[In vitro activity of linezolid, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin and rifampin, alone and in combination, against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis]. / Actividad in vitro de linezolid, moxifloxacino, levofloxacino, clindamicina y rifampicina, solo o en combinacion, frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Information about the in vitro effect of combinations of anti-staphylococcal agents on staphylococci is scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of linezolid, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin and rifampin, alone or in combination, against Staphylococcus spp. Two Staphylococcus aureus and two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from blood cultures were studied using the killing curve method. The combinations analyzed were linezolid+moxifloxacin, linezolid+levofloxacin, linezolid+clindamycin, linezolid+rifampin, moxifloxacin+rifampin, moxifloxacin+clindamycin, levofloxacin+rifampin and levofloxacin+clindamycin. The following concentrations (mg/l) were used: 8 and 16 for linezolid, 2 for moxifloxacin, 3 for levofloxacin, 2 for clindamycin and 2 and 5 for rifampin. The activity was considered synergistic when a reduction in growth of at least 2 log(10) was produced with the combination in comparison to the most active antibiotic alone; antagonistic when a growth of at least 2 log(10) was produced with the combination in comparison to the most active antibiotic alone; and indifferent if the variation was less than 1 log(10). Linezolid and clindamycin were bacteriostatic, while moxifloxacin and levofloxacin were bactericidal. Rifampin was bacteriostatic against S. aureus and bactericidal against S. epidermidis. Linezolid and clindamycin reduced the bactericidal activity of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, however an antagonistic effect was only observed against S. aureus. Other combinations of linezolid, rifampin, clindamycin, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin were indifferent. Linezolid and clindamycin antagonize the bactericidal activity of fluorquinolones against staphylococci. There was no difference between any other combinations against either S. aureus or S. epidermidis.

[Comparison of the checkerboard and E-test methods used for the analysis of two antibiotics combination]. / Porównanie metod szachownicy i E-testu stosowanych do badania przeciwbakteryjnej aktywnosci zestawien dwóch antybiotyków.

The aim of this study was to compare checkerboard method with E-test assay for interaction analysis of aminoglycosides in combination with other antibiotics on selected clinical bacterial strains. In the first step, MIC values of analysed antibiotics, against particular bacterial strain were established. In the next step, antibiotics interaction was analysed by checkerboard technique and E-test. We found some difficulties while comparing these two methods. The checkerboard and E-test results corresponded in about 55%. Twenty-one percentage of results obtained by both methods showed some discrepancies. In 15% of cases, because of high MICs values, comparison of the results was impossible. Some investigators declare FIC indexes, from over 0.5 up to 4, for neutral effects. Sharing this point of view, above 21% of discrepancies results agreed. In such situation, definite disagreement was observed only in 8% of obtained results. In this investigation, additive and neutral effects were dominant. The E-test technique is less-laborous than standard agar method. In this study the E-test assay indicated synergy in only one case. Because of the manner in which the E-test strips were placed on the agar (scales intersecting at the MICs) only dramatic cases of antagonism were detected. Mild cases were undetected because the inhibition zone run under the crossed strips and was therefore unreadable and interpreted as indifference. On the basis of these results, examination of interactions between antibiotics by E-test, appears to be possible alternative to checkerboard method with mentioned limitations.

In vitro and in vivo synergy of levofloxacin or amikacin both in combination with ceftazidime against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The aim of the present study was to explore the antibacterial activity of the levofloxacin (LVX) and ceftazidime (CAZ) combination compared with the amikacin (AMK)/CAZ combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined according to NCCLS. FIC indices (Fl) were calculated by the checkerboard technique. CAZ combined with LVX or AMK yielded Fls indicating synergism (Fl < or = 0.5) for 71/102 (69.6%) and 81/102 (79.4%) (p = 0.108), indifference (FI > 0.5-4) for 24/102 (23.5%) and 12/102 (11.7%) (p = 0.027), and antagonism (Fl > 4) for 7/102 (6.8%) and 9/102 (8.8%) (p = 0.602) strains, respectively. In vivo, CAZ/LVX was as bactericidal as CAZ/AMK combination. Our results support the potential role of LVX as an alternative to AMK in the combination therapy with CAZ in the treatment of P. aeruginosa severe infections. Anyway, further investigations and clinical trials are awaited until any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

The role of antigenic drive and tumor-infiltrating accessory cells in the pathogenesis of helicobacter-induced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

Gastric B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type is closely linked to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Most clinical and histopathological features of the tumor can be reproduced by prolonged Helicobacter infection of BALB/c mice. In this study, we have addressed the role of antigenic stimulation in the pathogenesis of the lymphoma by experimental infection with Helicobacter felis, followed by antibiotic eradication therapy and subsequent re-infection. Antimicrobial therapy was successful in 75% of mice and led to complete histological but not "molecular" tumor remission. Although lympho-epithelial lesions disappeared and most gastric lymphoid aggregates resolved, transcriptional profiling revealed the long-term mucosal persistence of residual B cells. Experimental re-introduction of Helicobacter led to very rapid recurrence of the lymphomas, which differed from the original lesions by higher proliferative indices and more aggressive behavior. Immunophenotyping of tumor cells revealed massive infiltration of lesions by CD4(+) T cells, which express CD 28, CD 69, and interleukin-4 but not interferon-gamma, suggesting that tumor B-cell proliferation was driven by Th 2-polarized, immunocompetent, and activated T cells. Tumors were also densely colonized by follicular dendritic cells, whose numbers were closely associated with and predictive of treatment outcome.

Pharmacodynamics of intermittent and continuous infusion piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms.

The pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime were evaluated against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms. Ten thousand patients were simulated based on ESBL minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from our laboratory (N=39) and on pharmacokinetic data from peer-reviewed literature. The desired proportion of the dosing interval that the concentration remains above the MIC (%T>MIC) for the intermittent bolus regimens was >/=40% for piperacillin/tazobactam and >/=60% for cefepime. The desired C(ss)/MIC ratio (where C(ss) is the concentration at steady state) was >/=2 for all continuous infusion (CI) regimens. MIC(50), MIC(90) and %S were, respectively, 64/4mug/mL, 1024/4mug/mL and 33% for piperacillin/tazobactam and 8mug/mL, 16mug/mL and 0% for cefepime. For piperacillin/tazobactam, 3.375g every 4h (q4h) achieved the highest probability of target attainment (43%), followed by 13.5g CI (31%), 3.375g q6h (27%), 4.5g q8h (17%) and 6.75g CI (10%). However, for cefepime, 4g CI had the highest probability of target attainment (77%), followed by 1g q8h (65%), 2g q12h (58%), 3g CI (46%) and 1g q12h (27%). Although the probabilities of target attainment for cefepime were higher than for piperacillin/tazobactam, neither agent achieved a high probability of target attainment and should not be used routinely for the treatment of ESBL infections.

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin and tazobactam in hospitalized patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre, randomized clinical trial was conducted in hospitalized patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection. Patients received piperacillin/tazobactam administered by either continuous infusion (13.5 g over 24 h, n = 130) or intermittent infusion (3.375 g every 6 h, n = 132). NONMEM was used to perform population pharmacokinetic analysis in a subset of patients (n = 56) who had serum samples obtained at steady-state for drug concentration analyses. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify the breakpoints of piperacillin PK-PD indexes in 94 patients with causative pathogen's MIC. RESULTS: A one-compartment model was applied to fit the data. Creatinine clearance and body weight were the most significant variables to explain patient variability in piperacillin and tazobactam clearance and volume of distribution. The infusion method had no influence on PK parameters. For patients (n = 30) receiving intermittent infusion in the pharmacokinetic study, mean Cmax and half-life were 122.22 mg/L and 1.17 h for piperacillin, and 15.74 mg/L and 1.81 h for tazobactam. For patients (n = 26) receiving continuous infusion in the pharmacokinetic study, mean steady-state concentration was 35.31 +/- 12.15 mg/L for piperacillin and 7.29 +/- 3.28 mg/L for tazobactam. As a result of a low rate of failures (<11%) observed in the trial and the low MICs for infecting pathogens, no association could be established between clinical/microbiological outcome and drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent infusion and continuous infusion of piperacillin and tazobactam provided sufficient drug exposure to treat those pathogens commonly implicated in intra-abdominal infections.

Bowel colonization with resistant gram-negative bacilli after antimicrobial therapy of intra-abdominal infections: observations from two randomized comparative clinical trials of ertapenem therapy.

The selection of resistant gram-negative bacilli by broad-spectrum antibiotic use is a major issue in infection control. The aim of this comparative study was to assess the impact of different antimicrobial regimens commonly used to treat intra-abdominal infections on the susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bowel flora after completion of therapy. In two international randomized open-label trials with laboratory blinding, adults with complicated intra-abdominal infection requiring surgery received piperacillin-tazobactam (OASIS 1) or ceftriaxone/metronidazole (OASIS II) versus ertapenem for 4-14 days. Rectal swabs were obtained at baseline, end of therapy, and 2 weeks post-therapy. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were tested for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Enterobacteriaceae resistant to the agent used were recovered from 19 of 156 (12.2%) piperacillin-tazobactam recipients at the end of therapy compared to 1 (0.6%) patient at baseline (p<0.001) in OASIS I, and from 33 of 193 (17.1%) ceftriaxone/metronidazole recipients at the end of therapy compared to 5 (2.6%) patients at baseline (p<0.001) in OASIS II. Ertapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from 1 of 155 and 1 of 196 ertapenem recipients at the end of therapy versus 0 and 1 ertapenem recipients at baseline in OASIS I and II, respectively. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae emerged significantly less often during treatment with ertapenem than with the comparator in both OASIS I (p<0.001) and OASIS II (p<0.001). The prevalence of ESBL-producers increased significantly during therapy in OASIS II among 193 ceftriaxone/metronidazole recipients (from 4 [2.1%] to 18 [9.3%]) (p<0.001), whereas no ertapenem recipient was colonized with an ESBL-producer at the end of therapy in either study. Selection for imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was uncommon in all treatment groups. In these studies, the frequency of bowel colonization with resistant Enterobacteriaceae substantially increased in patients treated with either piperacillin-tazobactam or ceftriaxone/metronidazole, but not in patients treated with ertapenem.

In vitro activity of citropin 1.1 alone and in combination with clinically used antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of citropin 1.1, an antimicrobial peptide derived from the Australian tree frog Litoria citropa, alone and in combination with ampicillin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, linezolid, vancomycin, clarithromycin and imipenem against 12 nosocomial isolates of Rhodococcus equi. METHODS: Antimicrobial activity of citropin 1.1 was measured by MIC, MBC, time-kill studies and chequerboard titration method. RESULTS: All isolates were inhibited at concentrations of citropin 1.1 between 2 and 8 mg/L. Combination studies demonstrated synergy only when the peptide was combined with clarithromycin, doxycycline and rifampicin. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that citropin 1.1 is active against R. equi and that its activity could be enhanced when it is combined with hydrophobic antibiotics.

In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with either ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam or amikacin to select for antibiotic-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. METHODS: Clinical strains of P. aeruginosa (n = 5) and Acinetobacter spp. (n = 5) susceptible to all the drugs used in the study were assayed. Development of resistance was determined by multi-step and single-step methodologies. For multi-step studies, MICs were determined after five serial passages on antibiotic-gradient plates containing each antibiotic alone or in combination with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. Acquisition of resistance was defined as an increase of >or=4-fold from the starting MIC. In single-step studies, the frequency of spontaneous mutations was calculated after a passage on plates containing antibiotics alone and in combinations at concentrations equal to the highest NCCLS breakpoints. RESULTS: Serial passages on medium containing single antibiotics resulted in increased MICs for each antibiotic; MIC increases were limited by antibiotics in combination. A decrease in the number of strains with MICs above the NCCLS breakpoints occurred when fluoroquinolones were combined with a second antibiotic for both P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. isolates. Frequencies of mutation were higher for antibiotics alone than for combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Use of combinations of fluoroquinolones with beta-lactams and amikacin reduces the risk for in vitro selection of resistant P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.

Actividad in vitro de linezolid, moxifloxacino, levofloxacino, clindamicina y rifampicina, solos o en combinación, frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis / In vitro activity of linezolid, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin,clindamycin and rifampin, alone and in combination, against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

La información sobre la actividad in vitro de las asociaciones de agentes antiestafilocócicos es escasa. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la actividadin vitro de linezolid, moxifloxacino, levofloxacino, clindamicina y rifampicina, solos o asociados, frente a Staphylococcus spp. Se analizaronmediante curvas de letalidad dos cepas de Staphylococcus aureus y dos de Staphylococcus epidermidis aisladas en hemocultivos. Las asociacionesestudiadas fueron linezolid+moxifloxacino, linezolid+levofloxacino, linezolid+clindamicina, linezolid+rifampicina, moxifloxacino+rifampicina,moxifloxacino+clindamicina, levofloxacino+rifampicina y levofloxacino+clindamicina. Las concentraciones (mg/l) empleadas fueron 8 y 16 paralinezolid, 2 para moxifloxacino, 3 para levofloxacino, 2 para clindamicina, y 2 y 5 para rifampicina. La actividad se consideró sinérgica cuando seprodujo una reducción del crecimiento de al menos 2 log10 con la combinación comparada con el antibiótico solo más activo, antagónica cuandose produjo un incremento del crecimiento de al menos 2 log10 con la combinación respecto del antibiótico solo más activo, e indiferente sila variación era menor de 1 log10. Linezolid y clindamicina fueron siempre bacteriostáticos, mientras que moxifloxacino y levofloxacino fueronbactericidas. Rifampicina fue bacteriostática frente a S. aureus y bactericida frente a S. epidermidis. Linezolid y clindamicina redujeron la actividadbactericida de levofloxacino y moxifloxacino, aunque el efecto fue antagónico sólo frente a S. aureus. Otras combinaciones de linezolid, rifampicina,clindamicina, levofloxacino o moxifloxacino fueron indiferentes. Linezolid y clindamicina antagonizan la actividad bactericida de lasfluoroquinolonas frente a Staphylococcus spp. La indiferencia fue la regla para el resto de combinaciones frente a S. aureus y S. epidermidis

Information about the in vitro effect of combinations of anti-staphylococcal agents on staphylococci is scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluatethe in vitro activity of linezolid, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin and rifampin, alone or in combination, against Staphylococcus spp.Two Staphylococcus aureus and two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from blood cultures were studied using the killing curve method.The combinations analyzed were linezolid+moxifloxacin, linezolid+levofloxacin, linezolid+clindamycin, linezolid+rifampin, moxifloxacin+rifampin,moxifloxacin+clindamycin, levofloxacin+rifampin and levofloxacin+clindamycin. The following concentrations (mg/l) were used: 8 and16 for linezolid, 2 for moxifloxacin, 3 for levofloxacin, 2 for clindamycin and 2 and 5 for rifampin. The activity was considered synergistic whena reduction in growth of at least 2 log10 was produced with the combination in comparison to the most active antibiotic alone; antagonistic whena growth of at least 2 log10 was produced with the combination in comparison to the most active antibiotic alone; and indifferent if the variationwas less than 1 log10.Linezolid and clindamycin were bacteriostatic, while moxifloxacin and levofloxacin were bactericidal. Rifampin wasbacteriostatic against S. aureus and bactericidal against S. epidermidis. Linezolid and clindamycin reduced the bactericidal activity of levofloxacinand moxifloxacin, however an antagonistic effect was only observed against S. aureus. Other combinations of linezolid, rifampin, clindamycin,levofloxacin or moxifloxacin were indifferent. Linezolid and clindamycin antagonize the bactericidal activity of fluorquinolones againststaphylococci. There was no difference between any other combinations against either S. aureus or S. epidermidis

Disinfection of immature teeth with a triple antibiotic paste.

This study assessed the efficacy of a triple antibiotic paste in the disinfection of immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis. The canals were sampled before (S1) and after (S2) irrigation with 1.25% NaOCL and after dressing with a triple antibiotic paste (S3), consisting of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline. At S1, 100% of the samples cultured positive for bacteria with a mean CFU count of 1.7 x 10. At S2, 10% of the samples cultured bacteria-free with a mean CFU count of 1.4 x 10. At S3, 70% of the samples cultured bacteria-free with a mean CFU count of only 26. Reductions in mean CFU counts between S1 and S2 (p < 0.0001) as well as between S2 and S3 (p < 0.0001) were statistically significant. These results indicate the effectiveness of a triple antibiotic paste in the disinfection of immature teeth with apical periodontitis.

In vitro synergy and selection of resistance by fluoroquinolones plus amikacin or beta-lactams against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.

This study compared the potential synergy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam or amikacin, against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli by using checkerboard and time kill studies. Moreover, selection of resistance was determined by frequency of mutations and by calculating the increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) after five serial subcultures on antibiotic-containing plates. Synergy occurred more often with levofloxacin combined with imipenem (7/10 strains) and with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin with amikacin (10/10) than for the other combinations. Time kill studies showed synergy for levofloxacin combined with amikacin, ceftazidime, imipenem or piperacillin/tazobactam, and for ciprofloxacin combined with amikacin, cefepime or imipenem. Antibiotic combinations selected for resistance less frequently than antibiotics alone. Mutation frequency was <10(-12) for all combinations. In conclusion, the combination of a fluoroquinolone with a beta-lactam or amikacin may provide improved antimicrobial activity and help limit the occurrence of resistance in ESBL-producing E. coli strains.

[Combination effect of pazufloxacin and anti-mrsa drugs against beta-lactam antibiotic induced vancomycin-resistant MRSA (BIVR)].

The in vitro combination effects of pazufloxacin (PZFX) with an anti-MRSA drug such as vancomycin (VCM), teicoplanin (TEIC), arbekacin (ABK), minocycline (MINO), rifampicin (RFP) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) were investigated against 26 strains of beta-lactam antibiotic induced vancomycin-resistant MRSA (BIVR) by the checkerboard method. The additive and synergistic effects were observed with the combination of PZFX and VCM (50%, 13/26 strains), PZFX and TEIC (96%, 25/26 strains), PZFX and ABK (65%, 17/26 strains), PZFX and MINO (46%, 12/26 strains), PZFX and ST (54%, 14/26 strains). The synergistic effects were observed with the combination of PZFX and TEIC (4%, 1/26 strains), PZFX and ABK or MINO (15%, 4/26 strains). The antagonistic effects were observed with only PZFX and MINO (12%, 3/26 strains), others were all indifference.

[Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of antibiotic therapy in dentistry and stomatology]. / Análisis farmacocinético/farmacodinámico (PK/PD) de la antibioterapia en odontoestomatología.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the efficacy of various antimicrobial treatments for orofacial infections on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) criteria. METHODS: A complete a literature search was undertaken to establish the MIC90 values of the five microorganisms most frequently isolated in odontogenic infections and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 13 antibiotics used in these infections. Pharmacokinetic simulations were then carried out with mean population parameters and efficacy indexes were calculated for the 47 treatment regimens analyzed. For drugs showing time-dependent antibacterial killing, the time above MIC (t > MIC) was calculated. For drugs with concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, the AUC/MIC was calculated. RESULTS: Amoxicillin-clavulanic (500 mg/8 h or 1000 mg/12 h) and clindamycin (300 mg/6 h) in the time-dependent killing group and moxifloxacin (400 mg/24 h) in the concentration-dependent group showed adequate efficacy indexes against the five pathogens considered to be the most commonly implicated in odontogenic infections. The spiramycin plus metronidazole combination, present in the commercial formulation Rhodogyl, did not reach satisfactory PK/PD indexes. CONCLUSION: PK/PD indexes, which are useful predictors of the potential efficacy of antibacterial therapy, were used with ontogenic infections in the present study. The PK/PD simulations showed that amoxicillin-clavulanic, clindamycin and moxifloxacin were the most suitable antibiotics for this kind of infection. Clinical trials are required to confirm that this methodology is useful in these pathologic processes.

[Are we being threatened by multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus?]. / Prävention und Therapie von Staphylokokkeninfektionen... bevor sich MRSA & Co. in lhrer Praxis niederlassen.

Multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are characterized by their virulence and clinical resistance to all known beta-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, the representatives of most other classes of antibiotics are also proving to be no longer effective. While infections with the usual S. aureus strains can mostly be readily managed with penicillinase-resistant penicillins, the rescue antibiotic vancomycin, as also teicoplanin, in combination with, for example fosfomycin, are required in the treatment of MRSA and S. epidermidis infections. Since infections with S. aureus/MRSA are usually of endogenous origin, decolonization with mupirocin-containing nasal ointment applied as a prophylactic measure in patients with high colonization rates and/or immunosuppression, is of major importance. The best protection against further spread of highly resistant germs, such as MRSA is, in particular, profession hygiene management.

Análisis farmacocinético/farmacodinámico (PK/PD)de la antibioterapia en odontoestomatología / Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of antibiotic therapy in dentistry and stomatology

INTRODUCCIÓN. Evaluar la eficacia de diferentes tratamientos antimicrobianos en infecciones oro faciales utilizando criterios fármaco cinéticos/fármaco dinámicos (PK/PD).MÉTODOS. Tras llevar a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que permitió conocer los valores de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM90) de cinco de los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados en infecciones odontógenas y los parámetros fármaco-cinéticos de 13 antibióticos utilizados en este tipo de infecciones, se realizaron simulaciones farmacocinéticas con parámetros poblacionales medios y se calcularon los índices de eficacia para las 47 pautas posológicas analizadas. Para los antibióticos dependientes de tiempo se calculó el tsupra CIM, mientras que para los dependientes de concentración se determinó el cociente ABC/CIM90.RESULTADOS. Amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico (500 mg/8 ho 1.000 mg/12 h) y clindamicina (300 mg/6 h), entre los antibióticos con actividad dependiente de tiempo, y moxifloxacino (400 mg/24 h) entre los dependientes de concentración mostraron índices de eficacia adecuados frente a los cinco microorganismos considerados como los más frecuentemente implicados en este tipo de infecciones. La combinación de espiramicina más metronidazol presente en la formulación comercial denominada Rhodogyl®, no alcanzó índices PK/PD satisfactorios. CONCLUSIÓN. Los índices PK/PD son herramientas útiles para predecir la eficacia potencial de la terapia antimicrobiana, y en este caso se han aplicado al tratamiento de infecciones odontógenas. Estas simulaciones PK/PD permiten concluir que amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, clindamicina y moxifloxacino se presentan como los antibióticos más adecuados que se deben utilizar para el tratamiento de este tipo de infecciones. Sin embargo, sería importante contrastar los resultados obtenidos con un ensayo clínico para confirmar que esta metodología es útil en este tipo de procesos patológicos (AU)

INTRODUCTION. This study evaluates the efficacy of various antimicrobial treatments for oro facial infections on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmaco dynamic (PK/PD) criteria. METHODS. A complete a literature search was undertaken to establish the MIC90 values of the five microorganisms most frequently isolated in odontogenic infections and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 13 antibiotics used in these infections. Pharmacokinetic simulations were then carried out with mean population parameters and efficacy indexes were calculated for the 47 treatment regimens analyzed. For drugs showing time-dependent antibacterial killing, the time above MIC (t > MIC) was calculated. For drugs with concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, the AUC/MIC was calculated. RESULTS. Amoxicillin-clavulanic (500 mg/8 h or1000 mg/12 h) and clindamycin (300 mg/6 h) in the time-dependant killing group and moxifloxacin(400 mg/24 h) in the concentration-dependant group showed adequate efficacy indexes against the five pathogens considered to be the most commonly implicated in odontogenic infections. The spiramycin plus metronidazole combination, present in the commercial formulation Rhodogyl®, did not reach satisfactory PK/PD indexes. CONCLUSION. PK/PD indexes, which are useful predictors of the potential efficacy of antibacterial therapy, were used with ontogenic infections in the present study. The PK/PD simulations showed that amoxicillin-clavulanic, clindamycin and moxifloxacin were the most suitable antibiotics for this kind of infection. Clinical trials are required to confirm that this methodology is useful in these pathologic processes (AU)

Postantibiotic effect of antimicrobial combinations on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The application of antimicrobial combinations on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa might be of clinical relevance if they possess a significant postantibiotic effect (PAE). Twenty-two nosocomial isolates were exposed over time to ceftazidime, imipenem, or ciprofloxacin, and to their interaction with amikacin; all were applied at concentrations equal to their average serum level. After 24 h of exposure, live cells were washed and resuspended into fresh broth, and bacterial growth was monitored. PAE was found only for isolates subjected to the synergistic effect of the applied interactions. For these isolates, the mean PAEs (+/-SE) were 3.10 +/- 0.71 h for ceftazidime and amikacin, 4.38 +/- 0.83 h for imipenem and amikacin, and 3.33 +/- 2.83 h for ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The prolonged PAE documented after exposure to the interactions of the studied drugs strengthens the application of their combination for the management of infections by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.