Gastroschisis prevalence patterns in 27 surveillance programs from 24 countries, International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, 1980-2017.

BACKGROUND: Gastroschisis is a serious birth defect with midgut prolapse into the amniotic cavity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and time trends of gastroschisis among programs in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR), focusing on regional variations and maternal age changes in the population. METHODS: We analyzed data on births from 1980 to 2017 from 27 ICBDSR member programs, representing 24 countries and three regions (Europe+ (includes Iran) , Latin America, North America). Cases were identified using diagnostic codes (i.e., 756.7, 756.71, or Q79.3). We excluded cases of amniotic band syndrome, limb-body wall defect, and ruptured omphalocele. Programs provided annual counts for gastroschisis cases (live births, stillbirths, and legally permitted pregnancy terminations for fetal anomalies) and source population (live births, stillbirths), by maternal age. RESULTS: Overall, gastroschisis occurred in 1 of every 3268 births (3.06 per 10,000 births; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 3.01, 3.11), with marked regional variation. European+ prevalence was 1.49 (95%CI: 1.44, 1.55), Latin American 3.80 (95%CI: 3.69, 3.92) and North American 4.32 (95%CI: 4.22, 4.42). A statistically significant increasing time trend was observed among six European+ , four Latin American, and four North American programs. Women <20 years of age had the highest prevalence in all programs except the Slovak Republic. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroschisis prevalence increased over time in 61% of participating programs, and the highest increase in prevalence was observed among the youngest women. Additional inquiry will help to assess the impact of the changing maternal age proportions in the birth population on gastroschisis prevalence.

Population-based prevalence and trend of birth defects in Costa Rica from 2000 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze the prevalence and trend of birth defects (BDs) in Costa Rica, where BDs are the second leading cause of infant and under-five mortality. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of selected BDs prevalence and trends from 2000 to 2019 was performed, based on data from the Costa Rican Birth Defects Register Center, the national BDs surveillance system with coverage of 98% of live births in the country. We used Joinpoint regression to identify any calendar year where a significant change in trend occurred; the annual percent change (APC) and the average annual percent change (AAPC) were determined. Marginal means and prevalence ratios by subperiod (2000-2009 as referent and 2010-2019) were estimated using Poisson regression, and compared using Wald's chi-square tests (alpha ≤0.05). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2019, BDs occurred in 2.3% of live births (95% CI: 2.3-2.4); 73% of which were major BDs. Males presented a significantly higher prevalence (sex ratio 1.13 males/females). The trend showed an AAPC of +3.7 (p < .05) with two joinpoints, 2005 and 2013. A significant APC (+11.3) was observed during 2005-2013, within the context of improvements in the surveillance system, such as the increase in the reporting age, and the incorporation of other data sources in addition to maternity hospitals. Most of the BDs groups presented a significant upward trend. The highest AAPC was observed for the respiratory system (+11.7), congenital heart defects (+9.5), and nervous system (+8.5). CONCLUSIONS: The BDs present a clear upward trend in the last two decades due, among other things, to a significant improvement in the surveillance system.

Global strategies for the prevention of neural tube defects through the improvement of folate status in women of reproductive age.

INTRODUCTION: Neural tube defects represent a global public health problem, mainly in countries where effective prevention strategies are not yet in place. The global prevalence of neural tube defects is estimated at 18.6/10,000 (uncertainty interval: 15.3-23.0) live births, where ~ 75% of cases result in under-five mortality. Most of the mortality burden is in low- and middle-income countries. The main risk factor for this condition is insufficient folate levels in women of reproductive age. METHODS: This paper reviews the extent of the problem, including the most recent global information on folate status in women of reproductive age and the most recent estimates of the prevalence of neural tube defects. Additionally, we provide an overview of the available interventions worldwide to reduce the risk of neural tube defects by improving folate status in the population, including dietary diversification, supplementation, education, and fortification. RESULTS: Large-scale food fortification with folic acid is the most successful and effective intervention to reduce the prevalence of neural tube defects and associated infant mortality. This strategy requires the coordination of several sectors, including governments, the food industry, health services providers, the education sector, and entities that monitor the quality of the service processes. It also requires technical knowledge and political will. An international collaboration between governmental and non-governmental organizations is essential to succeed in saving thousands of children from a disabling but preventable condition. DISCUSSION: We propose a logical model for building a national-level strategic plan for mandatory LSFF with folic acid and explain the actions needed for promoting sustainable system-level change.

Integrated surveillance strategy to support the prevention of neural tube defects through food fortification with folic acid: the experience of Costa Rica.

PURPOSE: (1) To describe how Costa Rica implemented an integrated surveillance strategy of folate deficiency, neural tube defects (NTDs) prevalence, NTDs-associated infant mortality rate (NTDs-IMR), and folic acid food fortification (FAFF), to support with evidence NTDs prevention policies; (2) to disseminate updated data from monitoring programs. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis, using the databases of national surveillance systems for NTDs outcomes to compare NTDs-prevalence and NTDs-IMR observed in the pre-fortification (1987-1998) and post-fortification (2010-2020) periods. In addition, using data from FAFF monitoring program (2010-2020), means of folic acid concentration (mg/kg) and folic acid daily intake (µg/day) were calculated for each fortified food (corn and wheat flour, rice and milk), as well as its contribution to folic acid estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS: After FAFF Costa Rica showed a decrease of 84% in folic acid deficiency in women of childbearing age, as well as a 53% decrease in the prevalence of NTDs, falling from 11.82/10,000 to 5.52/10,000 livebirths. In addition, there was a 76% reduction in the NTDs-IMR from 77.01/100,000 to 18.66/100,000 livebirths. Between 2010 and 2020, all fortified foods provided an average contribution of 119% of the EAR of folic acid in the population. CONCLUSION: To reduce NTD risk, an integrated surveillance strategy is essential not only to base prevention strategies on evidence, but also to demonstrate their impact and improve interventions over time. The experience in Costa Rica provides evidence that this type of surveillance is feasible to be implemented in developing countries.

Reduction of infant mortality from congenital heart defects in a middle-income country: Costa Rican experience.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze recent infant and neonatal mortality from congenital heart defects (CHD) in Costa Rica, a middle-income country where CHD mortality was above expectations. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of infant and neonatal mortality rates from CHD (IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD) during 2000-2019 was performed, according to province, sex, specific CHD, and sub-period, using data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. We used joinpoint regression to identify any calendar-year where a significant change in trend occurred; the average annual percent change (AAPC) was determined. Using Poisson regression, marginal means and mortality ratios (MR) for IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD by sub-period (2000-2006-referent-, 2007-2013, 2014-2019) were estimated and compared using Wald's chi-square tests (α ≤ .05). RESULTS: During 2000-2019, CHD accounted for 12% of overall infant mortality. IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD decreased linearly over the study period (AAPC = -3.4; p < .01). IMR-CHD decreased by 41%, from 13.6 per 10,000 in 2000-2006 (13.4% of infant mortality) to 8.1 per 10,000 in 2014-2019 (10% of infant mortality) (MR = 0.59; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.52-0.68). NMR-CHD decreased by 38%, from 7.9 per 10,000 in 2000-2006 (11.1% of neonatal mortality) to 4.9 per 10,000 in 2014-2019 (7.9% of infant mortality) (MR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.52-0.68). Male presented significantly higher NMR-CHD. The main causes of mortality (2014-2019) were total anomalous pulmonary venous connections, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and double inlet ventricle. CONCLUSIONS: IMR-CHD, NMR-CHD, and their proportional contribution to mortality by all causes and by birth defects decreased significantly, demonstrating that all improvements implemented in the last decades have yielded favorable results.

Prevalence of microcephaly: the Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations 2010-2017.

Objective: The Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations: ReLAMC was established in 2017 to provide accurate congenital anomaly surveillance. This study used data from ReLAMC registries to quantify the prevalence of microcephaly from 2010 to 2017 (before, during and after the Zika virus epidemic). Design: Nine ReLAMC congenital anomaly registries provided case-level data or aggregate data for any live births, still births or terminations of pregnancy with microcephaly. Births to pregnant women infected with Zika virus first occurred in Brazil in 2015, and in the remaining registry areas in 2016 with the exception of Chile that did not experience Zika virus. Therefore the prevalence of microcephaly for 2010-2014 and individual years 2015, 2016 and 2017 was estimated using multilevel random effect Poisson models. Clinical classification and characteristics of the cases were compared pre and post Zika for all centres providing individual case-level data. Results: The prevalence of microcephaly for all registries excluding Brazil was 2.3 per 10 000 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.6) for 2010-2014 rising to 5.4 (95% CI 4.8 to 6.0) in 2016 and 5.9 (95% CI 5.3 to 6.6) in 2017. Brazil had a prevalence of 0.6 per 10 000 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.6) in 2010-2014, rising to 5.8 (95% CI 5.6 to 6.1) in 2015, 8.0 (95% CI 7.6 to 8.3) in 2016 and then falling in 2017. Only 29 out of 687 cases of microcephaly were reported as congenital Zika syndrome in countries excluding Brazil. Conclusions: The prevalence of microcephaly was influenced both by Zika causing congenital Zika syndrome and by increased reporting awareness.

Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica: actualización 2010-2018 / Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica: update 2010-2018

Resumen Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la tendencia de los diferentes tipos de defectos congénitos en la tasa de mortalidad infantil y neonatal en Costa Rica durante el período 2010-2018 con respecto al primer período 2000-2009. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis de estadísticas vitales. La fuente de información fue el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos de Costa Rica, mediante su sistema de acceso público y consulta en línea, se consultó la base de defunciones por causa y la base de nacimientos para el período 2000-2018. Las causas de defunción por defectos congénitos se agruparon por sistemas, además se seleccionaron los defectos de mayor mortalidad en el periodo de estudio para su análisis específico. Para describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos de 2010-2018 con respecto al decenio anterior, se calcularon tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal para los períodos 2000- 2009 y 2010-2018 con su respectivo intervalo de confianza (IC95%). Se construyó un modelo de regresión Poisson Log lineal para cada grupo de defectos congénitos y para los defectos específicos seleccionados, tomando como factor de ajuste los subperíodos comparados. Se estimaron razones de prevalencias y se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Wald usando como base el período 2000-2009. Resultados. En las últimas dos décadas, los defectos congénitos causaron 29% a 38% de la mortalidad infantil general. La tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos durante 2000-2009 fue 3,19 (IC95%: 3,1-3,3) y descendió significativamente a 2,97 (IC95%: 2,8-3,1) en el período 2010-2018. Esta disminución se dio a expensas de la afectación de los sistemas circulatorio y digestivo.Al analizar la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos específicos, se demostró una disminución significativa únicamente en espina bífida y algunos defectos cardiacos: transposición de grandes arterias, defecto septal ventricular, coartación aorta y otras anomalías cardiacas no especificadas. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal por defectos congénitos no varió significativamente entre los períodos comparados, en 2000-2009 fue 2,13 (IC95%: 2,0-2,2) y 2,17 (IC95%: 2,1-2,3) en 2010-2018. El único grupo de defectos congénitos que presentó una disminución significativa en la tasa de mortalidad neonatal en la última década fue el sistema circulatorio. Conclusiones. En la última década se presentó una disminución significativa de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos. Este descenso obedeció principalmente a una disminución significativa en las tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal por defectos cardiacos.

Abstract Objective. This study aims to identify the trend of the different types of congenital defects in the infant and neonatal mortality rate in Costa Rica during the period 2010- 2018, and to compare it with the period 2000-2009. Methods. A vital statistics analysis was performed. The source of information was the Costa Rican National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, through its public domain system and online consultation, the base of deaths by cause and the base of births for the period 2000-2018 were consulted. The causes of death due to congenital defects were grouped by system, in addition, the defects with the highest mortality in the study period were selected for their specific analysis. To describe the behavior of infant mortality due to congenital defects in 2010-2018 with respect to the previous decade, infant and neonatal mortality rates were calculated for the periods 2000-2009 and 2010- 2018 with their respective confidence interval (95% CI). A linear Poisson Log regression model was constructed for each group of congenital defects and for the specific defects selected, taking the sub periods compared as an adjustment factor. Prevalence ratios were estimated and compared using Wald's chi square based on the period 2000-2009. Results. In the last two decades, birth defects caused 29% to 38% of overall infant mortality. The infant mortality rate due to congenital defects during 2000-2009 was 3.19 (95% CI: 3.06-3.32) and presented a significant decrease to 2.97 (95% CI: 2.84-3.11) in the 2010-2018 period. This decrease occurred at the expense of the affection of circulatory and digestive systems. When analyzing infant mortality due to specific congenital defects, a significant decrease was shown only in spina bifida and some cardiac defects: transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, aortic coarctation and other unspecified cardiac anomalies. The neonatal mortality rate due to congenital defects did not vary significantly between the periods compared, in 2000-2009 it was 2.13 (95% CI: 2.03-2.24) and 2.17 (95% CI: 2.06-2, 29) in 2010-2018. The only group of congenital defects that presented a significant decrease in the neonatal mortality rate in the last decade was the circulatory system. Conclusions. In the last decade there was a significant decrease in the infant mortality rate due to congenital defects. This decrease was mainly due to a significant decrease in infant and neonatal mortality rates from heart defects.

Prevalence and mortality in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicountry study.

PURPOSE: This study determined the prevalence, mortality, and time trends of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). METHODS: Twenty-five hospital- and population-based surveillance programs in 19 International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research member countries provided birth defects mortality data between 1974 and 2015. CDH cases included live births, stillbirths, or elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. Prevalence, cumulative mortality rates, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Poisson regression and a Kaplan-Meier product-limit method. Joinpoint regression analyses were conducted to assess time trends. RESULTS: The prevalence of CDH was 2.6 per 10,000 total births (95% CI: 2.5-2.7), slightly increasing between 2001 and 2012 (average annual percent change = 0.5%; 95% CI:-0.6 to 1.6). The total percent mortality of CDH was 37.7%, with hospital-based registries having more deaths among live births than population-based registries (45.1% vs. 33.8%). Mortality rates decreased over time (average annual percent change = -2.4%; 95% CI: -3.8 to 1.1). Most deaths due to CDH occurred among 2- to 6-day-old infants for both registry types (36.3%, hospital-based; 12.1%, population-based). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of CDH has decreased over time. Mortality remains high during the first week and varied by registry type.

Under-5 Mortality in Central America: 1990-2016.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to calculate the change in under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) (1990-2016), to assess countries' status regarding Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2.1 (reducing the U5MR to ≤25 deaths per 1000 live births by 2030), to list the most important causes of death (1990, 2016), and to examine the association between selected SDG indicators and U5MRs using a linear mixed-effects regression. METHODS: Ecological study in which we used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 for Central American countries. Results were expressed as U5MRs (deaths per 1000 live births), cause-specific mortality rates (deaths per 100 000 population <5 years of age), and regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: U5MRs decreased 65% (1990-2016), and in 2016, all countries but Guatemala had met SDG 3.2.1. The main causes of death were diarrheal diseases (1990; 311.1 per 100 000) and lower respiratory infections (LRIs) (2016; 78.1 per 100 000). When disaggregated by country (2016), congenital birth defects were the most important cause of death in all countries except for in Honduras (neonatal preterm birth) and Guatemala (LRIs). Nutritional status; availability of water, sanitation, and hygiene services; coverage of vaccines; and coverage of contraception were associated with a reduction in U5MRs. CONCLUSIONS: Central America has achieved a large reduction in U5MRs. Countries must address both the high mortality caused by LRIs and the rising mortality caused by noncommunicable causes of death through an improvement of SDG indicators that guarantees equitable progress in child survival in the region.

The Latin American network for congenital malformation surveillance: ReLAMC.

The early detection of congenital anomaly epidemics occurs when comparing current with previous frequencies in the same population. The success of epidemiologic surveillance depends on numerous factors, including the accuracy of the rates available in the base period, wide population coverage, and short periodicity of analysis. This study aims to describe the Latin American network of congenital malformation surveillance: ReLAMC, created to increase epidemiologic surveillance in Latin America. We describe the main steps, tasks, strategies used, and preliminary results. From 2017 to 2019, five national registries (Argentina [RENAC], Brazil [SINASC/SIM-BRS], Chile [RENACH], Costa Rica [CREC], Paraguay [RENADECOPY-PNPDC]), six regional registries (Bogotá [PVSDC-Bogota], Cali [PVSDC-Cali], Maule [RRMC SSM], Nicaragua [SVDC], Nuevo-León [ReDeCon HU], São Paulo [SINASC/SIM-MSP]) and the ECLAMC hospital network sent data to ReLAMC on a total population of 9,152,674 births, with a total of 101,749 malformed newborns (1.1%; 95% CI 1.10-1.12). Of the 9,000,651 births in countries covering both live and stillbirths, 88,881 were stillborn (0.99%; 95% CI 0.98-0.99), and among stillborns, 6,755 were malformed (7.61%; 95% CI 7.44-7.79). The microcephaly rate was 2.45 per 10,000 births (95% CI 2.35-2.55), hydrocephaly 3.03 (2.92-3.14), spina bifida 2.89 (2.78-3.00), congenital heart defects 15.53 (15.27-15.79), cleft lip 2.02 (1.93-2.11), cleft palate and lip 2.77 (2.66-2.88), talipes 2.56 (2.46-2.67), conjoined twins 0.16 (0.14-0.19), and Down syndrome 5.33 (5.18-5.48). Each congenital anomaly showed heterogeneity in prevalence rates among registries. The harmonization of data in relation to operational differences between registries is the next step in developing the common ReLAMC database.

Prevalencia al nacimiento de síndrome de Down, según edad materna en Costa Rica, 1996-2016 / Birth prevalence of Down syndrome according maternal age in Costa Rica, 1996-2016

Resumen Justificación: El síndrome de Down es la cromosomopatía más frecuente en Costa Rica y el mundo, así como la principal causa de discapacidad intelectual. La edad materna avanzada es el mayor factor de riesgo conocido para este padecimiento. El objetivo fue conocer la tendencia de síndrome de Down en nacidos vivos, según edad materna en Costa Rica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de prevalencias de todos los casos de síndrome de Down nacidos vivos en Costa Rica entre 1996-2016, reportados al Centro Nacional de Registro de Enfermedades Congénitas, programa nacional de vigilancia de los defectos congénitos. Se determinó la tendencia y prevalencia en nacidos vivos según edad materna: < 20, 20-34 y 35 años o más, y según período: 1996-2007 y 2008-2016. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson, tomando como referencias el grupo 20-34 años y 1996-2002, y se compararon estimados mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. Se calculó la razón de prevalencias en madres ≥35 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional para este estrato. Por último, se comparó la tendencia del síndrome de Down con la tendencia de la tasa de fecundidad específica en madres ≥35 años en el país, para el período en estudio. Resultados: Para 1996-2016, la prevalencia de síndrome de Down en nacidos vivos fue de 1,02 x 1000 (IC95 %: 0,97-1,07). Hubo un aumento significativo de 0,91 (1996-2007) a 1,16 x 1000 (2008-2016), a expensas de la prevalencia en madres ≥35 años, la cual aumentó de 4,27 a 5,44 x 1000; mientras que la tasa de fecundidad en estas madres cayó significativamente de 20,15 x 1000 (IC95 %: 20,02-20,28) en 1996-2007, a 15,58 x 1000 (IC95 % 15,46-15,70) para o 2008-2016. La edad materna media en SD fue de 32,2 años, contra 25,5 años para la población general (p≤0,001). La razón de prevalencia ajustada por período, en madres de ≥35 años, contra madres de 20-34 años fue de 8,05 (IC95 % 7,25-8,95) y la fracción atribuible poblacional del 41,22 %. Conclusiones: La prevalencia al nacimiento de síndrome de Down en Costa Rica aumentó a expensas de la prevalencia en madres ≥35 años, pese a que la tasa de fecundidad específica en esas mujeres cayó significativamente. La inclusión del Hospital Nacional de Niños como institución de referencia nacional para este síndrome, dentro de la red de vigilancia de los defectos congénitos, pudo ser un factor determinante en el aumento de la prevalencia.

Abstract Justification: Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomopathy in Costa Rica and the world, as well as the main cause of intellectual disability. Advanced maternal age is the main known risk factor for this condition. The objective was to know the trend of Down syndrome in live births according to maternal age in Costa Rica. Methods: A prevalence study was made of all Down syndrome cases, born alive in Costa Rica from 1996 to 2016 and reported to the Costa Rican Births Defects Register Center, a national program for the monitoring of congenital defects. The trend and prevalence in live births was determined, according to maternal age: <20, 20-34 and 35 years or more, and according to period: 1996-2007 and 2008-2016. A Poisson regression was carried out, taking as references the group 20-34 years and the period 1996-2002 and the results were compared Wald's chi-square. The prevalence ratio in mothers ≥35 years and the population attributable fraction was calculated for this stratum. Finally, the trend of Down syndrome was compared with the trend of the specific fertility rate in mothers ≥35 years. Results: For 1996-2016 the prevalence of Down syndrome in live births was 1.02 x 1000 (95% CI: 0.97-1.07). There was a significant increase from 0.91 (1996-2007) to 1.16 x 1000 (2008-2016), at the expense of the prevalence in mothers ≥35 years, which increased from 4.27 to 5.44 x 1000; while the fertility rate in these mothers fell significantly from 20.15 x 1000 (95% CI: 20.02-20.28) in 1996-2007, to 15.58 x 1000 (95% CI 15.46-15.70) in 2008-2016. Maternal age mean MS in SD was 32.2 years, versus 25.5 years in the general population (p≤0.001). The prevalence ratio adjusted by period, in mothers of ≥35 years, against mothers of 20-34 years was of 8.05 (95% CI 7.25-8.95) and the population attributable fraction was 41.22%. Conclusions: The livebirth`s prevalence of Down syndrome in Costa Rica increased for the study period, at the expense of prevalence in mothers ≥35 years, although the specific fertility rate in these women fell significantly. The inclusion of the National Children's Hospital - as a national reference institution for this syndrome - within the surveillance network of congenital defects, could be a determining factor in in prevalence rise.

Supervivencia de los niños nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas en Costa Rica: estudio retrospectivo de la cohorte de nacimientos 2006-2007 / Survival of children born with congenital heart defects in Costa Rica: a retrospective study of the birth cohort 2006-2007

Resumen Justificación: alrededor del mundo las cardiopatías congénitas ocupan las primeras causas de mortalidad infantil. En Costa Rica son el grupo de defectos congénitos más frecuentes, con una prevalencia de 6 x 1000 nacimientos (IC95 % 5 -7 x 1000 nacimientos), que representan cerca del 13 % de la mortalidad infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la supervivencia a cinco años de edad de los niños nacidos con defectos cardiacos en Costa Rica. Métodos: se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de 543 niños nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas entre enero de 2006 y junio de 2007 en Costa Rica; utilizando los registros médicos y la base nacional de defunciones se brindó un seguimiento mínimo de 5 años en todos los casos. Se obtuvo estimados de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier al mes, año y cinco años de vida, y se evaluaron factores pronóstico empleando el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Se estimaron riesgos relativos crudos y ajustados con su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: la prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas fue de 5,14 por 1000 nacimientos (IC95 % 4,73-5,60; n: 543) para el período de estudio. La mortalidad fue del 27,9 % (IC 95 % = 24,21- 31,73; n: 152). La supervivencia acumulada al año y cinco años fue del 76,1 % y el 72,4 %, respectivamente, frente al 99,1 % y 98,8 % sobrevivencia de la cohorte de nacimientos nacional (con y sin cardiopatía) de la misma edad. La edad temprana al diagnóstico, severidad, cardiopatías congénitas múltiples y la asociación de defectos congénitos mayores se asociaron significativamente (p≤0,05) a una menor probabilidad de supervivencia. Conclusiones: la cohorte de niños con cardiopatías congénitas estudiada presentó una alta mortalidad al año y cinco años. El peor pronóstico de supervivencia fue para aquellos que necesitaban una cirugía cardíaca a temprana edad.

Abstract Background: Around the world, congenital heart defects occupy the first causes of infant mortality. In Costa Rica heart malformations are the most frequent group of birth defects, with a prevalence of 6 x 1000 births (95% CI 5-7 x 1000 births). They represent about 13% of infant mortality and are. the leading cause of death due to birth defects. The objective of this study is to analyze the survival of children with CC in Costa Rica. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 543 children born with CC between January 2006 and June 2007 in Costa Rica was analyzed. Using medical records and the national database of deaths, a minimum follow-up of 5 years was given in all cases. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were obtained at month, year and five years of life. Prognostic factors were assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Raw and adjusted relative risks were estimated with their respective 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of CC was 5.14 per 1000 births (95% CI: 4.73-5.60; n: 543) for the study period. Mortality was 27.9% (95% CI: 24.21-31.73; n: 152). Cumulative survival at one year and five years was 76.1% and 72.4%, respectively, compared to 99.1% and 98.8% of survival in the same national birth cohort (with and without CC), at the same age. Early age at diagnosis, severity, multiple CC and the association of major BD were significantly associated (p≤0.05) with a lower probability of survival. Conclusions: The cohort of children with congenital heart disease studied had a high mortality rate at one year and five years. The worst prognosis of survival was for those who needed cardiac surgery at an early age.

Prevalencia al nacimiento de gastrosquisis y onfalocele en Costa Rica / (Prevalence of gastroschisis and omphalocele in Costa Rica)

Resumen Justificación: En varios países se ha documentado un aumento de los defectos congénitos de pared abdominal, principalmente gastrosquisis. El objetivo es conocer la tendencia por edad materna de gastrosquisis y onfaloce en Costa Rica, durante 1996-2014. Métodos: Utilizando la base de datos del sistema nacional de vigilancia de defectos congénitos, se calcularon tasas de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal por edad materna (menores de 20, 20-34, 35 años o más), y período (1996-2002, 2003-2008 y 2009-2014) con sus respectivos IC 95%. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson, tomando como base el grupo 20-34 años y el período 1996-2002 y se compararon estimados mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. Se evaluó el impacto de la EM mediante fracción atribuible poblacional y se calcularon tasas de fecundidad y distribución proporcional de los nacimientos de acuerdo a esta variable. Resultados: La prevalencia de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal aumentó de 0,76 (IC95% 0,15-1,36) por 10 000 nacimientos en 1996 a 3,48 (IC95% 2,12-4,85) en el 2014. El riesgo relativo para gastrosquisis fue 3,76 (2,95-4,79) en madres menores de 20 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional 36,2%. El riesgo relativo para onfalocele fue 2,09 (1,22-3,59) en madres mayores de 35 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional 8,9%. Se documentó una disminución proporcional de los nacimientos y la tasa de fecundidad en madres menores de 20 y mayores de 35. Conclusión: La prevalencia de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal ha aumentado significativamente a través del tiempo. El aumento de gastrosquisis en las madres menores de 20 años fue mayor, a pesar que los nacimientos han disminuido en este grupo de edad.

Abstract Background: In several countries, an increase in abdominal wall defects, mainly gastroschisis, has been documented. The objective is to know the trend of gastroschisis and omphaloce by maternal age in Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2014. Methods: using the database of the national congenital defects surveillance system, congenital abdominal wall defects rates were calculated by maternal age (under 20, 20-34, 35 years or more), and period (1996-2002, 2003-2008 and 2009-2014) with their respective 95% CI. A Poisson regression was carried out, taking as a base the group 20-34 years and the period 1996-2002, and were compared estimated by Wald's chi-square. The impact of MS was evaluated by population attributable fraction and fertility and proportional distribution of births were calculated according to this variable. Results: abdominal wall defects prevalence increased from 0.76 (95% CI 0.15-1.36) per 10,000 births in 1996 to 3.48 (95% CI 2.12-4.85) in 2014. Relative risk for gastroschisis was 3.76 (2.95- 4.79) in mothers younger than 20 years and the population attributable fraction 36.2%. The relative risk for omphalocele was 2.09 (1.22-3.59) in mothers older than 35 years and population attributable fraction 8.9%. There was a decrease in the proportional distribution of births and the fertility rate in mothers under 20 and over 35. Conclusion: the prevalence of congenital abdominal wall defects has increased significantly over time. The increase in gastroschisis in mothers under 20 years was greater, despite the fact that births have decreased in this age group.

Búsqueda retrospectiva del síndrome de rubéola congénita en niños menores de 1 año

Costa Rica estableció la meta de eliminación del síndrome de rubéola congénita desde el año 2000. Datos de vigilancia documentan el último caso autóctono confirmado en el 2001. Para evaluar el logro de la meta de eliminación de la enfermedad, se analizó mediante una búsqueda retrospectiva, la calidad de la vigilancia del síndrome para determinar la existencia de casos que no fueron captados por el sistema vigente. Se utilizaron tres bases de datos en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, para identificar casos de niños menores de un año sospechosos de síndrome de rubeola congénita, nacidos entre enero 2003 y diciembre 2007: egresos hospitalarios, cataratas congénitas de la consulta de oftalmología y resultados IgM positivo por rubéola del laboratorio. Mediante la revisión de expedientes médicos se evaluó si los casos fueron detectados y abordados de acuerdo con el protocolo de vigilancia vigente. Para clasificar los casos se aplicaron las definiciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de caso sospechoso, probable, confirmado e infección congénita. Se estimó una incidencia acumulada de casos compatibles (confirmados+probables). Se revisaron 409 expedientes e identificaron 369 casos sospechosos que, al concluir el análisis, se clasificaron en 191 descartados, 1 infección congénita, 9 probables y 2 confirmados (incidencia acumulada de casos compatibles: 2,5 por 100 000 nacimientos; IC 95%: 1,0-4,1), con un último caso confirmado en el año 2005. Hubo 166 casos sospechosos, los cuáles no fue posible clasificar con la información existente. En una fase de eliminación del síndrome de rubeola congénita es necesario complementar los sistemas de vigilancia pasivos, con estrategias de vigilancia activa que eleven la sensibilidad del sistema y generen la información requerida para verificar el logro de las metas en salud pública.

Búsqueda retrospectiva del síndrome de rubéola congénita en niños menores de 1 año / Retrospective search for Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Children under one year

Antecedentes: Costa Rica estableció la meta de eliminación del síndrome de rubéola congénita desde el año 2000. Datos oficiales de vigilancia reportan el último caso autóctono confirmado en el 2001. Para evaluar si se logró la meta de eliminación de la enfermedad se analizó, mediante una búsqueda retrospectiva, la calidad de la vigilancia del síndrome para determinar la existencia de casos que no fueron capados por el sistema vigente...

Caracterización de la población pediátrica costarricense con esclerosis tuberosa y descripción del comportamiento de la epilepsia asociada / Characterisation of the paediatric population of Costa Rica with tuberous sclerosis and a description of the behaviour of the associated epilepsy

Introducción. La esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una patología autosómica dominante debida a un trastorno en la diferenciación y proliferación celular que produce hamartomas en diferentes órganos. Afecta de forma variable el sistema nervioso central, los riñones, la piel y otros órganos. No existen estudios de su prevalencia ni de su comportamiento en la población pediátrica de Costa Rica. Objetivos. Caracterizar la población pediátrica costarricense con ET y describir el comportamiento de su epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de prevalencias basado en la revisión de expedientes clínicos de todos los pacientes menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de ET seguidos en el Hospital Nacional de Niños durante el período 2000-2010. Resultados. Durante el período de estudio se incluyeron 37 pacientes para una prevalencia de 3,09 por 100.000 nacidos vivos (intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,88-4,31). No se presentaron diferencias significativas por sexo. La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 14 meses. Los criterios mayores más frecuentes fueron manchas hipomelanóticas (97,3%), angiofibromas faciales (56%) y tuberomas corticales (54,1%). Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron convulsiones (95%). Los tratamientos que lograron reducción de al menos un 50% de las crisis convulsivas fueron la vigabatrina (16,2%) y la cirugía de epilepsia (16,2%). Conclusiones. En todo paciente con epilepsia debe realizarse una valoración minuciosa de la piel, ya que las lesiones en la piel son un hallazgo muy frecuente en la ET. La epilepsia en la ET es farmacorresistente en un elevado número de pacientes y la vigabatrina debe valorarse como tratamiento farmacológico de primera línea (AU)

Introduction. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a pathology with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance that is due to a disorder affecting cell differentiation and proliferation that produces hamartomas in different organs. Its variable forms affect the central nervous system, the kidneys, the skin and other organs. No studies have been conducted on its prevalence and behaviour in the paediatric population of Costa Rica. Aims. To characterise the paediatric population with TS in Costa Rica and to describe the behaviour of its epilepsy. Patients and methods. The study analyses prevalence based on a review of the clinical records of all the patients under 18 years of age diagnosed with TS treated at the National Children’s Hospital over the period 2000-2010. Results. During the period under study a total of 37 patients were included for a prevalence of 3.09 per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval = 1.88-4.31). No significant differences were observed according to sex. The mean age at diagnosis was 14 months. The most frequent major criteria were hypomelanotic macules (97.3%), facial angiofibromas (56%) and cortical tuberomas (54.1%). Thirty-five patients presented convulsions (95%). The treatments that achieved a reduction in the number of seizures of at least 50% were vigabatrine (16.2%) and epilepsy surgery (16.2%). Conclusions. All patients with epilepsy should be submitted to a thorough examination of the skin, since skin lesions are a very frequent finding in TS. Epilepsy in TS is pharmacoresistant in a large number of patients, and vigabatrine must be considered as first-line pharmacological treatment (AU)

[Characterisation of the paediatric population of Costa Rica with tuberous sclerosis and a description of the behaviour of the associated epilepsy]. / Caracterizacion de la población pediátrica costarricense con esclerosis tuberosa y descripcion del comportamiento de la epilepsia asociada.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a pathology with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance that is due to a disorder affecting cell differentiation and proliferation that produces hamartomas in different organs. Its variable forms affect the central nervous system, the kidneys, the skin and other organs. No studies have been conducted on its prevalence and behaviour in the paediatric population of Costa Rica. AIMS: To characterise the paediatric population with TS in Costa Rica and to describe the behaviour of its epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study analyses prevalence based on a review of the clinical records of all the patients under 18 years of age diagnosed with TS treated at the National Children's Hospital over the period 2000-2010. RESULTS; During the period under study a total of 37 patients were included for a prevalence of 3.09 per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval = 1.88-4.31). No significant differences were observed according to sex. The mean age at diagnosis was 14 months. The most frequent major criteria were hypomelanotic macules (97.3%), facial angiofibromas (56%) and cortical tuberomas (54.1%). Thirty-five patients presented convulsions (95%). The treatments that achieved a reduction in the number of seizures of at least 50% were vigabatrine (16.2%) and epilepsy surgery (16.2%). CONCLUSIONS; All patients with epilepsy should be submitted to a thorough examination of the skin, since skin lesions are a very frequent finding in TS. Epilepsy in TS is pharmacoresistant in a large number of patients, and vigabatrine must be considered as first-line pharmacological treatment.

TITLE: Caracterizacion de la poblacion pediatrica costarricense con esclerosis tuberosa y descripcion del comportamiento de la epilepsia asociada.Introduccion. La esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una patologia autosomica dominante debida a un trastorno en la diferenciacion y proliferacion celular que produce hamartomas en diferentes organos. Afecta de forma variable el sistema nervioso central, los riñones, la piel y otros organos. No existen estudios de su prevalencia ni de su comportamiento en la poblacion pediatrica de Costa Rica. Objetivos. Caracterizar la poblacion pediatrica costarricense con ET y describir el comportamiento de su epilepsia. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio de prevalencias basado en la revision de expedientes clinicos de todos los pacientes menores de 18 años con diagnostico de ET seguidos en el Hospital Nacional de Niños durante el periodo 2000-2010. Resultados. Durante el periodo de estudio se incluyeron 37 pacientes para una prevalencia de 3,09 por 100.000 nacidos vivos (intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,88-4,31). No se presentaron diferencias significativas por sexo. La mediana de edad al diagnostico fue de 14 meses. Los criterios mayores mas frecuentes fueron manchas hipomelanoticas (97,3%), angiofibromas faciales (56%) y tuberomas corticales (54,1%). Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron convulsiones (95%). Los tratamientos que lograron reduccion de al menos un 50% de las crisis convulsivas fueron la vigabatrina (16,2%) y la cirugia de epilepsia (16,2%). Conclusiones. En todo paciente con epilepsia debe realizarse una valoracion minuciosa de la piel, ya que las lesiones en la piel son un hallazgo muy frecuente en la ET. La epilepsia en la ET es farmacorresistente en un elevado numero de pacientes y la vigabatrina debe valorarse como tratamiento farmacologico de primera linea.

Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica, 1981-2010 / Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica, 1981-2010

OBJETIVO: Identificar las tendencias y el impacto de los diferentes tipos de defectos congénitos (DC) en la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) y neonatal (TMN) en Costa Rica para el período 1981-2010. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos del Centro Centroamericano de Población, que utiliza las versiones 9 y 10 de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades para clasificar las causas de defunción. Se analizaron tendencias de mortalidad infantil, neonatal y residual. Para cada grupo de DC se construyó un modelo de regresión Poisson Log Lineal. Se obtuvieron las TMI y las TMN y los riesgos relativos correspondientes a las tres décadas 1981-1990, 1991-2000 y 2001-2010, con sus intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Los estimados se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. RESULTADOS: Al comparar la década de 1980 con la del 2000, la TMN y la TMI por DC presentó una disminución significativa de 2,37 (IC95%: 2,26-2,48) a 2,13 (2,03-2,23) y de 4,13 (3,99-4,27) a 3,18 (3,05-3,31), respectivamente. Los grupos de DC que registraron una reducción significativa en la TMI fueron: sistema nervioso, digestivo y circulatorio. Con excepción del sistema circulatorio, estos grupos experimentaron una caída significativa en la TMN. En el resto de los grupos se registró un aumento significativo o no hubo cambio. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha producido una disminución de la TMI y la TMN por DC, aunque proporcionalmente estas tasas han crecido debido a un mayor descenso de las otras causas. Esta reducción es mucho menor en la mortalidad neonatal. Se debe fortalecer la prevención primaria y la atención neonatal de los DC.

OBJECTIVE: Identify trends for different types of birth defects and their impact on infant (IMR) and neonatal (NMR) mortality rates in Costa Rica from 1981 to 2010. METHODS: Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality trends were analyzed, using data from the Central American Population Center, which uses the International Classification of Diseases, versions 9 and 10, to classify causes of death. For each group of birth defects, a Poisson log-linear regression model was constructed. IMR and NMR, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the three decades (1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). Estimates were compared using Wald chi square. RESULTS: Comparison of the 1980s and the 2000s found a significant decrease in NMR and IMR from birth defects in these decades, from 2.37 (95%CI: 2.26-2.48) to 2.13 (2.03-2.23) and from 4.13 (3.99-4.27) to 3.18 (3.05-3.31), respectively. Reduction in IMR was significant for birth defect groups for nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems. There was also a significant drop in NMR for nervous and digestive system groups. All other groups experienced a significant increase or no change. CONCLUSIONS: IMR and NMR from birth defects have decreased, although these rates have increased proportionately due to a greater decline in other causes. This reduction is much smaller for neonatal mortality. Primary prevention and neonatal care of birth defects should be strengthened.

[Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica, 1981-2010]. / Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica, 1981-2010.

OBJECTIVE: Identify trends for different types of birth defects and their impact on infant (IMR) and neonatal (NMR) mortality rates in Costa Rica from 1981 to 2010. METHODS: Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality trends were analyzed, using data from the Central American Population Center, which uses the International Classification of Diseases, versions 9 and 10, to classify causes of death. For each group of birth defects, a Poisson log-linear regression model was constructed. IMR and NMR, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the three decades (1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). Estimates were compared using Wald chi square. RESULTS: Comparison of the 1980s and the 2000s found a significant decrease in NMR and IMR from birth defects in these decades, from 2.37 (95%CI: 2.26-2.48) to 2.13 (2.03-2.23) and from 4.13 (3.99-4.27) to 3.18 (3.05-3.31), respectively. Reduction in IMR was significant for birth defect groups for nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems. There was also a significant drop in NMR for nervous and digestive system groups. All other groups experienced a significant increase or no change. CONCLUSIONS: IMR and NMR from birth defects have decreased, although these rates have increased proportionately due to a greater decline in other causes. This reduction is much smaller for neonatal mortality. Primary prevention and neonatal care of birth defects should be strengthened.