ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Disease burden is known to alter cellular integrity and water balance. Therefore, the intracellular water/total body water (ICW/TBW) ratio is used as an adjunctive indicator to predict disease severity and prognosis. The ICW/TBW ratio of patients with cancer, who typically present with low muscle mass, poor nutritional status, and high inflammatory response, reportedly differs from that of the healthy population. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the ICW/TBW ratio on the prognosis of different subgroups of patients with cancer. METHODS: This multicenter cohort study included 2787 patients with malignancies between June 2014 and December 2018. The association between covariates and overall survival (OS) was assessed using restricted cubic spline models. The multivariate Cox regression model included variables demonstrating a statistical significance in the univariate Cox regression analysis (P < 0.05) without multicollinearity. The generated nomogram used the C-index and calibration curves to validate the predictive accuracy of the scoring system. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off value for the ICW/TBW ratio was 0.61. The ICW/TBW ratio was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.621; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.537-0.719, P < 0.001). Moreover, the ICW/TBW ratio had a greater impact on the prognosis of patients receiving chemoradiotherapy than on those receiving chemotherapy alone (chemoradiotherapy: HR = 0.495, P = 0.005 vs. chemotherapy: HR = 0.646, P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sex, age, tumor stage, body mass index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ICW/TBW ratio were associated with OS. Subsequently, a nomogram was developed incorporating these variables and yielded a C-index of 0.743. CONCLUSIONS: The ICW/TBW ratio was associated with muscle mass, nutritional status, and inflammation. A low ICW/TBW ratio is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with cancer, especially when they are female, have advanced cancer stage, have sarcopenia, and are receiving radiotherapy.
Subject(s)
Body Water , Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Male , Body Water/physiology , Water , Cohort Studies , Nutritional Status , Neoplasms/therapy , Retrospective Studies , PrognosisABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: en pacientes con obesidad severa y mórbida se ha observado que la evaluación por bioimpedanciometría (BIA) genera una subestimación de la masa grasa (MG) y del peso perdido como MG después de la cirugía bariátrica, sobreestimándose la pérdida de masa libre de grasa (MLG) y la masa muscular. OBJETIVO: evaluar la confiabilidad de la BIA para estimar el agua corporal total (ACT), la MLG, la MG y sus cambios después de 6 meses de un baipás gástrico en Y de Roux (BPGYR) en pacientes con obesidad severa y mórbida. MÉTODOS: 36 adultos con indicación de BPGYR se estudiaron prospectivamente. Se midió el ACT por deuterio (D) y se calcularon la MLG y MG. Con BIA de doble frecuencia (5 y 200 kHz) (Bodystat Dualscan(R)) se estimaron la MG, la MLG, el ACT, el agua extracelular (AEC), el agua intracelular (AIC) y la relación AEC/AIC. RESULTADOS: antes del BPGYR, la BIA sobreestimó el ACT en 2,6 ± 4,3 L (p = 0,002) y la MLG en 3,5 ± 5,7 kg (p = 0,002), y subestimó el %MG en 2,98 ± 4,7% (p = 0,002). La relación AEC/AIC mostró una correlación positiva con la sobreestimación de la MLG por BIA (r = 0,49; p = 0,002). Después de la cirugía, las diferencias entre BIA y D no fueron significativas y el error de estimación de la MLG no se correlacionó con la relación AEC/AIC. CONCLUSIONES: la BIA genera una subestimación de la MG como la reportada, la cual se atenúa después de la reducción de peso, subestimando el peso perdido como MG y sobreestimando la pérdida de MLG. Futuras investigaciones podrán evaluar si estos errores se reproducen con otros equipos de BIA
INTRODUCTION: in patients with severe and morbid obesity it has been observed that bioimpedance (BIA) assessment generates an underestimation of fat mass (FM) and weight loss as FM after bariatric surgery, overestimating the loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle mass. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and its changes after 6 months of a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), in patients with severe and morbid obesity. METHODS: thirty-six patients approved for RYGBP were prospectively studied. TBW was measured by deuterium (D), and FM and FFM were calculated. A dual-frequency BIA device (5 and 200 kHz) (Bodystat Dualscan(R)) was used to estimate FM, FFM, TBW, extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), and ECW/ICW ratio. RESULTS: before RYGBP, BIA overestimated TBW by 2.6 ± 4.3 L (p = 0.002) and FFM by 3.5 ± 5.7 kg (p = 0.002), and underestimated FM% by 2.98 ± 4.7% (p = 0.002). The ECW/ICW ratio showed a significant and positive correlation with the difference BIA-D for FFM (r = 0.49; p = 0.002). After surgery, the differences between BIA and D were not significant, and the estimation error of FFM did not correlate with the ECW/ICW ratio. CONCLUSIONS: BIA generates an underestimation of FM as reported in patients with severe and morbid obesity, which is attenuated after weight reduction, underestimating weight loss as FM and overestimating FFM loss. Future research may assess whether these errors are reproduced by other BIA devices
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Body Composition/physiology , Weight Loss/physiology , Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y/methods , Body Water/physiology , Severity of Illness Index , Electric Impedance , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Bariatric Surgery/methods , Prospective Studies , Body Fat Distribution/methods , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Una de las líneas de investigación más potentes en el Departamento de Cirugía de la Universidad de Harvard bajo la dirección de Francis Moore fue el estudio de la composición corporal. Hasta los años 40 del siglo pasado no se sabía la cantidad de líquidos en el ámbito corporal ni en los distintos compartimentos, No podía valorarse el significado de las pérdidas de sodio, agua o potasio sin saber los valores basales. Importante era saber también la traslocación de líquidos y solutos en el curso de las enfermedades graves. Los trabajos de Moore sobre composición corporal condujeron a una definición de la bioquímica de la enfermedad quirúrgica y a un conocimiento de los requerimientos de los pacientes graves o traumatizados que ha beneficiado a cirujanos, cardiólogos, internistas, pediatras, nutricionistas, y veterinarios. El conocimiento de la composición corporal ha hecho que la cirugía se desarrolle enormemente en un marco de mayor seguridad
One of the most important lines of investigation in the Department of Surgery of Harvard University under the direction of Francis Moore was body composition. The amount of liquids in different body compartments was unknown until the forties of last century. Sodium, potassium or water losses could not be evaluated without knowing basal values. It was also important to know liquids' and solutes' translocation in the course of severe diseases. Moore contributions about body composition contributed to a biochemical definition of surgical disease and to knowing the requirements of severe diseases or trauma patients. This knowledge has benefited surgeons, cardiologists, pediatricians, nutritionists and veterinarians. The knowledge of body composition has conducted surgery to be performed in a frame of more safety
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Body Composition/physiology , Surgical Procedures, Operative/statistics & numerical data , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Body Water/physiology , Patient Safety , Potassium Deficiency/prevention & control , Hyponatremia/prevention & control , Deuterium/analysis , Disease Models, Animal , Book Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
Aunque el agua es un nutriente esencial para la vida y el componente más abundante de nuestro cuerpo, recibe escasa atención en las recomendaciones dietéticas y las guías clínicas. Existen inconvenientes para determinar las cifras óptimas, tanto para la cantidad de agua que debe contener el cuerpo como para su ingesta. La ingesta y eliminación del agua dependen de factores no constantes y difíciles de medir, a su vez compensados por la capacidad del organismo para la homeostasis. Dada la falta de evidencia científica para el establecimiento de recomendaciones, se han estimado las "ingestas adecuadas" (para mantener un estado de hidratación adecuado) utilizando datos de ingestas de agua en grupos de personas sanas. La Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) también considera la osmolaridad deseable en la orina para estimar la ingesta adecuada de agua en los adultos. Los estudios clínicos han mostrado en general beneficios con una hidratación adecuada y perjuicios con sus desequilibrios, ya sean cuantitativos (deshidratación y sobrehidratación) o cualitativos (agua extracelular e intracelular). Desafortunadamente, estos estudios son escasos y suelen tener diseños deficientes, ya sean transversales, de casos y controles o prospectivos, utilizando muestras pequeñas o métodos indirectos para evaluar el estado de hidratación. En este artículo se presenta información de actualización respecto a: 1) la adherencia a las recomendaciones de consumo de agua y sugerencias para mejorarla; 2) técnicas disponibles para medir el estado de hidratación y sus aplicaciones clínicas; 3) efectos de la hidratación/deshidratación en las actividades físicas o cognitivas y en las enfermedades crónicas; y 4) normativa española sobre calidad y salubridad del agua
Water is an essential nutrient for life and the most abundant component in the human body. However, its dietary recommendations or clinical management guidelines do not receive as much attention as they deserve. In addition, there are some obstacles to establishing optimal values, both for the amount of water the body must contain and for water ingestion. Water intake and elimination depend on unsteady factors that are difficult to measure and, at the same time, compensated by the body's ability to regulate homeostasis. Since scientific evidence is lacking for establishing recommendations, "adequate intakes" (to maintain an adequate hydration state) have been estimated using data on water intake from groups of healthy people. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) also considers desirable the use of urine osmolarity to estimate the adequacy of water intake in adults. Clinical studies have generally shown the benefits of adequate hydration and the damage caused by water imbalance, whether quantitative (dehydration and overhydration) or qualitative (extracellular and intracellular water). Unfortunately, these studies are few and often have poor cross-sectional, case-control, or prospective designs, and use small samples or indirect methods to assess hydration status. This article presents up-to-date information on subjects such as: 1) compliance with water consumption recommendations and suggestions for improvement; 2) techniques available to measure hydration status and their clinical applications; 3) effects of hydration/dehydration on physical or cognitive activities and chronic diseases; and 4) existing Spanish regulations on the quality and salubrity of water
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Drinking/physiology , Water/administration & dosage , Preventive Medicine , Body Water/physiology , Nutritional Requirements , Body Composition/physiology , Beverages , Dehydration/prevention & control , Dehydration/therapy , Health Status , Risk GroupsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increased blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with higher cardiovascular risk. The association between BPV and fluid status in hypertensive patients has not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of fluid balance to BPV and impact on endothelial and cardiac functions among primary hypertensive patients. METHODS: This is a prospective interventional study conducted in primary hypertensive patients with one-year follow-up. Volume status measurements by a body composition monitor, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring, echocardiographic and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurements were performed at enrollment and at twelfth. Patients in one of the two groups were kept negative hydrated during trial with diuretic treatment. Patients in other group were positively hydrated (hypervolemic) at enrollment, antihypertensive drugs other than diuretics (vasodilator agents) were added or intensified according to the BP monitoring. Average real variability (ARV) index was used for establishing the prognostic significance of BPV. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 50 patients with a mean age of 54.5±8.8 years. At the end of one-year follow-up, patients in negative hydrated group were found to have significantly lower BP, CIMT, left ventricle mass index (LVMI) and systolic and diastolic ARV. More weight gain and higher systolic BP were major risk factors of high systolic ARV. Patients who have improvement in CIMT and LVMI were considered as target organ damage (TOD) recovery present. In negatively hydrated group, TOD significantly reduced during trial. In patients who have TOD recovery, BPV significantly more reduced like systolic and diastolic BP. Significant risk factors associated with the presence of TOD were 24h systolic BP and daytime and night time diastolic ARV and night time diastolic BP. CONCLUSION: Addition of diuretic to established treatment or intensified diuretic treatment and keeping patients in negative hydration status resulted in reduction in BPV at twelfth month of follow-up. More weight gain and higher systolic BP are major risk factors of high systolic ARV, but not hypervolemia. BPV, especially diastolic ARV, was significantly associated with TOD
ANTECEDENTES: El aumento en la variabilidad en la presión arterial (VPA) se asocia con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular. Hasta el momento no se ha investigado la asociación entre la VPA y el estado hidroelectrolítico en pacientes hipertensos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la contribución del equilibrio hidroelectrolítico a la VPA y el impacto en las funciones endoteliales y cardíacas entre los pacientes con hipertensión primaria. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio intervencionista prospectivo realizado en pacientes con hipertensión primaria con seguimiento de un año. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones del estado volumétrico mediante un monitor de composición corporal, monitorización de presión arterial (PA) ambulatoria, mediciones ecocardiográficas y del grosor de la íntima-media de la carótida (GIMC) en la inclusión y en el duodécimo mes. En los pacientes de uno de los 2 grupos se mantuvo hidratación negativa durante el ensayo con tratamiento diurético. Los pacientes de otro grupo presentaban hidratación positiva (hipervolemia) en la inclusión, y se añadieron o se intensificaron los fármacos antihipertensivos distintos de los diuréticos (vasodilatadores) en función de la monitorización de la PA. Se utilizó el índice de variabilidad real promedio (VRP) para establecer la significación pronóstica de la VPA. RESULTADOS: La población del estudio consistió en 50 pacientes con una media de edad de 54,5±8,8 años. Al final del seguimiento, al cabo de un año, los pacientes del grupo con hidratación negativa presentaron una PA, un GIMC, un índice de masa del ventrículo izquierdo (IMVI) y una VRP sistólica y diastólica significativamente menores. El mayor aumento de peso y una PA sistólica superior fueron factores de riesgo importantes de la VRP sistólica alta. Los pacientes con mejoras en el GIMC y el IMVI se consideraron pacientes con recuperación del daño de órganos diana (DOD). En el grupo con hidratación negativa, el DOD se redujo significativamente durante el ensayo. En los pacientes con recuperación del DOD, la VPA se redujo significativamente en mayor medida, al igual que la PA sistólica y diastólica. Los factores de riesgo significativos asociados con la presencia de DOC fueron la PA sistólica de 24h, la VPA diastólica diurna y nocturna y la PA diastólica nocturna. CONCLUSIÓN: La adición de diuréticos al tratamiento establecido o la intensificación del tratamiento diurético y el mantenimiento de los pacientes en estado de hidratación negativa provocó la reducción de la VPA en el duodécimo mes de seguimiento. El mayor aumento de peso y una PA sistólica superior son factores de riesgo importantes de VRP sistólica alta, pero no así la hipervolemia. La VPA, en especial la VPA diastólica se asoció de forma significativa al DOD
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Body Water/physiology , Organism Hydration Status/physiology , Arterial Pressure , Hypertension/physiopathology , Kidney/physiopathology , Water-Electrolyte Balance , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Diuretics/therapeutic use , Body Mass Index , Blood Pressure Monitoring, AmbulatoryABSTRACT
Introducción: la influencia del ejercicio físico en sujetos entrenados tiene efectos beneficiosos en la condición física y la composición corporal. Sin embargo, el desentrenamiento tiene un efecto desfavorable en todas ellas. Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue analizar los cambios de la composición corporal después de un periodo de desentrenamiento de seis semanas de duración en dos grupos: uno de 43 jóvenes varones jugadores de fútbol (grupo experimental [GE], n = 43), y un grupo control de escolares no activos de la misma edad (grupo control [GC], n = 10). Métodos: las variables de composición corporal fueron evaluadas mediante antropometría, para estimar la masa grasa (MG) y la masa muscular esquelética (MME), y mediciones de bioimpedancia eléctrica, para estimar agua corporal total (ACT), agua extra (AEC) e intracelular (AIC). Las mediciones se realizaron tanto en situación de entrenamiento como de desentrenamiento. Resultados: tras el desentrenamiento, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el ACT (35,5 ± 5,2 vs. 36,7 ± 4,9 kg), el AIC (14,2 ± 1,8 vs. 14,8 ± 1,6 kg) y el AEC (21,5 ± 3,6 vs. 22,0 ± 3,4 kg, p < 0,001 para todas las variables), sin existir diferencias en los ratios AEC/ACT (0,4 ± 0,02 vs. 0,4 ± 0,02) y AIC/ACT (0,6 ± 0,02 vs. 0,597 ± 0,02, ambos p > 0,05). La MG aumentó significativamente (8,6 ± 3,2 vs. 8.95 ± 3,1 kg, p < 0,01); sin embargo, la MME no sufrió modificaciones (21,2 ± 2,5 vs. 22,22 ± 2,8 kg, p > 0,05) Conclusiones: el principal resultado de este estudio fue que en un periodo de desentrenamiento de seis semanas se observaron aumentos del ACT y de su distribución en el grupo de jóvenes futbolistas. La importancia fisiológica de esta desadaptación en el rendimiento deportivo tiene que ser analizada en futuros estudios (AU)
Introduction: The influence of exercise in trained subjects has beneficial effects in the physical fitness and body composition; however, detraining has an unfavorable effect in all of them. Objective: The current study was designed to ascertain the influence of a six week-detraining period on body composition in both well-trained young soccer players (GE, n = 43) and sedentary male adolescents (GC, n = 10). Methods: Forty-three well-trained soccer players and ten sedentary adolescents accepted to participate in the study. Body composition measurements included fat mass and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), which were estimated by anthropometry. In addition, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at the end of training and after detraining periods. Results: After the six-week-detraining period, significant increments were found in TBW (35.5 ± 5.2 vs. 36.7 ± 4.9 kg; p < 0.001), ICW (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.8 ± 1.6 kg; p < 0.001) and ECW (21.5 ± 3.6 vs. 22.0 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.001) in soccer players. Conversely, no changes were observed in ECW/TBW (0.4 ± 0.02 vs. 0.4 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) and ICW/TBW (0.6 ± 0.02 vs. 0.597 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) ratios. Finally, fat mass was significantly increased (8.6 ± 3.2 vs. 8.95 ± 3.1 kg; p < 0.01) in the detrained group. No significant changes were found in SMM (21.2 ± 2.5 vs. 22.22 ± 2.8 kg, p > 0.05). Conclusions: After a six-week detraining period, body composition changed significantly in well-trained adolescents. The main finding of this study was that increments of TBW and water distribution were observed in the soccer group, which reflects an increase of fat free mass compartment. The physiological importance of this miss-adaptation needs to be elucidated in future research. Further studies on this topic are still required to assess its impact on physical performance (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Body Composition , Anthropometry/methods , Electric Impedance/therapeutic use , Exercise/physiology , Body Water/physiology , Sports/physiology , Soccer/physiology , Motor Activity/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiologyABSTRACT
Introduction: Accurate estimates of water intake and hydration status in populations are essential to identify populations at risk of dehydration and define strategies to improve standards of water intake. Objective: To evaluate the hydration status and the contribution of food and beverages to the total water intake in a sample of free-living physically active Portuguese elderly. Methods: A sample of 74 individuals (28 men), aged 60 to 83 years, were included in this study. A 24 h urine sample was collected; 24 h urine volume and osmolality were quantified in order to estimate the free water reserve (FWR) used to assess the hydration status. A 24 h food recall corresponding to the day of urine collection was obtained. Food and beverages were grouped according to their nutritional composition, namely water content. The contribution of those groups to total water intake and its association with the hydration status were estimated. Urinary markers and food groups contribution to total water intake were compared between sexes and according to the median FWR, using the t-test and Mann Whitney test. Results: Less than 10% of the participants were classifi ed as hypohydrated/at hypohydration risk. Water from food was nearly half of the total water intake (47% in females and 48% in males, p = 0.757). Water (22%) and foods with reduced water content (19%) were the groups that contributed the most to the total water intake in women and men, respectively. In men, the contribution of alcoholic beverages was significantly higher than that of women (10.5% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Even though most of the study participants were classified as euhydrated, the contribution of water-rich and nutritionally dense food, and non-alcoholic beverages, particularly in men, should be promoted (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Middle Aged , Drinking , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Dehydration/epidemiology , Feeding Behavior , Nutrition Assessment , Biomarkers/analysis , Urinalysis , Body Water/physiologyABSTRACT
Introduction: The importance of hydration is undoubtable but reliable data on hydration status and its relation with diet is lacking. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the hydration status and its relation to beverages and food intake in children. Methods: A sample of 172 (50% male), 7-11 year-old children was included in this survey. Participants completed a 24 h urine collection; a 24 hours food recall corresponding to the day of urine collection was applied, weight and height were measured and parents/caregivers filled a lifestyle and socio-demographic questionnaire. The free water reserve was used to assess the hydration status. The intakes of food and beverages were compared according to hydration status using the t-test, Mann-Whitney test or unconditional regression models as appropriate. Results: More than half of the participants were classified as hypohydrated or at risk of hypohydration (57% in girls and 58% in boys). Compared to hypohydrated children, a significant higher consumption of water (276.2 ± 208.4 vs 188.2 ± 187.4 g/day) and fruit juices (77.6 ± 139.4 vs 14.4 ± 57.2 g/day) was reported by euhydrated boys and girls, respectively. Lower consumers of water and fruit juices showed a higher risk of hypohydration (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.02-4.58, p = 0.045), adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Most of the children included in this analysis were classified as at risk of hypohydration and those with higher water and fruit juices consumption showed a better hydration status (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Feeding Behavior , Nutrition Assessment , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Urinalysis/statistics & numerical data , Biomarkers/analysis , Body Water/physiology , Cross-Sectional StudiesSubject(s)
Humans , Body Water/physiology , Osmolar Concentration , Intracellular Fluid , Osmotic Pressure , Sodium , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
Introducción: el método de dilución con deuterio es una técnica de referencia en composición corporal en los trabajos de campo. A pesar de su amplia utilidad, aún no se ha reportado cómo es que algunos procedimientos empleados afectan a la medición del agua corporal total (ACT) y a otras estimaciones. Objetivo: analizar si considerar o no que la ingestión de líquidos y la eliminación de orina durante la prueba afectan a la medición del ACT, la masa grasa (MG) y la masa libre de grasa (MLG). Resultados y discusión: en 139 escolares (65 niñas y 74 niños) se midió la ingestión y eliminación de líquidos durante las tres horas de la prueba. La composición corporal resultó ser significativamente diferente (p < 0.001) cuando se corrige por los volúmenes ingeridos y eliminados; sin embargo, las diferencias obtenidas en ACT (100-200 mL), MLG y MG (100-300g) no se consideran importantes en cuanto a composición corporal en comparación con las diferencias resultantes con otros métodos (AU)
Introduction: the deuterium dilution technique is a reference method for measuring body composition in children. However, to our knowledge, there is no report on how some of the procedures used affect the measurement of total body water (TBW) and other estimates. Objective: to analyze whether considering fluid intake and urine excretion during the test affects the final TBW, fat mass and fat free mass results. Results and discussion: ingestion of fluids (100 mL rinse water + orange juice 150 mL) and excretion (urine) were measured in 139 schoolchildren (65 girls) during the determination of TBW. We found significant differences in body composition (p < 0.001), TBW (100-200 mL), FFM and FM (100-300 g) when corrected by volume of fluids ingested and excreted. However, these differences were not considered clinically relevant (AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Deuterium , Body Composition/physiology , Drinking/physiology , Body Water/physiologyABSTRACT
Water is the main constituent of the human body. It is involved in practically all its functions. It is particularly important for thermoregulation and in the physical and cognitive performance. Water balance reflects water intake and loss. Intake of water is done mainly through consumption of drinking water and beverages (70 to 80%) plus water containing foods (20 to 30%). Water loss is mainly due to excretion of water in urine, faeces and sweat. The interest in the type and quantity of beverage consumption is not new, and numerous approaches have been used to assess beverage intake, but the validity of these approaches has not been well established. There is no standardized questionnaire developed as a research tool for the evaluation of water intake in the general population. Sometimes, the information comes from different sources or from different methodological characteristics which raises problems of the comparability. In the European Union, current epidemiological studies that focus exclusively on beverage intake are scarce. Biomarkers of intake are able to objectively assess dietary intake/status without the bias of self-reported dietary intake errors and also overcome the problem of intra-individual diet variability. Furthermore, some methods of measuring dietary intake used biomarkers to validate the data it collects. Biological markers may offer advantages and be able to improve the estimates of dietary intake assessment, which impact into the statistical power of the study. There is a surprising paucity of studies that systematically examine the correlation of beverages intake and hydration biomarker in different populations. A pilot investigation was developed to evaluate the comparative validity and reliability of newly developed interactive multimedia (IMM) versions compared to validated paper-administered (PP) versions of the Hedrick et al. beverage questionnaire. The study showed that the IMM appears to be a valid and reliable measure to assess habitual beverage intake. Similar study was developed in China, but in this case, the use of Smartphone technology was employed for beverage assessment. Conclusion: The methodology for measuring beverage intake in population studies remains controversial. There are few validated and reproducible studies, so there is still lacking an ideal method (ie, short, easy to administer, inexpensive and accurate) in this regard. Clearly, this is an area of scientific interest that is still in development and seems to be very promising for improving health research (AU)
El agua es el principal constituyente del cuerpo humano. Está implicado en prácticamente la totalidad de sus funciones. Es especialmente importante en la termorregulación y en el rendimiento físico y cognitivo. El balance de agua refleja la ingesta y la pérdida de agua. La ingesta se realiza principalmente a través del consumo de agua potable y de bebidas (70 a 80%) más el agua que contienen los alimentos (20 a 30%). La pérdida de agua se realiza gracias a su excreción a través de la orina, las heces y el sudor. El interés por el tipo y la cantidad de bebidas consumidas no es nuevo, y numerosos enfoques se han utilizado para evaluarla, pero la validez de estos enfoques no se han establecido correctamente. Aún no existe, en población general, un cuestionario estandarizado desarrollado como herramienta de investigación para la evaluación de la ingesta de agua. El uso de información de diferentes fuentes y diferentes características metodológicas plantea problemas de comparabilidad entre estudios. En Europa los estudios epidemiológicos actuales que se centran exclusivamente en el consumo de bebidas son escasos. Los biomarcadores de ingesta permiten evaluar objetivamente la ingesta dietética sin el sesgo producido por los errores del auto-reporte. Además permiten superar el problema de la variabilidad intra-individual. Algunos métodos para medir ingesta alimentaria utilizan biomarcadores para validar los datos que recoge. Los marcadores biológicos ofrecen ventajas y son capaces de mejorar las estimaciones de la evaluación de ingesta dietética. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios que examinen sistemáticamente la correlación entre la ingesta de bebidas y los biomarcadores de hidratación en diferentes poblaciones. Utilizando el cuestionario de bebidas de Hedrick y col. se realizó un estudio piloto para evaluar la validez y fiabilidad de un modelo multimedia interactivo (IMM) y para compararlo con una versión en papel-auto administrado (PP). El estudio mostró que el IMM parece ser un modelo válido y fiable para evaluar la ingesta de bebidas habitual. Un estudio similar se realizó en China, pero en este caso, se empleó para evaluar ingesta de bebidas la tecnología Smartphone. Conclusión: La metodología para valorar el consumo de bebidas en estudios poblacionales sigue siendo un tema controvertido. Existen pocos estudios validados y reproducibles, por lo que todavía no se dispone de un método ideal (corto, fácil de administrar, económico y preciso). Esta es un área de interés científico que aún está en desarrollo y que parece ser muy prometedora para mejorar las investigaciones en el área de la salud (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Beverages/statistics & numerical data , Beverages , 51397 , Body Water/physiology , Nutritional Epidemiology , Dietetics/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Water/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Se evaluó la relación entre biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo (ácido úrico, bilirrubina y proteína C-reactiva) con el estado nutricional en 321 adultos de Ecuador, pertenecientes al personal administrativo de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, con edades de 43 ± 10 años, (46,30% femenino y 53,61% masculino). Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, de estilo de vida y epidemiológica; se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa y agua corporal, se midió la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la presión arterial y se determinó las concentraciones de ácido úrico, bilirrubina y Proteína C reactiva (PCR). Se encontró que 17,9% de la población presentó obesidad y 51,72% sobrepeso. Los valores más elevados de ácido úrico se encontraron en obesos, hipertensos y en quienes realizan actividad física. La bilirrubina total, directa e indirecta se encontró en límites superiores en los grupos con obesidad abdominal, y con actividad física. Las variables % de grasa y de agua influyen en la PCR en el grupo con baja grasa corporal y en las mujeres. En hombres, la PCR se asocia con IMC y CC. En los grupos sobrepeso, alta grasa corporal y PHT, el ácido úrico mostró relación con el % de grasa y la CC En los obesos con el % de agua e IMC y en los grupos obesidad abdominal e HT se asoció con % de agua y CC Se concluye que el porcentaje de agua corporal es un importante indicador nutricional para el desarrollo de estrés oxidativo en esta población.
In this work it was evaluated the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers (uric acid, bilirubin and C-reactive protein) with nutritional status in 321 adults of Ecuador, belonging to administrative staff of of the Universidad Tècnica del Norte , aged 43 ± 10 years old (46 30% female and 53.61% male). Socio demographic and epidemiological information and lifestyle were obtained through a survey; The Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat and body water percentages were calculated; waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure was measured. Determinations of uric acid, bilirubin, and serum C-reactive protein (PCR) were performed. 17.9% of the populations were obese and 51.72% overweight. The highest values of uric acid were found in obese, hypertensive and physical activity groups. The total direct and indirect bilirubin were found in upper limits in abdominal obesity and physical activity groups. The CRP level was influenced by % fat and % water in the low body fat group and in females. In male, BMI and WC were associated with CRP. Uric acid showed relationship with % fat and WC in overweight, high body fat and PHT groups, uric acid was associated with the % water and BMI in obese. Finally, uric acid was associated with % water and the WC in the abdominal obesity, and HT groups .The body water percentage is an important indicator to development of oxidative stress in this population.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adipose Tissue/physiology , Body Water/physiology , Nutritional Status/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Biomarkers , Body Mass Index , Bilirubin/blood , Blood Pressure/physiology , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Ecuador , Exercise/physiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Uric Acid/blood , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
Introduction: Obesity is well known to be related to the percentage of Total Body Water (TBW) and inflammation, but the relationship between TBW and inflammation remains still unconfirmed. Aim: To evaluate whether TBW is associated with inflammatory markers in obese children and adolescents. Material and methods: Thirty four obese children (7.0- 10.9 yrs) and 49 obese adolescents (11.0-15.0 yrs) were recruited. Body mass index (BMI Z-score) and several serum biomarkers such as lipid profile, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), sE-selectin, sL-selectin, soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) and soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-VCAM-1) were determined. TBW was obtained by Bioelectrical measurements. Bilateral partial correlation test was used to analyze associations controlled by sex, age, and/or BMI Z-score. Results: A negative correlation was found between TBW and BMI Z-score in both children and adolescents (r -0.581, p < 0.001; r -0.368, p < 0.011, respectively) that remained in both sex, separately (r -0.540, p < 0.001; r -0.505, p < 0.001). In addition, TBW was also negatively correlated with CRP (r -0.438, p < 0.001) in both groups (r -0.560, p = 0.002; r -0.436, p = 0.007, respectively). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with CRP only in boys (r -0.588, p = 0.027; r -0.652, p = 0.005). TBW was negatively correlated with sE-selectin (r -0.236, p = 0.039) only in adolescents (r -0.320, p = 0.032). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with sE-selectin only in girls (r -0.432, p = 0.035). Conclusions: TBW may be considered as a marker not only of the hydration status, but also of the metabolic disorder in a low-grade inflammatory process such as obesity in children and adolescents (AU)
Introducción: Se conoce la relación de la obesidad con el porcentaje de agua corporal total (ACT) y con la inflamación, pero no se ha demostrado aún la posible asociación entre ACT y la inflamación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la ACT (como marcador de estado de hidratación) se asocia con marcadores de inflamación en niños y adolescentes obesos. Material y métodos: Los sujetos de este estudio fueron 34 niños obesos (7,0-10,9 años) y 49 adolescentes obesos (11,0-15,0 años). Se determinó el índice de masa corporal (IMC Z-score) y en suero se analizaron perfil lipídico, proteína C-reactiva (PCR), sE-selectina, sL-selectina, las moléculas de adhesión intercelular soluble-1 (s-ICAM-1) y vascular soluble-1 (s-VCAM-1). El ACT se obtuvo mediante impedancia bioeléctrica. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación parcial bilateral para analizar las asociaciones relacionadas con el sexo, la edad y/o IMC Z-score. Resultados: Se observó una correlación negativa entre el ACT y el IMC Z-score en niños y adolescentes (r -0,581, p < 0,001; r -0,368, p < 0,011, respectivamente), que se mantuvo tanto en niños como en niñas (r - 0,540, p < 0,001; r - 0,505, p < 0,001). Además, el ACT también se correlacionó negativamente con la PCR (r -0,438, p < 0,001) en ambos grupos (r -0,560, p = 0,002; r -0,436, p = 0,007, respectivamente). Cuando se analiza por sexo, ACT se asoció con la PCR sólo en los varones (r -0,588, p = 0,027; r -0,652, p = 0,005). ACT se correlacionó negativamente con la sE-selectina (r - 0,236, p = 0,039) solo en el grupo de adolescentes (r -0,320, p = 0.032). Cuando se analiza por sexo, ACT se asoció con la sE-selectina sólo en las niñas (r -0,432, p = 0,035). Conclusiones: ACT puede ser considerado como un marcador no sólo del estado de hidratación, sino también del trastorno metabólico en un proceso inflamatorio de bajo grado como en el caso de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Body Water/physiology , Obesity/diet therapy , Obesity/diagnosis , Inflammation/diagnosis , Body Mass Index , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Electric ImpedanceABSTRACT
The needs of water and electrolytes are quite variants, depending on age, physiological or environmental conditions. In most long-term sports, usual weight loss of 3-6%,affect in athletic performance. The effects of a 6% dehydration could be improved with individualized diet-specific nutritional strategies and allow only a 2-3% dehydration, which affect metabolic efficiency but will not risk the health. On the contrary, hyperhydration can be dangerous and is associated with hyponatremia that can cause cerebral edema or respiratory failure. Sports drinks should moisturize, providing minerals and carbohydrates and increase the absorption of water by an ideal combination of salts and sugars. Therefore, it is important to provide correct hydration -protocols before, during and after physical activity, as well as know possible limitations of the sport (AU)
Las necesidades de agua y electrolitos son variantes, según la edad, estado fisiológico o condiciones ambientales. En la mayoría de deportes de larga duración, es habitual una pérdida de peso de un 3-6%, que repercutirá en el rendimiento deportivo. Los efectos de un 6% de deshidratación podrían mejorarse con estrategias dietético nutricionales específicas e individualizadas y permitir únicamente un 2-3% de deshidratación, que afectará a la eficiencia metabólica pero no tendrá riesgo para la salud. Al contrario, la hiperhidratación también puede ser peligrosa, asociándose a hiponatremia que puede provocar edema cerebral o insuficiencia respiratoria. Las bebidas isotónicas deben hidratar, aportar sales minerales e hidratos de carbono y aumentar la absorción de agua mediante la combinación de sales minerales y azucares. Por ello, es importante aportar correctos protocolos de hidratación antes, durante y después de la actividad física, así como conocer las limitaciones a las que la práctica deportiva nos pueda llevar (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Exercise/physiology , Physical Exertion/physiology , Dehydration/physiopathology , Body Water/physiology , Sports/physiology , Energy Drinks , Drinking/physiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: La bioimpedancia eléctrica se puede utilizar para establecer el estado de hidratación y nutrición en hemodiálisis. La valoración del estado de hidratación de los pacientes se hace habitualmente a modo de 'arte clínico' mediante el concepto de 'peso seco'. Existen pocos trabajos que estudien la concordancia entre el peso seco estimado de forma clínica y el deducido post-bioimpedancia. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 36 pacientes (26 varones y 10 mujeres). Se realizó bioimpedancia eléctrica vectorial antes y 30 después de diálisis de mitad de semana midiendo, el peso, el agua total y su distribución, el ángulo de fase, la relación de Na/K, y la posición del vector de cada paciente en el normograma de esferas: percentiles 50,75 y 95. El peso-seco se estimó según la valoración subjetiva del nefrólogo, enfermera y paciente. Además en 12 pacientes estables se continuó el análisis por bioimpedancia durante 4 semanas. Resultados: La edad fue de 69.6±12.5 (r=29-89). Prediálisis el peso fue de 73.1±14.1, y postdiálisis de 70.4±13.6. El agua corporal total fue de 24.7±2.8 L/m (53.7±8.2% del peso); 22.1±3.0 L (56.2±5.9% del peso) correspondían a agua extracelular y 17.4±3.8 L/m a intracelular. Posthemodiálisis, el agua total se redujo a 22.8±2.4 L/m (51.8±8.6% del peso) (23.5±2.2 L en varo- María Teresa Centellas Tristán, María Luisa Garcinuño Martín, Reyes González de Antonio, Elvira Roig Gaspar, Daniel Corbacho Barrenechea Enfermeros/as, Servicio de Nefrología. Complejo Asistencial de Ávila nes; y 21,5±3 L en mujeres) de los que 19.6±2.5 L (54,3±5.8% del peso) correspondían a agua extracelular y 16.7±3.3 a agua intracelular. Un varón y 5 mujeres sobrepasaron el valor de referencia más alto. El peso posthemodiálisis fue de 70,4±13,6 ligeramente superior al peso seco establecido: 70,2±13,4 (p=0,02). El ángulo de fase fue <4 en 9 pacientes (25%) y el intercambio Na/K en 13 pacientes (36%) era >1.2, indicando malnutrición. El estudio de las elipses mostró en el percentil 50 el 58.3% (21 pacientes). El resto se repartían en el 75% de sobrehidratación: 9 (25%) y en el 95%, 5 (13,8%). En los 12 pacientes en los que se efectuaron las bioimpedancias seriadas durante 4 semanas, los resultados mostraron variaciones poco significativas de los parámetros estudiados. Conclusiones: Aunque la bioimpedancia aporta conocimientos más exactos sobre la composición hídrica corporal y la distribución del agua, el peso seco establecido por estimación clínica sigue siendo de gran valor. La bioimpedancia ayuda a detectar pequeños cambios subclínicos, que podrían tener trascendencia a más largo plazo. La bioimpedancia pone de manifi esto de forma objetiva la desnutrición presente en casi la mitad de pacientes de hemodiálisis(AU)
Introduction: Electrical bioimpedance can be used to establish the hydration and nutritional state in haemodialysis. Assessing the hydration status of patients is habitually done as a 'clinical art' using the concept of 'dry weight'. There are few studies that examine the concordance between dry weight estimated clinically and the dry weight deduced postbioimpedance analysis. Material and methods: 36 patients were studied (26 men and 10 women). Electrical bioimpedance vector analysis was performed before and 30 after midweek dialysis, measuring weight, total water and its distribution, phase angle, Na/K ratio, and the position of each patients vector in the sphere normogram: percentiles 50.75 and 95. Dry weight was estimated according to the subjective assessment of the nephrologist, nurse and patient. Furthermore, in 12 stable patients the bioimpedance analysis continued for 4 weeks. Results: The age was 69.6±12.5 (r=29-89). Weight was 73.1±14.1 predialysis, and 70.4±13.6 postdialysis. Total body water was 24.7±2.8 L/m (53.7±8.2% of weight); 22.1±3.0 L (56.2±5.9% of weight) corresponded to extracellular water and 17.4±3.8 L/m to intracellular water. Following haemodialysis, total water fell to 22.8±2.4 L/m (51.8±8.6% of weight) (23.5±2.2 L in men; and 21.5±3 L in women) of which 19.6±2.5 L (54.3±5.8% of weight) corresponded to extracellular water and 16.7±3.3 to intracellular water. One man and 5 women exceeded the highest reference value. Posthaemodialysis weight was 70.4±13.6, slightly higher than the established dry weight: 70.2±13.4 (p=0.02). The phase angle was <4 in 9 patients (25%) and Na/K exchange in 13 patients (36%) was >1.2, indicating malnutrition. The study of the ellipses showed 58.3% (21 patients) in the 50th percentile. The rest were distributed in the 75th percentile of overhydration: 9 (25%) and in the 95th percentile, 5 (13.8%). In the 12 patients on whom series of bioimpedance analyses were carried out over 4 weeks, the results showed variations of little significance from the parameters studied. Conclusions: Although bioimpedance provides more accurate knowledge on body hydric composition and on the distribution of water, the dry weight established by clinical estimate continues to be of great value. Bioimpedance helps to detect small sub-clinical changes which could be more relevant in the longer term. Bioimpedance objectively shows the malnutrition present in almost half of haemodialysis patients(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Body Weights and Measures/methods , Body Water/physiology , Body Water/radiation effects , Renal Dialysis/nursing , Fluid Therapy/nursing , Body Composition/physiology , Body Composition/radiation effects , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies/trends , Electrodes , Biosensing Techniques/trendsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Observar o comportamento dos vetores ponteados no gráfico de resistência e de reactância corrigidos pelo comprimento corporal (RXc) através da análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica (BIVA) e os valores de ângulo de fase (AF) em recém-nascidos (RNs) pré-termo estáveis, considerando a hipótese que o RN pré-termo apresenta o seu comportamento vetorial na BIVA sugestivo de menor quantidade de água e de tecidos moles corporais, comparativamente à referência do RN a termo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo de corte transversal em RNs pré-termo, de ambos os sexos, que se encontravam em uma unidade de cuidados intermediários de um hospital terciário. Coletaram-se dados relacionados ao nascimento e à alimentação, bem como dados de bioimpedância elétrica (800 mA, 50 kHz). Os gráficos e as análises vetoriais foram realizados através do BIVA software. RESULTADOS: Um total de 108 RNs pré-termo foram estudados, separados por faixa etária (< 7 dias e > 7 dias). A maioria dos RNs pré-termo encontrou-se fora da normalidade (acima dos intervalos de tolerância de 95%) existentes na literatura para RNs a termo, e observou-se uma tendência para a dispersão dos pontos no quadrante superior direito no gráfico RXc. O AF dos RNs < 7 dias foi de 4,92° (±2,18), e a dos RNs > 7 dias, de 4,34° (±2,37). CONCLUSÃO: Os RNs pré-termo se comportam de maneira semelhante entre si. A maioria deles possui menor quantidade absoluta de água corporal e apresenta menor quantidade tanto de massa livre de gordura quanto de massa gorda, em valores absolutos, quando comparados com os RNs a termo.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the behavior of the plotted vectors on the RXc (R - resistance - and Xc - reactance corrected for body height/length) graph through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIVA) and phase angle (PA) values in stable premature infants, considering the hypothesis that preterm infants present vector behavior on BIVA suggestive of less total body water and soft tissues, compared to reference data for term infants. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including preterm neonates of both genders, in-patients admitted to an intermediate care unit at a tertiary care hospital. Data on delivery, diet and bioelectrical impedance (800 mA, 50 kHz) were collected. The graphs and vector analysis were performed with the BIVA software. RESULTS: A total of 108 preterm infants were studied, separated according to age (< 7 days and > 7 days). Most of the premature babies were without the normal range (above the 95% tolerance intervals) existing in literature for term newborn infants and there was a tendency to dispersion of the points in the upper right quadrant, RXc plan. The PA was 4.92° (±2.18) for newborns < 7 days and 4.34° (±2.37) for newborns > 7 days. CONCLUSION: Premature infants behave similarly in terms of BIVA and most of them have less absolute body water, presenting less fat free mass and fat mass in absolute values, compared to term newborn infants.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Body Composition/physiology , Body Water/physiology , Nutritional Status , Age Factors , Body Size/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electric Impedance , Gestational Age , Infant, Premature , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
La valoración de líquidos corporales en el deportista, agua corporal total (ACT), agua intracelular (AI) y agua extracelular (AE), es un factor de suma importancia para el entrenamiento y la competición. La impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) es cada vez más utilizada en el ámbito de la salud y del deporte por ser un método simple y no invasivo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la capacidad de la BIA de última generación para detectar cambios en los fluidos corporales debidos a la deshidratación inducida por el ejercicio. Se estudiaron 19 remeros. Antes del ejercicio se valoró su composición corporal con método antropométrico como modelo de referencia y se estimaron el ACT, AI y AE con un aparato BIA segmental y multifrecuencia. Seguidamente se sometió a los deportistas a una sesión de entrenamiento sobre remoergómetro de 56 minutos de duración. Al finalizar fueron pesados nuevamente y sometidos a una segunda evaluación con BIA. La pérdida de líquido corporal inducida por el ejercicio y medida con balanza arrojó resultados significativos, siendo de 1,6 ± 0,36 kg. Sin embargo, las diferencias registradas por BIA, antes y después del ejercicio, para el ACT, AI yAE, no fueron significativas (p < 0,05).Tampoco se ha encontrado concordancia entre el método de balanza y el método BIA para estimar cambios en líquidos corporales y se ha hallado una media para las diferencias de 1,24 kg. Por lo tanto, concluimos que BIA no sirve para registrar cambios en los compartimentos acuosos corporales tras una sesión de ejercicio, ya que los niveles hídricos se registraron de forma cuantitativamente incorrecta (AU)
Evaluating the body fluids in athletes, as well as their total body water (TBW), intra (ICW) and extracelular water (ECW), is an important factor for the training and competition. Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) is becoming more and more useful in both heath and sport fields becauseit is a simple and non invasive method. The purpose of this study is to analyse the capability of state-of-the-art BIA devices in order to check any changes in body fluids due to de hydration as a consequence of exercise. The 19 rowers participating in this study. Before the exercise we evaluated their body composition with the anthropometric method as a reference model, and we estimated the TBW, ICW and ECW with a segmental and multifrequency BIA. Afterwards, subjects went through a 56-minutetraining session by ergo-rower. When finishing they we reweighed and subjected to a second evaluation. The loss of body fluids due to exercise and measured with the bascule provided us with significant results, 1.6 ± 0.4kg. However, the different values recorded by BIA, before and after the exercise for the TBW, ICW and ECW were not significant (p < 0.05).Concordance Bland-Altman analysis not confirmed good agreement between the bascule and the BIA methods, in order to estimate the change in body fluids. The average one for the estimation difference was 1.24 kg. Therefore we conclude that BIA is not used to record changes in body water compartments after a workout because water levels were recorded on a quantitatively incorrect (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Electric Impedance , Bodily Secretions/physiology , Body Water/physiology , Sports/physiology , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Body CompositionABSTRACT
El análisis de la composición corporal constituye el eje central de la valoración del estado nutricional. Su estimación en el área pediátrica ha cobrado gran relevancia debido a la creciente prevalencia de la obesidad en las primeras etapas de la vida y los efectos adversos sobre la salud. La bioimpedancia eléctrica es uno de los métodos desarrollados para estimar la composición corporal; tanto en investigación como en el área clínica. Se fundamenta en la oposición de las células, tejidos o líquidos corporales al paso de una corriente eléctrica. Este método mide el agua corporal total y permite estimar la masa corporal libre de grasa y la masa grasa. Entre sus ventajas están el bajo costo, facilidad de transporte, inocuidad, sencillez en el manejo y la baja variabilidad interobservador. Este artículo hace una revisión de la bioimpedancia eléctrica como técnica para evaluar la composición corporal. Se presentan los aspectos relacionados a las suposiciones metodológicas, así como sus ventajas, limitaciones y aplicaciones de la bioimpedancia eléctrica en la estimación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes. Se concluye que la validez y aplicabilidad demostrada por la bioimpedancia eléctrica en estudios epidemiológicos, le permite ubicarse dentro de los métodos recomendables para el estudio de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes.
The analysis of body composition constitutes the center of nutritional state evaluation. Its estimation in the pediatric area has become highly relevant due to the growing prevalence of obesity in the first stages of life and the adverse effects on health. Bioelectrical impedance is one of the methods developed to estimate body composition in research as well as in clinic. Bioelectrical impedance is based on the opposition of cells, tissues or body fluids to the pass of an electric current. This method measures total body water and allows the estimation of fat and fat free body mass. Among its advantages are low cost, easy transportation and handling and low variability between observers. This article makes a revision of bioelectric impedance as a technique to evaluate body composition. Aspects related to its methodological assumptions are presented, as well as its advantages, limitations and applications in the estimation of body composition of children and adolescents. The applicability and validity shown by bioelectric impedance in epidemiologic studies place it next to reliable methods for the study of body composition.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Body Water/physiology , Body Mass Index , Body Composition/physiology , Nutritional Status/physiology , Electric Impedance , Energy Metabolism , Nutrition Assessment , Obesity/etiologyABSTRACT
El agua contenida en los alimentos junto con la que bebemos y el resto de los líquidos que ingerimos, tienen que garantizar nuestra correcta hidratación en todas las edades y circunstancias vitales. En consecuencia, es muy importante que su consumo tenga asegurada la calidad y la cantidad. La ingestión adecuada de agua total se ha establecido para prevenir los efectos deletéreos de la deshidratación que incluyen trastornos funcionales y metabólicos. Es conocido como el grado de hidratación puede influir sobre la salud y el bienestar de las personas. En la mujer embarazada, una parte importante del aumento de su peso se produce a expensas del incremento del volumen plasmático. En el caso de la lactancia, resulta obvia la importancia de mantener una ingesta hídrica adecuada si queremos preservar localidad y cantidad de la leche y, por lo tanto, el estado nutricional del niño y de la madre. En el caso del niño, su balance hídrico tiene que estar equilibrado a través de aportaciones cotidianas suficientes. Las necesidades basales de líquidos en los mayores se cifran en torno a 30-35 mL por Kilogramo de peso y día. Hay circunstancias que incrementan las necesidades de líquidos del organismo como el estrés, la actividad y el ejercicio físico, el aumento de la temperatura ambiental ,la fiebre, las pérdidas de líquidos por vómitos y/o diarreas, la diabetes descompensada, las quemaduras, etc. Los factores que condicionan el ejercicio en relación con la hidratación son: las características del ejercicio, las condiciones ambientales, las características individuales, el acostumbramiento a las condiciones climáticas externas, el entrenamiento, el umbral y la capacidad de sudoración. Todo ello hace que resulte muy conveniente instaurar unas Guías directrices que puedan orientar a los consumidores, así como a los distintos profesionales dela salud, sobre lo que resulta más adecuado beber o aconsejar beber en cada momento (AU)
Water is a natural resource essential to life and essential in our daily food. The water contained in food which along with liquids we drink and the rest we eat, we have to ensure proper hydration in all ages and life circumstances. It is very important that its consumption has ensured the quality and quantity. The adequate intake of total water has been established to prevent the deleterious effects of dehydration (especially acute effects) that include functional and metabolic disorders. It is known that the degree of hydration can influence the health and welfare of people, including his mental concentration and other cognitive aspects, their physical performance and heat tolerance. In pregnant women, an important part of its increasing weight occurs at the expense of the volume plasma increase. In the case of breastfeeding, if we consider that approximately 87-90% the composition of milk is water, it is obvious the importance of maintaining an adequate water intake if we want to preserve the quality and quantity of milk and, hence, the nutritional status of children and mothers. In the case of children, their water balance has to be balanced through sufficient contributions every day, especially in the early stages of life where they are most vulnerable to fluids and electrolytes imbalances. Children -especially infants and those who start walking-are at increased risk, even deadly, dehydration than adults. The factors that determine the exercise in relation to the hydration are the characteristics of the exercise, environmental conditions, individual characteristics, accustomed to external weather conditions, training, and capacity threshold of sweating. In recent years, besides the traditional beverages, a wide range of new drinks that often have a significant caloric value, have proliferated in the marketplace for. This makes it highly desirable to establish some guidelines (AU)