Prevalence of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in people living with HIV and a history of cancer.

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in the anal canal in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) with a history of malignancy. SETTING: Referral tertiary care hospital for adult patients with cancer. METHODS: We reviewed data of patients from the AIDS Cancer Clinic on antiretroviral therapy in chronic control who were consecutively referred for high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), where they underwent anal evaluation, collection of specimens for anal cytology and anal human papillomavirus (HPV) followed by HRA with directed biopsy if needed. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients were included; 149 (96.1%) were men, all of them men who have sex with men (MSM); the median age was 39 (IQR 32-47) years; 105 (67.7%) with Kaposi sarcoma, 40 (25.8%) with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 10 (6.4%) with other neoplasms; only 7 (4.5%) had active cancer. The prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 89% (n=138) (95% CI 83-93) with at least one HR-HPV infection, and 62% (96) had coinfection with at least two types; the median HR-HPV types of coinfection were 3 (IQR 2-4). The number of patients infected with HPV 16 was 64 (41.3%, 95% CI 33.8-49.3), HPV 18 was 74 (47.7%, 95% CI 39.9-55.7) and with both 35 (22.6%). Some 59 patients (38%) had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and 49 (31.6%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The prevalence of HR-HPV and HSIL among patients aged ≤35 and >35 years was the same. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of PLWHIV with a history of malignancy we found a high prevalence of HR-HPV 16 and 18 and anal HSIL, even in persons aged ≤35 years. These data highlight the importance of anal cancer screening in PLWHIV and history of malignancy.

The usefulness of intraoperative consultation for the diagnosis of borderline ovarian tumors.

BACKGROUND: Borderline ovarian tumors (BTs) must be recognized during the surgery by intraoperative consultation (IOC) to guide surgical treatment; however, this diagnosis can be imprecise. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of IOC for the diagnosis of BT. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out including all women diagnosed with a pelvic tumor consecutively surgically treated from 2005 to 2015 with IOC. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratios (LR) for the IOC and BTs. RESULTS: A total of 758 patients were enrolled, the median age was 44 years, the median tumor size was 11.8 cm, and the median CA-125 levels were 45.65 U/µL. After IOC, 458 (64.1%) cases were diagnosed as benign, 111 (14.7%) as BT, and 161 (21.2%) as malignant. The definitive diagnosis was a benign tumor in 448 (59.1%) cases, BT in 110 (14.5%), and 200 (26.4%) cases were malignant. The diagnostic accuracy of the IOC for BT diagnosis was 89.8% (sensitivity =65.5%, specificity =93.9%). The diagnosis performance of IOC for the diagnosis between BT and benign tumors (n=546) had a sensitivity of 69.9%, a specificity of 98.4%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 84%; meanwhile for the diagnosis between BT and malignant tumors (n=242) IOC had a sensitivity of 92.3%, a specificity of 81.7%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 87%. CONCLUSIONS: For practitioners, knowing the accuracy and limitations of the IOC for BT enables the better selection of cases to perform a complete staging surgery.

Prognostic significance of the mad1l1 1673 g:a polymorphism in ovarian adenocarcinomas

Abstract Background: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Although most patients respond adequately to the first-line therapy, up to 85% experience a recurrence of disease, which carries a poor prognosis. Mitotic arrest deficiency 1 is a protein that helps in the assembly of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint by preventing anaphase until all chromatids are properly aligned. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MAD1L1 gene is prevalent in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and alters the way in which it responds to chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the relationship between the rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 and prognosis of ovarian adenocarcinoma. Methods: A total of 118 patients in whom the MAD1L1 gene was sequenced were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. Results: Patients carrying the wild-type genotype had a higher distribution of early-stage disease. Having a MAD1L1 polymorphic allele increased the risk of being non-sensitive to chemotherapy. The median disease-free survival for patients with the wild-type MAD1L1 was 46.93 months, compared to 10.4 months for patients with at least one polymorphic allele. Conclusions: The rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 gene worsens prognosis in patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Traditional therapy for ovarian cancer might not be optimal in patients carrying this polymorphism.

THERAPEUTIC USE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES IN CERVICAL LESIONS.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer (CC). Prophylactic HPV vaccination induces the development of a specific memory immune response that facilitates HPV elimination once the natural infection occurs. At present, in addition to the prophylactic vaccine, therapeutic vaccines are being developed and researched with the aim of inducing an immune response that allows the elimination of HPV-infected cells. The purpose of this study is to describe the current evidence on the use of therapeutic vaccines and their effect on cervical precancerous lesions, to establish recommendations on their clinical use. So far, the studies that have generated results have described a marginal beneficial effect of the prophylactic vaccine in the management of infection and pre-invasive lesions. Based on the evidence, continuing research on the efficacy and safety of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial lesions is recommended. The use of the HPV prophylactic vaccine as treatment for pre-existing lesions is not advised, but it is recommended to prevent new lesions.

Prognostic Significance of the MAD1L1 1673 G: A Polymorphism in Ovarian Adenocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Although most patients respond adequately to the first-line therapy, up to 85% experience a recurrence of disease, which carries a poor prognosis. Mitotic arrest deficiency 1 is a protein that helps in the assembly of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint by preventing anaphase until all chromatids are properly aligned. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MAD1L1 gene is prevalent in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and alters the way in which it responds to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to study the relationship between the rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 and prognosis of ovarian adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 118 patients in whom the MAD1L1 gene was sequenced were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. RESULTS: Patients carrying the wild-type genotype had a higher distribution of early-stage disease. Having a MAD1L1 polymorphic allele increased the risk of being non-sensitive to chemotherapy. The median disease-free survival for patients with the wild-type MAD1L1 was 46.93 months, compared to 10.4 months for patients with at least one polymorphic allele. CONCLUSIONS: The rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 gene worsens prognosis in patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Traditional therapy for ovarian cancer might not be optimal in patients carrying this polymorphism.

Therapeutic use of human papillomavirus vaccines in cervical lesions

ABSTRACT Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer (CC). Prophylactic HPV vaccination induces the development of a specific memory immune response that facilitates HPV elimination once the natural infection occurs. At present, in addition to the prophylactic vaccine, therapeutic vaccines are being developed and researched with the aim of inducing an immune response that allows the elimination of HPV-infected cells. The purpose of this study is to describe the current evidence on the use of therapeutic vaccines and their effect on cervical precancerous lesions, to establish recommendations on their clinical use. So far, the studies that have generated results have described a marginal beneficial effect of the prophylactic vaccine in the management of infection and pre-invasive lesions. Based on the evidence, continuing research on the efficacy and safety of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial lesions is recommended. The use of the HPV prophylactic vaccine as treatment for pre-existing lesions is not advised, but it is recommended to prevent new lesions.

Prognostic Significance of the MAD1L1 1673 G: A Polymorphism in Ovarian Adenocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Although most patients respond adequately to the first-line therapy, up to 85% experience a recurrence of disease, which carries a poor prognosis. Mitotic arrest deficiency 1 is a protein that helps in the assembly of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint by preventing anaphase until all chromatids are properly aligned. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MAD1L1 gene is prevalent in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and alters the way in which it responds to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to study the relationship between the rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 and prognosis of ovarian adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 118 patients in whom the MAD1L1 gene was sequenced were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. RESULTS: Patients carrying the wild-type genotype had a higher distribution of early-stage disease. Having a MAD1L1 polymorphic allele increased the risk of being non-sensitive to chemotherapy. The median disease-free survival for patients with the wild-type MAD1L1 was 46.93 months, compared to 10.4 months for patients with at least one polymorphic allele. CONCLUSIONS: The rs1801368 polymorphism of MAD1L1 gene worsens prognosis in patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Traditional therapy for ovarian cancer might not be optimal in patients carrying this polymorphism.

Cytomorphological features of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma of the cervix following chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Cervicovaginal cytology as a follow-up study in women with a history of a cervical carcinoma treated with chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) plays an important role; however, the cytomorphological characteristics for the diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL) in post-CRT patients have not been established. The aim of the study is to find the cytomorphological characteristics that support the diagnosis of H-SIL by conventional cytology in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study from 2009 to 2015, which includes patients with a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma treated with CRT, who all have cervix cytology for follow-up and a later biopsy. RESULTS: We identified 82 cases, where the most frequent clinical stage was IIA1 to IIB with 26 cases (61.9%), the most common symptom was transvaginal bleeding (64.29%). The cytological characteristics that were statistically associated with the presence of a positive biopsy were the presence of a hemorrhagic background (45.2% vs. 12.5%, P = .007), high cellularity (45.2% vs. 15%, P < .001), disposition in groups/sheets (69% vs. 22.5%, P < .001), postradiotherapy changes at the background of the smear (73.8 vs. 50%, P < .001) and an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (100% vs. 22.5%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CRT, the presence of specific features can help the diagnosis of H-SIL with excellent diagnostic performance.

[Resultados quirúrgicos de histerectomía radical laparoscópica en pacientes con cáncer de cérvix en etapa temprana: experiencia inicial en Instituto de Cáncer]. / Surgical outcomes of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for patients with early cervical cancer: Initial experience in Cancer Institute.

ANTECEDENTES: La histerectomía radical abierta con linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral es el tratamiento estándar para el cáncer de cérvix uterino (CACU) en etapas temprana (1A2-1B1); la histerectomía radical por laparoscopia (HRL) es una opción segura y viable. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la seguridad y la factibilidad de la HRL en un centro hospitalario de atención de cáncer. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 17 pacientes con CACU en etapa temprana intervenidas con HRL entre abril de 2013 y noviembre de 2016 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México. RESULTADOS: Las 17 pacientes se encontraban en etapa clínica IB1, en 10 (58.8%) fue subtipo epidermoide, en 4 (23.5%) adenocarcinoma y en 3 (17.6%) adenoescamoso. La media de edad fue de 42 ± 8 años. El tamaño del tumor fue de 2.3 ± 0.9 cm, y en el 94.1% los márgenes quirúrgicos estaban libres de enfermedad. El promedio de tiempo operatorio fue de 341 ± 65 minutos, con una pérdida sanguínea de 107 ± 64 ml, no requirieron trasfusión sanguínea y no hubo conversión a cirugía abierta. La media de estancia hospitalaria fue de 2.7 días (rango: 2-7 días). No se presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias ni posoperatorias. CONCLUSIONES: La HRL es una alternativa segura y confiable para el tratamiento del CACU en etapa temprana. BACKGROUND: Open radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is the standard treatment in early stages (1A2-1B1) of uterine cervical cancer (UCC); laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH) is a safe and viable option. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of LRH in a hospital cancer care center. METHOD: Retrospective study that included the first 17 patients with UCC in an early stage operated with LRH in the period from April 2013 to November 2016 at the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. RESULTS: The 17 patients were stage IB1 clinical, of which 10 (58.8%) was epidermoid subtype, 4 (23.5%) adenocarcinoma and 3 (17.6%) adenoescamoso. The mean age was 42 ± 8 years. The tumor size was 2.3 ± 0.9 cm, and in 94.1% the surgical margins were free of disease. The average operative time was 341 ± 65 minutes and blood loss of 107 ± 64 ml, no patient required blood transfusion and there was no case of conversion to open surgery. The average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days (range: 2-7 days). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: LRH is a safe and reliable alternative for the treatment of early stage UCC.

Randomized Phase II Study of Talc Versus Iodopovidone for the Prevention of Seroma Formation Following Modified Radical Mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: The most common complication following modified radical mastectomy is seroma formation. Numerous approaches have been attempted to prevent this complication, ranging from the use of chemical substances to mechanical means, and none of these have proven to be consistently reliable. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of talc in preventing postoperative seromas compared with iodine and standard care. METHODS: Patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: control, subcutaneous talc, or iodine application. The primary endpoint was frequency of seroma formation. Secondary outcomes included wound complications (surgical site infection, flap necrosis, and wound dehiscence), analgesic use, postoperative pain, total drain outputs, and drainage duration. RESULTS: Of the 86 patients randomized in the study, 80 were analyzed. After interim analysis, the iodine intervention was discontinued because of increased adverse outcomes (drainage duration and total amount of fluid drained). Talc failed to demonstrate that its application in subcutaneous breast tissue prevents seroma formation (19.4% for talc group vs. 23.3% for control group; p = 0.70). However, patients who developed seroma in the talc group had fewer aspirations per patient seroma and less volume drained when compared with the control group (88.2 ± 73 vs. 158.3 ± 90.5; p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous talc application was safe in the short term, but there was not sufficient evidence to support its use for seroma prevention following modified radical mastectomy in patients with breast cancer.