimate the incidence of adverse events (AE) in pediatric inpatients. Objectives: To describe the incidence and categories of AE in pediatric inpatients using the Global Trigger Tool and to identify risk factors associated to their development. Population and methods: Retrospective study. Medical records of 200 patients hospitalized at Hospital Elizalde during 2013 were included. Outcome measures: number of AE/100 admissions and distribution of harm. A chi² test, Student's t test and Pearson's correlation test were carried out. Significance level = p < 0.05. Results: The study detected 289 triggers (1.4/patient); 52 AEs (26 AEs/100 patients, 95% CI: 20.4-32.5). There was at least one AE every 36 patients; 7 patients had more than one AE; 45 AEs were in the E and F categories (temporary harm). Medical care triggers were associated to AEs (OR 8.1; 95% CI: 3.7-17.3, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between the number of triggers and the number of AEs per patient (R= 0.46; p < 0.001). Being hospitalized in a closed unit (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2-6.5; p= 0.03) and a longer hospital stay were associated to AEs (p < 0.001). Conclusion: An AE frequency of 26% was identified, and most AEs resulted in temporary harm. The presence of AEs was associated to hospitalization in a closed unit, longer hospital stay, higher number of triggers and general care triggers.