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1.
Antiviral Res ; 134: 63-76, 2016 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27575793

ABSTRACT

Worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. No vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. RSV is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (NNS) group of RNA viruses and relies on its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. Because of its essential nature and unique properties, the RSV polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, ALS-8176, having already achieved clinical proof-of-concept efficacy in a human challenge study. In this article, we first provide an overview of the role of the RSV polymerase in viral mRNA transcription and genome replication. We then review past and current approaches to inhibiting the RSV polymerase, including use of nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside inhibitors. Finally, we consider polymerase inhibitors that hold promise for treating infections with other NNS RNA viruses, including measles and Ebola.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/antagonists & inhibitors , Mononegavirales/drug effects , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Clinical Trials as Topic , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/drug effects , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy , Humans , Measles/drug therapy , Mononegavirales/enzymology , Mononegavirales/genetics , Nucleosides/agonists , RNA, Messenger , RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/drug effects , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/enzymology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics , Transcription, Genetic , Virus Replication/drug effects
2.
Radiat Oncol ; 8: 223, 2013 Sep 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24066967

ABSTRACT

Nucleoside analogs have been frequently used in combination with radiotherapy in the clinical setting, as it has long been understood that inhibition of DNA repair pathways is an important means by which many nucleoside analogs synergize. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a critical enzyme required for the anti-tumor activity for many nucleoside analogs, have clarified the mechanistic role this kinase plays in chemo- and radio-sensitization. A heretofore unrecognized role of dCK in the DNA damage response and cell cycle machinery has helped explain the synergistic effect of these agents with radiotherapy. Since most currently employed nucleoside analogs are primarily activated by dCK, these findings lend fresh impetus to efforts focused on profiling and modulating dCK expression and activity in tumors. In this review we will briefly review the pharmacology and biochemistry of the major nucleoside analogs in clinical use that are activated by dCK. This will be followed by discussions of recent advances in our understanding of dCK activation via post-translational modifications in response to radiation and current strategies aimed at enhancing this activity in cancer cells.


Subject(s)
Chemoradiotherapy/methods , Deoxycytidine Kinase/pharmacology , Neoplasms/therapy , Nucleosides/pharmacology , Animals , DNA Repair/drug effects , DNA Repair/physiology , DNA Repair/radiation effects , Deoxycytidine Kinase/metabolism , Humans , Nucleosides/agonists
3.
Gastroenterology ; 142(6): 1360-1368.e1, 2012 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22537444

ABSTRACT

It is important to examine the effectiveness of current therapies for chronic hepatitis B in clinical practice, given the therapeutic advances over the past 15 years. A 2010 Institute of Medicine report on hepatitis and liver cancer stated that the public and health care providers have a lack of knowledge and awareness about viral hepatitis, and that there is a gap between medical innovation and community care. We review the efficacy of hepatitis B treatment, based on results from clinical trials, and discuss the effectiveness of these treatments in clinical practice. We also discuss why having efficacious treatments alone would have a small impact on the global health burden of hepatitis B, and highlight the importance of educating the public and the medical community and coordination of care.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/prevention & control , Hepatitis B virus/drug effects , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Biomarkers/blood , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Coinfection , DNA, Viral/drug effects , Drug Administration Schedule , Evidence-Based Medicine , HIV Infections/complications , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology , Humans , Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use , Liver Neoplasms/virology , Medication Adherence , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
5.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 138(11): 483-488, abr. 2012.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-100055

ABSTRACT

El antígeno de superficie del virus de la hepatitis B (HBsAg) es el principal marcador serológico de infección por virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) desde su descubrimiento hace casi 50 años. En la actualidad, la cuantificación del HBsAg ha adquirido una relevancia especial ya que se dispone de técnicas comerciales que permiten medir los valores de HBsAg. Distintos estudios han demostrado que la caída de dichos valores predice la pérdida del HBsAg y la respuesta virológica persistente en pacientes tratados con interferón pegilado alfa. El papel de la cuantificación del HBsAg en el tratamiento con análogos de los nucleósidos todavía no está bien definido y precisa de nuevos estudios (AU)


The surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) is the main serological marker of HBV infection since its discovery almost 50 years ago. Currently the quantification of HBsAg has acquired special relevance as there are commercial tests to measure its levels. Several studies have shown that in patients treated with pegylated interferon alfa the fall of HBsAg levels predicts the loss of HBsAg and persistent virologic response. The role of the quantification of HBsAg in the treatment with nucleoside analogues is still not well understood and requires further studies (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology , Nucleosides/agonists , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
6.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 34(7): 492-503, ago. - sep. 2011.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-92966

ABSTRACT

La aparición de los análogos de nucleós(t)idos ha sido uno de los avances más importantes en el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por infección del virus de la hepatitis B. Los primeros antivirales empleados presentaban una eficacia limitada por la tasa de resistencias elevada pero en los últimos años han aparecido nuevas moléculas (tenofovir, entecavir) con mayor potencia antiviral y menor tasa de resistencias, y por ello las guías clínicas más actuales los consideran de primera elección. No obstante, el interferón todavía puede tener un papel relevante en el tratamiento de la hepatitis B en pacientes seleccionados. Además, en determinadas circunstancias como la insuficiencia renal, el embarazo o la inmunodepresión no se ha definido con exactitud el papel de los nuevos antivirales orales.En esta revisión se analizan estos aspectos, así como algunas peculiaridades del manejo de los pacientes tratados con análogos de nucleós(t)idos (AU)


Introducción La aparición de los análogos de nucleósidos y nucleótidos ha sido uno de los avances más importantes en el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por infección del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB). El primer fármaco de administración oral que se aprobó fue la lamivudina en 1998, y posteriormente se han incluido otros 4 (adefovir, tenofovir, entecavir y telbivudina). También hay una combinación de emtricitabina y tenofovir (Trubada®), aprobada para el tratamiento de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), y con eficacia demostrada frente al VHB. El VHB es un virus ADN que se replica casi exclusivamente en los hepatocitos, aunque se han detectado bajos niveles de replicación en otros tejidos como páncreas, riñón y linfocitos. Una vez que el virus entra en la célula hepática, la cápside se transporta hasta el núcleo donde se libera el ADN viral que formará el ADNccc (ADN circular covalentemente cerrado) a partir del cual se sintetizan los ARNm que, una vez pasan al citoplasma, dirigen la síntesis de las diferentes proteínas que darán lugar a las nuevas partículas virales. El HBcAg polimeriza alrededor del complejo de ribonucleoproteínas que contiene el genoma en forma de ARN para constituir las cápsides inmaduras. En éstas, a partir del ARN y mediante la polimerasa viral, que tiene acción transcriptasa inversa similar a la del VIH, se sintetizan las nuevas cadenas de ADN, con la consiguiente maduración de las partículas virales que pueden seguir 2 caminos: volver al núcleo para replecionar el ADNccc o bien (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B/drug therapy , Nucleosides/agonists , Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity , Interferons/pharmacokinetics
7.
Gastroenterology ; 137(5): 1593-608.e1-2, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19737565

ABSTRACT

Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) can be successfully treated using nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA), but drug-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants frequently arise, leading to treatment failure and progression to liver disease. There has been much research into the mechanisms of resistance to NA and selection of these mutants. Five NA have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of CHB; it is unlikely that any more NA will be developed in the near future, so it is important to better understand mechanisms of cross-resistance (when a mutation that mediates resistance to one NA also confers resistance to another) and design more effective therapeutic strategies for these 5 agents. The genes that encode the polymerase and envelope proteins of HBV overlap, so resistance mutations in polymerase usually affect the hepatitis B surface antigen; these alterations affect infectivity, vaccine efficacy, pathogenesis of liver disease, and transmission throughout the population. Associations between HBV genotype and resistance phenotype have allowed cross-resistance profiles to be determined for many commonly detected mutants, so genotyping assays can be used to adapt therapy. Patients that experience virologic breakthrough or partial response to their primary therapy can often be successfully treated with a second NA, if this drug is given at early stages of these events. However, best strategies for preventing NA resistance include first-line use of the most potent antivirals with a high barrier to resistance. It is important to continue basic research into HBV replication and pathogenic mechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets, develop novel antiviral agents, design combination therapies that prevent drug resistance, and decrease the incidence of complications of CHB.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics , Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology , Humans , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.8): 19-24, jun. 2008. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71315

ABSTRACT

La utilización de los análogos de los nucleósidos, especialmente de los análogos de la timidina, producen una depleción del ADN mitocondrial que es la causa de muchos de los efectos adversos de esta familia de fármacos antirretrovirales, entre ellos de la lipodistrofia. La ausencia de un tratamiento específico de la lipoatrofia y su relación directa con la exposición a estavudina y zidovudina, ha conducido a diferentes autores a explorar la evolución de la lipoatrofia y de otros efectos secundarios del tratamiento antirretroviral tras sustituir el análogo de la timidina por tenofivir DF. Estudios prospectivos observacionales y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que incluyen a más de 2.000 pacientes han demostrado que la sustitución de los análogos de la timidina por tenofovir aumenta la grasa corporal total, sobre todo en la cara y las extremidades, mejora el perfil lipídico y metabólico de los pacientes y eleva los valores de hemoglobina cuando se suspende la zidovudina. Todo ello manteniendo o incluso aumentando la eficacia antiviral e inmunológica del tratamiento antirretroviral. La abundancia de datos científicos que avalan que el cambio de zidovudina o estavudina a tenofovir mejora la lipoatrofia convierte a esta estrategia terapéutica en una recomendación firme del tratamiento antirretroviral


The use of nucleoside analogues, especially that of thymidine analogues, depletes mitochondrial DNA, which is the cause of many of the adverse effects of this family of antiretroviral drugs, among them lipodystrophy. The absence of a specific treatment for lipoatrophy and its direct association with stavudine and zidovudine exposure has led several authors to examine the development of lipoatrophy and of other secondary effects of antiretroviral therapy after substituting a thymidine analogue with tenofovir DF. Prospective observational studies and randomized clinical trials including more than 2000 patients have demonstrated that substituting thymidine with tenofovir increases total body fat, especially in the face and extremities, improves lipid and metabolic profiles in patients, and increases hemoglobin levels when zidovudine is discontinued. These changes are accompanied by maintenance or even an increase of the antiviral and immunological efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. Because of the wealth of scientific data supporting the improvement in lipoatrophy when zidovudine or stavudine are substituted by tenofovir, this strategy can be strongly recommended in antiretroviral therapy (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Nucleosides/agonists , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Thymidine/agonists , Lipodystrophy/prevention & control , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anemia/prevention & control , Zidovudine/adverse effects
9.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.8): 25-30, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71316

ABSTRACT

Al igual que ocurre con otros análogos de los nucleósidos, tenofovir (TDF) se puede ver afectado por varias mutaciones en el gen de la transcriptasa inversa. La mayoría de las mutaciones asociadas con análogos de nucleósidos no son inducidas específicamente por TDF, aunque sí que pueden afectar su actividad. El impacto que las mutaciones asociadas con los análogos de la timidina (TAM) tienen sobre TDF es variable y depende, en gran medida, al igual que con los restantes inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleós(t)idos, del tipo y el número de ellas presentes. De esta forma, cuanto mayor es el número y cuantas más mutaciones del tipo 1 haya, más afectada se ve la actividad de TDF. La mayor afectación se produce en presencia de 41L y 210W. La mutación 65R presentaba una escasa incidencia antes de la introducción clínica del TDF y se seleccionaba por tratamientos con zalcitabina en monoterapia. Sin embargo, tras la comercialización de TDF, la mutación 65R comenzó a describirse con mayor frecuencia y, actualmente, es la mutación insignia de este fármaco. TDF ha demostrado ser un fármaco eficaz y seguro en pacientes con fracaso virológico previo y con mutaciones de resistencia en el gen de la transcriptasa inversa. En estos casos, la presencia de las mutaciones 41L y 210W se asocian a una peor respuesta al tratamiento de rescate que incluya TDF. Por el contrario, la existencia de TAM tipo 2 (67N, 70R y 219Q/E/N) presenta un escaso impacto en la actividad de TDF en estos pacientes. Merece la pena destacar que en el tratamiento con TDF la presencia de la mutación 184V se asocia con una respuesta virológica más favorable, frente a su ausencia, con cualquiera de las distintas combinaciones de mutaciones presentes


As with other nucleoside analogues, tenofovir (TDF) can be affected by several mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene. Most nucleoside analogue mutations (NAMs) are not induced specifically by TDF, although they can affect the activity of this drug. The impact of thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) on tenofovir varies and, as with the remaining nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, largely depends on the type and number present. Thus, the greater the number of TAMs, and the greater the number of type 1 TAMs, the more TDF activity will be affected. The 41L and 210W mutations have the greatest effect. The incidence of the 65R mutation was slight before the clinical introduction of TDF. This mutation was selected by treatments with zalcitabine monotherapy. However, after TDF came on to the market, the 65R mutation began to be more frequently reported and is currently the signature mutation of this drug. TDF has been shown to be safe and effective in patients with prior virological failure and resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene. In these patients, the presence of the 41L and 210W mutations is associated with a worse response to rescue therapy containing TDF. In contrast, the presence of type 2 TAMs (67N, 70R and 219Q/E/N) has little effect on TDF activity in these patients. Importantly, in TDF therapy, the presence of the 184V mutation is associated with a more favorable virologic response than the absence of this mutation, with any of the distinct combinations of mutations present


Subject(s)
Humans , Nucleosides/agonists , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , HIV Infections/drug therapy
10.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.8): 31-37, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71317

ABSTRACT

La hepatitis crónica C es frecuente en personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), particularmente si se han infectado por vía parenteral (p. ej., consumo de drogas intravenosas o transfusión de hemoderivados). Tiene peor pronóstico en el paciente coinfectado por VIH y virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) que en el monoinfectado por VHC, fundamentalmente por la inmunodepresión que provoca el VIH y probablemente por una acción directa del VIH en el hígado. Aunque los antirretrovirales pueden provocar daño hepático, quedan pocas dudas acerca del beneficio neto que se obtiene con la terapia triple en el coinfectado, pues la supresión de la replicación del VIH y la recuperación inmune contribuyen a frenar el daño hepático. Sin embargo, no todos los antirretrovirales son iguales, y en el paciente coinfectado deben priorizarse los fármacos con menor hepatotoxicidad y mejor perfil metabólico, puesto que la esteatosis hepática acelera la progresión de la fibrosis hepática y la resistencia a la insulina dificulta el éxito del tratamiento con interferón y ribavirina. De los análogos de nucleóspidos, el tenofovir es actualmente uno de los más seguros por tener escasa hepatotoxicidad y no interferir negativamente con el tratamiento de la hepatitis C


Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common in HIV-infected individuals, especially if the route of infection is intravenous (e.g. intravenous drug use or blood transfusion). Prognosis is poorer in patients with HCV and HIV coinfection than in those with HCV monoinfection, mainly due to the immunodepression caused by HIV infection and probably also to a direct effect of HIV on the liver. Moreover, although antiretroviral therapy can cause liver damage, there is little doubt about the net benefits obtained with triple therapy in coinfected individuals, since suppression of HIV replication and immune recovery help to halt liver damage. However, not all antiretroviral agents are equal and those with the lowest hepatotoxicity and best metabolic profile should be used in coinfected patients, since hepatic steatosis accelerates progression of hepatic fibrosis and insulin resistance hampers the success of treatment with interferon and ribavirin. Tenofovir is currently one of the safest nucleos(t)ide analogues, due to its low hepatotoxicity and its lack of negative interference on treatment of HCV infection


Subject(s)
Humans , Nucleosides/agonists , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control , Fatty Liver/complications , Insulin Resistance
11.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.8): 38-44, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71318

ABSTRACT

La impresionante mejora en el arsenal terapéutico ha hecho real la posibilidad de convivir crónicamente con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Nuestros pacientes, como nosotros, están envejeciendo y su esperanza de vida se aproxima a la de la población de referencia. Por ello se necesitan fármacos seguros, fáciles de tomar, con interacciones controlables y con el menor impacto posible sobre comorbilidades de gran prevalencia, como la aterosclerosis o la coinfección por virus hepatotropos. Fármacos que se adapten al estilo de vida del paciente sin afectarle en su calidad y libres, sobre todo, de efectos estigmatizantes como la lipoatrofia, que supone hoy una gran preocupación para la mayoría de los pacientes de reciente diagnóstico. La elección de la pareja análogos de nucleósidosinhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa (ANITI) al inicio del tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) debe sustentarse en la evaluación cuidadosa de los ya muchos datos acumulados acerca de todos estos determinantes que ya están configurando una nueva era en el control de la infección. Así, en este escenario, los análogos timidínicos han sido relegados a un uso alternativo. Las combinaciones a dosis fijas de tenofovir (TDF) y emtricitabina (FTC) o abacavir (ABC) y lamivudina (3TC) son el «backbone» electivo al iniciar el TAR. Los datos comparativos directos aún son escasos, pero apuntan a una eficacia virológica similar, con algún dato de desventaja, muy preliminar del ABC/3TC. Aunque, tras excluir a los pacientes con riesgo de hipersensibilidad a ABC, ambos «combos» son muy bien tolerados, el TDF/FTC se asocia a un mejor perfil lipídico. Los recientes datos del DAD que muestran una inesperada asociación del ABC con el incremento del riesgo cardiovascular precisan estudios en profundidad


The huge improvement in the therapeutic arsenal for HIV infection has led to HIV becoming a chronic disease. Like us, our patients are aging and their life expectancy is close to that of the general population. Consequently, we need safe, easily administered drugs with interactions that can be controlled and the least possible impact on highly prevalent comorbidities such as atherosclerosis or coinfection with hepatotropic viruses. Drugs should fit the patient¿s lifestyle without affecting quality of life and, above all, be free of effects leading to stigma, such as lipoatrophy, a major concern for most recently diagnosed patients. The choice of the two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors used at the start of antiretroviral therapy should be based on careful evaluation of the abundant data accumulated on all these determining factors which are heralding a new era in the control of HIV infection. Thus, in this scenario, thymidine analogues have been relegated to alternative use. Fixeddose combinations of tenofovir and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) or abacavir and lamivudine (ABC/3TC) are the backbone of choice when initiating antiretroviral therapy. Direct comparative data are still scarce but suggest similar virological efficacy, with highly preliminary data suggesting some disadvantages associated with the use of ABC/3TC. After excluding patients at risk of hypersensitivity to ABC, both combinations are well tolerated, but TDF/FTC is associated with a better lipid profile. Recent data from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV drugs (DAD) study show an unexpected association of ABC with increased cardiovascular risk and thus more detailed studies are required (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Nucleosides/agonists , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Drug Combinations
12.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.8): 55-61, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71319

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana se está poniendo de manifiesto como una de las comorbilidades más frecuentes, por lo que, actualmente, su estudio es un campo abierto. Las manifestaciones que pueden aparecer son muy variadas, por lo que se debe tener alto índice de vigilancia y ya desde la primera visita del paciente realizar los estudios adecuados para descartarla y evitar el empeoramiento con las medidas diagnósticas o terapéuticas que posteriormente se deban aplicar. Uno de los problemas más habituales es la nefrotoxicidad de algunos fármacos y cada vez son más frecuentes los casos descritos asociados a tenofovir. Sin embargo, la experiencia clínica con este fármaco es muy extensa y su toxicidad renal es poco habitual, tanto en ensayos clínicos como en la práctica clínica. Lo importante es conocer bien qué es lo que puede ocurrir, los factores colaboradores y controlar de manera adecuada a los pacientes


Chronic kidney disease in patients with HIV is being recognized as one of the most frequent comorbidities of this disease and consequently much research is currently being performed in this area. The possible manifestations are highly varied and consequently a high index of suspicion is required. Appropriate investigations should be performed from the moment patients first seek care to rule out renal disease and to prevent worsening, with the diagnostic or therapeutic measures that may subsequently be required. One of the most common problems is nephrotoxicity caused by some drugs and cases associated with tenofovir are becoming more frequently described. However, there is wide clinical experience with this drug and renal toxicity associated with its use is uncommon both in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Familiarity with what may happen, the associated factors and appropriate patient management are essential


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , Hypophosphatemia/etiology , Fanconi Syndrome/etiology , Proteinuria/etiology
14.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 31(6): 349-355, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-66052

ABSTRACT

El tratamiento de la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) es un reto, a pesar de los avances en los recursos terapéuticos disponibles. Actualmente, hay 4 grupos de fármacos antivirales aprobados: interferones, análogos de los nucleósidos (lamivudina, telbivudina), análogos de los nucleótidos (adefovir-dipivoxil) y ciclopentasas (entecavir), que presentan grados de eficacia antiviral y de posibilidades de desarrollo de resistencias diferentes. El objetivo principal del tratamiento es inhibir de forma prolongada la replicación viral con el fin de evitar las complicaciones a largo plazo (cirrosis, carcinoma hepatocelular) y, en definitiva, aumentar la supervivencia. Para ello, debemos decidir en primer lugar cuándo se debe iniciar el tratamiento. En segundo lugar, cuál es la mejor opción terapéutica en función de la eficacia antiviral demostrada, el perfil de seguridad y el riesgo de aparición de resistencias. Y, por último, la duración y la modificación del tratamiento en función de su respuesta. El objetivo de este artículo es una revisión práctica del tratamiento actual de la infección por el VHB


The treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HVB) infection constitutes a challenge in spite of the advances in the therapeutic arsenal available. At the moment there are 4 approved antiviral drug groups: interferons, nucleoside analogues (lamivudine, telbivudine), nucleotide analogues (adefovir- dipivoxil) and cyclopents (entecavir), with different antiviral efficacy among them. The primary target of the treatment is a prolonged suppression of viral replication in order to avoid long term complications (cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) and increase survival. In first place we must decide when to initiate the treatment. Secondly, which is the best therapeutic option based on the demonstrated antiviral effectiveness, profile of security and appearance of resistances. And finally, the duration and modification of the treatment based on the answer to itself. The objective of this article is a practical revision of the present management of the infection by the HVB (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis B/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Viral , Interferons/therapeutic use , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/therapeutic use
15.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.7): 32-38, mayo 2008. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71306

ABSTRACT

Hay al menos 4 análogos de los nucleótidos/nucleósidos aprobados para el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B (HBC): lamivudina, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir y telbivudina. La introducción de estos fármacos ha supuesto un cambio radical en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Las ventajas de estos fármacos son la administración oral, la excelente tolerancia y la eficacia en todos los tipos de HBC (enfermedad hepática compensada y descompensada). Las limitaciones son la necesidad de tratamientos prolongados que dificultan la adhesión y pueden ocasionar la selección de cepas del virus de la hepatitis B resistentes a los distintos fármacos. La tasa de resistencias es diferente para cada uno de los fármacos. Los análogos de nucleótidos, como el adefovir y el tenofovir, son útiles en pacientes con resistencia a análogos de nucleósidos, como lamivudina, entecavir y telbivudina, y viceversa. En casos de resistencia a uno de estos fármacos se aconseja el tratamiento combinado


At least 4 nucleos(t)ide analogs have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, and telbivudine. The introduction of these drugs has radically changed the treatment of this disease. The advantages of these drugs are their oral administration, excellent tolerability and efficacy in all types of chronic hepatitis B (compensated and decompensated disease). The limitations are the need for prolonged treatments, which hampers adherence and can cause selection of HBV strains resistant to distinct drugs. The resistance rate differs for each of the drugs. Nucleotide analogs such as adefovir and tenofovir are useful in patients resistant to nucleoside analogs such as lamivudine, entecavir and telbivudine and vice versa. In cases of resistance to one of these drugs, combined treatment is advised


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Lamivudine/therapeutic use , Hepatitis B Antigens/isolation & purification
16.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.7): 56-65, mayo 2008. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-71309

ABSTRACT

La hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B es aún un problema importante de salud pública, agravado por el creciente fenómeno de la inmigración procedente de zonas con elevada prevalencia de infección por este virus. Durante los últimos años se ha producido un avance notable en los métodos diagnósticos, el conocimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad y las opciones terapéuticas, incluido el trasplante hepático, lo que se ha traducido en una mejoría en la supervivencia de los pacientes. Todo ello ha ido acompañado de un incremento en la complejidad de la toma de decisiones. Actualmente hay 6 tratamientos aprobados para la hepatitis B, incluidas 2 formulaciones de interferón, el estándar y el pegilado, y 4 análogos de nocleótidos/nucleósidos, lamivudina, adefovir, entecavir y telbivudina, y 2 más que se utilizan en pacientes coninfectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, tenofovir y emtricitabina. Sin embargo, ninguno de los tratamientos actuales es capaz de erradicar el virus, por lo que con frecuencia es preciso recurrir a tratamientos prolongados, con el consiguiente riesgo de generar variantes del virus resistentes. Por ello y por la heterogeneidad de la historia natural de la enfermedad, aún no se han establecido con claridad las indicaciones de tratamiento y en qué parámetros deben basarse, cuál es el fármaco o la combinación de fármacos ideal o qué criterios deben seguirse para continuar, modificar o interrumpir el tratamiento. Por tanto, a pesar de los enormes progresos realizados, aún persisten numerosas incógnitas que hacen que el tratamiento clínico de estos pacientes constituya un auténtico reto


Chronic hepatitis B is still a major public health problem, aggravated by the growing phenomenon of immigration from areas with a high prevalence of infection with this virus. In the last few years, marked progress has been achieved in diagnostic methods, knowledge of the natural history of the disease and in therapeutic options, including liver transplantation, which has improved survival in these patients. These advances have been accompanied by an increase in the complexity of decision making. Six treatments have currently been approved for hepatitis B, including two interferon formulations ¿ standard and pegylated ¿ and four neucleos(t)ide analogs, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine, as well as two further drugs that are used in patients coinfected with HIV, tenofovir and emtricitabine. However, none of the current treatments is able to eradicate the virus and consequently prolonged treatments are often required with the consequent risk of generating resistance. For this reason, as well as the heterogeneity of the natural history of the disease, there is a lack of consensus on the indications for treatment and the parameters in which treatment should be based, the most suitable drug or drug combination, and the criteria to be used to continue, modify or suspend treatment. Therefore, despite the enormous progress made, numerous questions remain that make the clinical management of these patients a major challenge


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis B virus , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , Virus Replication , Biomarkers/analysis , Biopsy , Hepatitis B Antibodies/isolation & purification
17.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.7): 32-38, mayo 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-60517

ABSTRACT

Hay al menos 4 análogos de los nucleótidos/nucleósidos aprobados para el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B (HBC): lamivudina, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir y telbivudina. La introducción de estos fármacos ha supuesto un cambio radical en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Las ventajas de estos fármacos son la administración oral, la excelente tolerancia y la eficacia en todos los tipos de HBC (enfermedad hepática compensada y descompensada). Las limitaciones son la necesidad de tratamientos prolongados que dificultan la adhesión y pueden ocasionar la selección de cepas del virus de la hepatitis B resistentes a los distintos fármacos. La tasa de resistencias es diferente para cada uno de los fármacos. Los análogos de nucleótidos, como el adefovir y el tenofovir, son útiles en pacientes con resistencia a análogos de nucleósidos, como lamivudina, entecavir y telbivudina, y viceversa. En casos de resistencia a uno de estos fármacos se aconseja el tratamiento combinado(AU)


At least 4 nucleos(t)ide analogs have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, and telbivudine. The introduction of these drugs has radically changed the treatment of this disease. The advantages of these drugs are their oral administration, excellent tolerability and efficacy in all types of chronic hepatitis B (compensated and decompensated disease). The limitations are the need for prolonged treatments, which hampers adherence and can cause selection of HBV strains resistant to distinct drugs. The resistance rate differs for each of the drugs. Nucleotide analogs such as adefovir and tenofovir are useful in patients resistant to nucleoside analogs such as lamivudine, entecavir and telbivudine and vice versa. In cases of resistance to one of these drugs, combined treatment is advised(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Nucleotides/agonists , Nucleosides/agonists , Lamivudine/pharmacokinetics , Drug Resistance, Viral
18.
Hepatology ; 42(1): 121-9, 2005 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15962291

ABSTRACT

We determined the clinical outcome of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine. We evaluated 201 such patients treated for 3.8 +/- 1.4 years and 2 historical similar cohorts: 1 treated with interferon-alfa (n = 209) and 1 untreated (n = 195). Virological or biochemical remission rate at 48 months under lamivudine was 34% or 36%, respectively, whereas adefovir was administered in 79 patients with virological-biochemical breakthroughs or no response. Of the lamivudine-treated patients, 4 died, 1 underwent a transplantation, and another 8 developed major events, all having advanced fibrosis at baseline and all but 1 having experienced breakthroughs or no response. At 5 years, survival was 96%, and major event-free survival was 93%. The major event-free survival was significantly better in patients with than in those without virological remission under lamivudine. At the end of follow-up, both survival and major event-free survival were independently associated with type of and response to treatment, being significantly better in patients under long-term antiviral therapy or interferon sustained responders than in interferon non-sustained responders or untreated cases (5-year survival: 96% or 98% vs. 88% or 90%, respectively). In conclusion, in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine significantly improves survival and reduces the risk of major complications, compared with interferon non-sustained responders or untreated patients. In such patients with advanced fibrosis, close follow-up for lamivudine resistance and prompt onset of additional antiviral therapy is required or the ab initio use of agent(s) with low resistance rates should be considered.


Subject(s)
Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Lamivudine/therapeutic use , Adenine/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Female , Hepatitis B e Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/mortality , Humans , Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use , Liver Failure/etiology , Liver Neoplasms/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Nucleosides/agonists , Nucleotides/agonists , Organophosphonates/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Treatment Outcome
19.
Orv Hetil ; 145(32): 1649-53, 2004 Aug 08.
Article in Hungarian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15384863

ABSTRACT

Since last 5 years there have been several important advances that significantly impact therapy. The most notable advances have been the availability of sensitive, specific, and standardized tests for identifying hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the serum, the addition of ribavirin to alpha interferon, the pegylation of alpha interferon, and the demonstration that sustained virological response (SR) is the optimal surrogate endpoint of treatment. The combination of high-dose peginterferon and ribavirin is more efficacious than standard interferon and ribavirin in persons infected with HCV genotype 1 (Genotype HCV1 patients may show SR of about 40%.) Compensated HCV cirrhosis patients may also be treated with PEG-IF and ribavirin combination. Decompensated cirrhosis needs liver transplantation. Strategies to enhance response to current therapies include the development of novel interferons, nucleoside analogues, inosine 5' monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors, and other immunomodulators that are being evaluated as adjunctive therapy to interferon-based regimens.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Drug Therapy, Combination , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/complications , Hepacivirus/classification , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/surgery , Hepatitis C, Chronic/transmission , Humans , Hungary , IMP Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Interferons/therapeutic use , Liver Cirrhosis/virology , Liver Transplantation , Nucleosides/agonists , Ribavirin/therapeutic use , Risk Factors
20.
Ann Oncol ; 15(4): 550-8, 2004 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15033658

ABSTRACT

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is a rare form of indolent lymphoma characterized by the production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein, and complications such as hyperviscosity, cytopenias and peripheral neuropathy. Conventional treatment approaches are based on alkylators or nucleoside analogs, but in the absence of a clearly superior regimen, a broad array of alternative therapies exists. Choices range from biological agents to combination chemotherapy to stem-cell transplantation. A rational approach therefore must be based on careful patient assessment and individualization of therapy.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/therapy , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , Humans , Nucleosides/agonists , Prognosis , Stem Cell Transplantation , Time Factors
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