Memorization of daily routines by children with Down syndrome assisted by a playful virtual environment.

A child with Down syndrome, like any other child, may benefit from interacting with memory stimuli, but needs additional support and help. The use of special teaching methods, which add playfulness and use of the computer, can enhance the memory processes of these children. In this work, we present the virtual environment "Nossa Vida (Our Life)", which was developed to assist children with Down syndrome to memorize action sequences of their daily routine. A daily routine memorization test (DRMT), consisting of a weekly reminder of typical daily routines completed by the children and parents, was performed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention. The work involved a multidisciplinary team and assessed the effectiveness of the test performed by 30 children with Down syndrome from APAE, a special education school for children with intellectual disabilities in São Paulo, Brazil. The children were separated into two groups (Experimental - GE and Control - GC) with homogeneity and normality of the data. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: H0 and H1, where: H0 = There is no statistical difference between memorizing daily tasks between individuals with Down syndrome who used our ludic virtual environment and those who used the conventional memory method.H1 = There is a difference between the group of subjects with Down Syndrome who used our virtual game environment and the group that did not use it in relation to memorizing the daily task. This produces t = -14.98 and p <0.0001, with H1 being accepted. The results showed that the EG presented significance in relation to the CG and the evolution mean of the children in the EG was 81.82% higher. According to experts (psychologist and pedagogue) from APAE and parents, the playful activities implemented in this virtual environment have been of great interest to children, who had fun, tested hypotheses and questioned them about the sequences of actions performed in their routine daily.

A computerized tool to assess reading skills of students with motor impairment.

Conventional tests for assessing the early reading skills of preschool children on school entry are not accessible to students with motor limitations of upper limbs. This paper presents a game-like computerized test featuring an appealing scenario that is accessible to these students. It was developed on a platform that creates 2D vector graphics and contains three phases of interactive content accessible through an adapted peripheral. A conventional card-based test was also used to validate the effectiveness of the computerized test. Both tests were performed by thirty-three preschool children without mobility impairment all aged between four years and six months and six years and two months (x¯ = 5,33; σ = 0,44). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the nonparametric data from the computerized test with the card-based test in the first and second phase, yielding results of p = 0.11 and p = 0.21, respectively. The Student's t-test was conducted to compare the parametric data of the third phase of the computerized test with the data from the third phase of the card-based test yielded results of p = 0.07.Three gaming experts considered the computerized test to be fun and engaging, and three teachers concluded that the computerized test meets educational goals. Additionally, seven volunteers with moderate mobility impairment (group T), aged between eight and seventeen years old (x¯=11.8; σ = 3.5), accompanied by two physical therapists, took the computerized test using the adapted peripheral device and performed the required tasks without difficulty and without showing signs of fatigue. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the computerized test may enable educators to include students with mobility difficulties in literacy assessments and to design teaching strategies that are appropriate given their levels of knowledge.

AACVOX: mobile application for augmentative alternative communication to help people with speech disorder and motor impairment

AbstractIntroduction: Communication is a fundamental element for the development of human beings, promoting their coexistence in society. However, changes in muscle tone, associated with cerebral palsy (CP), among other conditions, cause phono-articulatory dysfunctions hindering speech capabilities. Although there are resources for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), most of them do not completely satisfy the needs of individuals with motor impairment. Therefore, this study proposes a tool based on mobile technology for AAC, which can be adapted to the characteristics of the motor limitations of CP users. Methods Mobile system development was conducted employing user-centered design and development methods. Functions were developed allowing the communication of phrases through pictographic resources and a mechanism of speech synthesis, that can be customized according to specific communication needs. To validate this system, 20 CP volunteers with speech difficulties and motor impairment were recruited from two institutions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. They operated the system following a pre-defined test protocol, and they answered a system usability scale (SUS) questionnaire, to rate the ease of learning, memorization, efficiency, occurrence of runtime errors, and the level of user satisfaction. Results The results showed a score of 85.85 ± 2.28 above the average SUS scale, for each one of the quality components assessed by the volunteers. Conclusion The developed software is user-friendly, representing a new option for AAC, and is customized according to the communication needs of people with speech disorder and motor impairment.

MioLab, a rat cardiac contractile force simulator: Applications to teaching cardiac cell physiology and biophysics.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the basic concepts of physiology and biophysics of cardiac cells can be improved by virtual experiments that illustrate the complex excitation-contraction coupling process in cardiac cells. The aim of this study is to propose a rat cardiac myocyte simulator, with which calcium dynamics in excitation-contraction coupling of an isolated cell can be observed. This model has been used in the course "Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Biological Systems". In this paper we present the didactic utility of the simulator MioLab(®). METHODS: The simulator enables virtual experiments that can help studying inhibitors and activators in the sarcoplasmic reticulum sodium-calcium exchanger, thus corroborating a better understanding of the effects of medications, which are used to treat arrhythmias, on these compartments. The graphical interfaces were developed not only to facilitate the use of the simulator, but also to promote a constructive learning on the subject, since there are animations and videos for each stage of the simulation. The effectiveness of the simulator was tested by a group of graduate students. RESULTS: Some examples of simulations were presented in order to describe the overall structure of the simulator. Part of these virtual experiments became an activity for Biomedical Engineering graduate students, who evaluated the simulator based on its didactic quality. As a result, students answered a questionnaire on the usability and functionality of the simulator as a teaching tool. All students performed the proposed activities and classified the simulator as an optimal or good learning tool. In their written questions, students indicated as negative characteristics some problems with visualizing graphs; as positive characteristics, they indicated the simulator's didactic function, especially tutorials and videos on the topic of this study. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the simulator complements the study of the physiology and biophysics of the cardiac cell.

Effect of a virtual environment on the development of mathematical skills in children with dyscalculia.

In this study, we show the effectiveness of a virtual environment comprising 18 computer games that cover mathematics topics in a playful setting and that can be executed on the Internet with the possibility of player interaction through chat. An arithmetic pre-test contained in the Scholastic Performance Test was administered to 300 children between 7 and 10 years old, including 162 males and 138 females, in the second grade of primary school. Twenty-six children whose scores showed a low level of mathematical knowledge were chosen and randomly divided into the control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups. The EG participated to the virtual environment and the CG participated in reinforcement using traditional teaching methods. Both groups took a post-test in which the Scholastic Performance Test (SPT) was given again. A statistical analysis of the results using the Student's t-test showed a significant learning improvement for the EG and no improvement for the CG (p≤0.05). The virtual environment allows the students to integrate thought, feeling and action, thus motivating the children to learn and contributing to their intellectual development.

Otimização dos parâmetros de exposição radiográfica através de método computacional para aquisição de imagens de boa qualidade para diagnóstico / A computer-aided method to optimize radiographic exposure parameters to acquire better quality images for diagnosis

Falhas na execução de uma imagem radiográfica ou durante o processamento dos filmes geram interpretações errôneas, repetição do exame, maior exposição dos pacientes à radiação, além de aumentar o tempo clínico e os custos. A seleção correta dos parâmetros de exposição radiográfica proporciona a aquisição de imagens radiográficas com contraste, nitidez, detalhes, densidade óptica e definição das estruturas anatômicas para a realização de laudos radiográficos confiáveis. Assim sendo, neste artigo é apresentado um método computacional que pode auxiliar na seleção dos parâmetros de exposição mais apropriados para um dado exame radiográfico. As densidades ópticas foram simuladas considerando a composição e a espessura dos tecidos da estrutura anatômica, as características do aparelho de raios  X e do sistema écran-filme e os parâmetros de exposição otimizados conforme regras encontradas na literatura. Cinco radiologistas experientes avaliaram imagens radiográficas adquiridas de simuladores antropomórficos com parâmetros de exposição sugeridos pelo método computacional desenvolvido e também parâmetros encontrados na literatura. Após analisarem o contraste (diferença de densidade óptica em áreas adjacentes) e a nitidez (presença de detalhes visíveis tais como linhas estruturais finas, bordas de tecidos ou estruturas de interesse diagnóstico), os radiologistas opinaram que as imagens adquiridas com os parâmetros de exposição sugeridos pelo método computacional proposto proporcionaram um bom diagnóstico. Além disso, os valores de densidade óptica medidos nas imagens radiográficas numa posição correspondente ao centro do campo de radiação também apresentaram uma boa correlação com aqueles calculados pelo método, em torno de 90%. Este método pode se tornar também um valioso recurso didático para treinamento de novos profissionais para o setor radiológico.

Radiographic images of good quality allow adequate diagnosis. However imperfections in the selection process of exposure parameters, or during the film processing, generate erroneous interpretations or exam repetition, resulting in major exposure of patients to the radiation, and increasing the clinical time and costs. This article presents a computer method that helps the choice of better exposure parameters. The optical densities had been simulated taking into account tissue composition and thickness of the anatomical structure, characteristics of the X-ray equipment and screen-film system, and radiographic exposure parameters optimized according to rules found in literature. Five experienced radiologists evaluated the radiographic images obtained from anthropomorphic phantoms with the exposure parameters suggested by proposed method (named MD), and also with others parameters found in literature. After analyzing the image contrast and sharpness, they declared that the MD images provide a good diagnosis. Besides, the optical density values measured in these radiographic images on the position corresponding to the center of radiation field presented a good agreement (correlation of 90%) with those values calculated by the proposed method. This method can also become a valuable didactic resource for training of new professionals for the radiological sector.