Vitamin D status, oxidative stress, and inflammation in children and adolescents: A systematic review.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a global public health problem with high prevalence in children and adolescents. The majority of the studies in the literature have identified a relationship between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and obesity, as well as other traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Scarce studies address vitamin D status with oxidative stress and inflammation in the young population. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence of the association of vitamin D status with oxidative stress and inflammation in children and adolescents. This is a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guideline on reporting systematic reviews. Eight studies were selected for this review. All included studies evaluated inflammatory biomarkers and two out of eight evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress. The majority of the studies (five out of eight) found association of vitamin D status with biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cathepsin S, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase, 3-nitrotyrosine, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Vitamin D status is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in the majority of the studies with children and adolescents. Thus, the assessment of vitamin D status is important because it is associated with nontraditional cardiometabolic markers in the pediatric population (review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018109307).

Implementation of a Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program for improvement on quality of diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: A randomized, multicenter trial

Background Complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher ischemic risk, which can be mitigated by long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, concomitant high bleeding risk (HBR) may be present, making it unclear whether short- or long-term DAPT should be prioritized. Objectives This study investigated the effects of ischemic (by PCI complexity) and bleeding (by PRECISE-DAPT [PRE dicting bleeding Complications in patients undergoing stent Implantation and Sub sequent Dual Anti Platelet Therapy] score) risks on clinical outcomes and on the impact of DAPT duration after coronary stenting. Methods Complex PCI was defined as ≥3 stents implanted and/or ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation stenting and/or stent length >60 mm, and/or chronic total occlusion revascularization. Ischemic and bleeding outcomes in high (≥25) or non-high (<25) PRECISE-DAPT strata were evaluated based on randomly allocated duration of DAPT. Results Among 14,963 patients from 8 randomized trials, 3,118 underwent complex PCI and experienced a higher rate of ischemic, but not bleeding, events. Long-term DAPT in non-HBR patients reduced ischemic events in both complex (absolute risk difference: −3.86%; 95% confidence interval: −7.71 to +0.06) and noncomplex PCI strata (absolute risk difference: −1.14%; 95% confidence interval: −2.26 to −0.02), but not among HBR patients, regardless of complex PCI features. The bleeding risk according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction scale was increased by long-term DAPT only in HBR patients, regardless of PCI complexity. Conclusions Patients who underwent complex PCI had a higher risk of ischemic events, but benefitted from long-term DAPT only if HBR features were not present. These data suggested that when concordant, bleeding, more than ischemic risk, should inform decision-making on the duration of DAPT. (AU)

Regulatory roles of miR-155 and let-7b on the expression of inflammation-related genes in THP-1 cells: effects of fatty acids

The main aim of this investigation was to study the regulatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p on the expression of inflammation-associated genes in monocytes, macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages (AcM). A second goal was to analyze the potential modulatory roles of different fatty acids, including oleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA), on the expression of these miRNAs in the three cell types. This hypothesis was tested in human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1), which were differentiated into macrophages with 2-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and further activated with LPS for 24 h. Monocytes, macrophages, and AcM were transfected with a negative control, or mimics for miR-155-3p and miR-let-7b-5p. The expression of both miRNAs and some proinflammatory genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, let-7b mimic reduced the expression of IL6 and TNF in monocytes, and SERPINE1 expression in LPS-activated macrophages. However, IL6, TNF, and SERPINE1 were upregulated in macrophages by let-7b mimic. IL6 expression was higher in the three types of cells after transfecting with miR-155-3p mimic. Similarly, expression of SERPINE1 was increased by miR-155-3p mimic in monocytes and macrophages. However, TLR4 was downregulated by miR-155-3p in monocytes and macrophages. Regarding the effects of the different fatty acids, oleic acid increased the expression of let-7b in macrophages and AcM and also increased the expression of miR-155 in monocytes when compared with DHA but not when compared with non-treated cells. Overall, these results suggest anti- and proinflammatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p in THP-1 cells, respectively, although these outcomes are strongly dependent on the cell type. Noteworthy, oleic acid might exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells (i.e., non-activated and LPS-activated macrophages) by upregulating the expression of let-7b

Regulatory roles of miR-155 and let-7b on the expression of inflammation-related genes in THP-1 cells: effects of fatty acids.

The main aim of this investigation was to study the regulatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p on the expression of inflammation-associated genes in monocytes, macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages (AcM). A second goal was to analyze the potential modulatory roles of different fatty acids, including oleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA), on the expression of these miRNAs in the three cell types. This hypothesis was tested in human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1), which were differentiated into macrophages with 2-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and further activated with LPS for 24 h. Monocytes, macrophages, and AcM were transfected with a negative control, or mimics for miR-155-3p and miR-let-7b-5p. The expression of both miRNAs and some proinflammatory genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, let-7b mimic reduced the expression of IL6 and TNF in monocytes, and SERPINE1 expression in LPS-activated macrophages. However, IL6, TNF, and SERPINE1 were upregulated in macrophages by let-7b mimic. IL6 expression was higher in the three types of cells after transfecting with miR-155-3p mimic. Similarly, expression of SERPINE1 was increased by miR-155-3p mimic in monocytes and macrophages. However, TLR4 was downregulated by miR-155-3p in monocytes and macrophages. Regarding the effects of the different fatty acids, oleic acid increased the expression of let-7b in macrophages and AcM and also increased the expression of miR-155 in monocytes when compared with DHA but not when compared with non-treated cells. Overall, these results suggest anti- and proinflammatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p in THP-1 cells, respectively, although these outcomes are strongly dependent on the cell type. Noteworthy, oleic acid might exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells (i.e., non-activated and LPS-activated macrophages) by upregulating the expression of let-7b.

Saturated fatty acids trigger TLR4-mediated inflammatory response.

Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate infection-induced inflammation and sterile inflammation by endogenous molecules. Among the TLR family, TLR4 is the best understood. However, while its downstream signaling pathways have been well defined, not all ligands of TLR4 are currently known. Current evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids (SFA) act as non-microbial TLR4 agonists, and trigger its inflammatory response. Thus, our present review provides a new perspective on the potential mechanism by which SFAs could modulate TLR4-induced inflammatory responses: (1) SFAs can be recognized by CD14-TLR4-MD2 complex and trigger inflammatory pathways, similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (2) SFAs lead to modification of gut microbiota with an overproduction of LPS after a high-fat intake, enhancing this natural TLR4 ligand. (3) In addition, this metabolic endotoxemia leads to an oxidative stress thereby producing atherogenic lipids - oxLDL and oxidized phospholipids - which trigger CD36-TLR4-TLR6 inflammatory response. (4) Also, the high SFA consumption increases the lipemia and the mmLDL and oxLDL formation through oxidative modifications of LDL. The mmLDL, unlike oxLDL, is involved in activation of the CD14-TLR4-MD2 inflammatory pathway. Those molecules can induce TLR4 inflammatory response by MyD88-dependent and/or MyD88-independent pathways that, in turn, promotes the expression of proinflammatory transcript factors such as factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), which plays a crucial role in the induction of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, or costimulatory molecules) implicated in the development and progression of many chronic diseases.

Effect of a high-fat meal containing conventional or high-oleic peanuts on post-prandial lipopolysaccharide concentrations in overweight/obese men.

BACKGROUND: An increased plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration may favour metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. The meal composition influences plasma LPS concentrations. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the acute consumption of a high-fat meal (49% of energy from fat) containing conventional or high-oleic peanuts on post-prandial LPS concentrations and its relationship with lipaemia and insulinaemia in overweight and obese men. METHODS: The test meal consisted of a shake containing conventional peanuts (CVP; n = 21), high-oleic peanuts (HOP; n = 23) or a control biscuit (CT; n = 21). Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and 1, 2 and 3 h post-prandially. LPS, insulin, lipids and glucose concentrations were assessed. RESULTS: LPS concentrations were lower in CVP [mean (SE) 0.7 (0.5) EU mL(-1) ] and HOP [1.0 (0.9) EU mL(-1) ] groups compared to CT [1.6 (1.2) EU mL(-1) ] at 3 h post-prandially. Triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations increased in all groups. Triacylglycerol started to increase only after 2 h in the CVP and HOP groups. LPS correlated positively with triacylglycerol. Insulin returned to basal concentrations at 3 h only in the CVP and HOP groups. CONCLUSIONS: The acute consumption of peanuts delayed the increase in serum triacylglycerol and favoured the quicker return of insulin to basal concentrations, especially in the CVP group. Our results suggest that the consumption of conventional or high-oleic peanuts may help to reduce the risk of endotoxaemia and metabolic disorders.

Human ration does not alter weight and body composition, but improves the lipid profile of overweight woman / Ración humana no modifica el peso ni la composición corporal pero mejora el perfil lipídico de mujeres con sobrepeso

Background: In Brazil, a mixture of cereals known as "Human Ration" (HR) has been consumed as a substitute for meals due to effects in satiation and weight loss. Methods: This paper evaluated the effect of HR consumption for 45 days as a breakfast replacement, on body composition, biochemical profile and eating behavior in women (n = 20) between 18-45 years old and with BMI between 27-35 kg/m2. Results: The intake of HR did not promote significant changes in the body composition as well as in the mean serum values of glucose, HDL, VLDL, TC/HDL, AST and ALT. However, a significant change was noticed in the levels of TC, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.05). Average daily intake of calories and macronutrients of the volunteers during the period of HR consumption did not differ from their habitual ingestion (p > 0.05). Regarding the consumption of total fibers, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in intake at breakfast during the period of HR consumption when compared to the usual intake. The consumption of HR did not intervene in the sensations of satiation, hunger and prospective intake among the subjects, presenting only instantaneous significant alterations throughout the study. Conclusion: The results are clinically relevant, since they may contribute to the reduction of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (AU)

Introducción: En Brasil, una mezcla de cereales conocidos como "Ração Humana" (HR) se ha consumido como sustituto de las comidas debido a los efectos en la saciedad y en la pérdida de peso. Métodos: Se evaluó el efecto del consumo de HR durante 45 días, sustituyendo el desayuno, en la composición corporal, perfil bioquímico y en la conducta alimentaria en mujeres (n = 20) entre 18-45 años de edad y con IMC entre 27-35 kg/m2. Resultados: La ingesta de HR no promovió cambios significativos en la composición corporal, así como en los valores medios de glucosa, colesterol HDL, VLDL, CT/HDL, AST y ALT en el suero. Sin embargo, se observaron cambios significativos en las concentraciones de CT, LDL y los triglicéridos (p < 0,05). La ingesta media diaria de calorias y macronutrientes de los voluntarios durante el periodo de consumo de HR no difirieron de su ingesta habitual (p > 0,05). Respecto al consumo de fibras total, se observó un aumento significativo sólo para el desayuno (p < 0,05) en el periodo de consumo de HR en comparación con la ingesta habitual. El consumo de la HR no intervino en las sensaciones de saciedad, en el hambre y en la ingesta prospectiva entre los sujetos, presentando solamente alteraciones significativas durante todo el estudio. Conclusión: Los resultados son clínicamente relevantes, ya que pueden contribuir a la reducción de factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (AU)

Flaxseed energy and macronutrients balance / Influencia de la energía de la linaza en el equilibrio de macronutrientes

Background/objectives: Flaxseed has functional properties in the reduction of the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Regardless of its high energy density, the consumption of flaxseed tends to promote body weight maintenance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate energy and macronutrient balance after flaxseed consumption. Subjects/methods: Twenty four healthy volunteers were allocated into 3 experimental groups, when they consumed flaxseed (FS), defatted flaxseed flour (FF), or flaxseed oil (FO). During the control period they were provided a diet without flaxseed products for 7-9 days. Following that diets containing 70 g of one of the flaxseed products were consumed for another 7-9 day- period. Test foods were consumed exclusively in the laboratory and fecal excretion was collected during the study. There was a higher energy excretion (P < 0.05) in the FF and FS groups, compared to their control and FO group. Results: The excretions of total lipid and the PUFA α-linolenic acid were higher in FS group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The intake of 70 g/day of FS and FF raised lipid and energy excretion, which may mitigated the effect of flaxseed consumption on body weight (AU)

Introducción/objetivos: La linaza tiene propiedades funcionales en la reducción del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes y cáncer. A pesar de su alta densidad de energía, el consumo de linaza tiende a favorecer el mantenimiento del peso corporal. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la energía y el equilibrio de macronutrientes después del consumo de linaza. Materiales y métodos: Veinticuatro voluntarios sanos fueron distribuidos en 3 grupos experimentales, cuando consumieron linaza (LI), harina de linaza desgrasada (LD), o aceite de linaza (AL). Durante el período de control se les proporcionó una dieta de 7-9 días sin productos de linaza. Enseguida, durante otro período de 7-9 días, fueron consumidas dietas que contenían 70g de uno de los productos de linaza. Los alimentos de prueba fueron consumidos exclusivamente en el laboratorio y la excreción fecal se recogió durante el estudio. Hubo una excreción de energía más alta (P < 0,05) en los grupos LD y LI, en comparación con el grupo de control y el AL. Resultados: Las excreciones de los lípidos totales y el ácido graso α-linolénico, AGPI, fueron mayores en el grupo LI (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: La ingesta de 70 g/día de LI y LD aumentó la excreción de lípidos y energía, lo que puede haber mitigado el efecto del consumo de linaza en el peso corporal (AU)

Human ration does not alter weight and body composition, but improves the lipid profile of overweight woman.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, a mixture of cereals known as "Human Ration" (HR) has been consumed as a substitute for meals due to effects in satiation and weight loss. METHODS: This paper evaluated the effect of HR consumption for 45 days as a breakfast replacement, on body composition, biochemical profile and eating behavior in women (n = 20) between 18-45 years old and with BMI between 27-35 kg/m². RESULTS: The intake of HR did not promote significant changes in the body composition as well as in the mean serum values of glucose, HDL, VLDL, TC/HDL, AST and ALT. However, a significant change was noticed in the levels of TC, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.05). Average daily intake of calories and macronutrients of the volunteers during the period of HR consumption did not differ from their habitual ingestion (p > 0.05). Regarding the consumption of total fibers, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in intake at breakfast during the period of HR consumption when compared to the usual intake. The consumption of HR did not intervene in the sensations of satiation, hunger and prospective intake among the subjects, presenting only instantaneous significant alterations throughout the study. CONCLUSION: The results are clinically relevant, since they may contribute to the reduction of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Flaxseed energy and macronutrients balance.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Flaxseed has functional properties in the reduction of the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Regardless of its high energy density, the consumption of flaxseed tends to promote body weight maintenance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate energy and macronutrient balance after flaxseed consumption. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty four healthy volunteers were allocated into 3 experimental groups, when they consumed flaxseed (FS), defatted flaxseed flour (FF), or flaxseed oil (FO). During the control period they were provided a diet without flaxseed products for 7-9 days. Following that diets containing 70 g of one of the flaxseed products were consumed for another 7-9 day- period. Test foods were consumed exclusively in the laboratory and fecal excretion was collected during the study. There was a higher energy excretion (P < 0.05) in the FF and FS groups, compared to their control and FO group. RESULTS: The excretions of total lipid and the PUFA α-linolenic acid were higher in FS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of 70 g/day of FS and FF raised lipid and energy excretion, which may mitigated the effect of flaxseed consumption on body weight.

Energy expenditure: components and evaluation methods.

INTRODUCTION: The determination of energy expenditure, considering the physical activity level and health status, is very important to adjust the individuals' nutritional supply. Energy expenditure can be determined by using indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance, doubly labeled water, predictive equations, among others. All these methods have been used in clinical and research areas. However, considering the inconsistence in several research results, there is no consensus yet about the applicability of many of these methods. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to describe the components of energy expenditure and the methods for its determination and estimation, summarizing their main advantages and limitations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water are considered more accurate methods, but expensive. On the other hand, even though other methods present limitations, they are convenient and less expensive, and can be used with some caution.

Appetitive and Dietary Effects of Consuming an Energy-Dense Food (Peanuts) with or between Meals by Snackers and Nonsnackers.

Background. Energy-dense foods are inconsistently implicated in elevated energy intake (EI). This may stem from other food properties and/or differences in dietary incorporation, that is, as snacks or with meals. Objective. Assess intake pattern and food properties on acute appetitive ratings (AR) and EI. Design. 201 normal and overweight adults consuming a standard lunch. Test loads of 1255.2 kJ (300 kcal) were added to the lunch or provided as snack. Loads (peanuts, snack mix, and snack mix with peanuts) were energy, macronutrient, and volumetrically matched with a lunch portion as control. Participants completed meal and snack sessions of their randomly assigned load. Results. No differences were observed in daily EI or AR for meal versus snack or treatment versus control. Consumption of peanuts as a snack tended to strengthen dietary compensation compared to peanuts or other loads with a meal. Conclusions. Inclusion of an energy-dense food as a snack or meal component had comparable influence on AR and EI. Peanuts tended to elicit stronger dietary compensation when consumed as a snack versus with a meal. If substantiated, this latter observation suggests that properties other than those controlled here (energy, macronutrient content, and volume) modify AR and EI.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: effects on nutritional homeostasis, obesity and diabetes mellitus.

The obesity and the metabolic disorders associated characterize the metabolic syndrome, which has increased at an alarming rate around the world. It is known that environmental and genetic factors are involved in the genesis of obesity. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) stand out among these factors. They compose the nuclear receptor superfamily and there are in three isoforms (PPARα,PPARß/δ and PPARγ), which play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The present review aims to understand the relationship between the diet, the PPARs and the control of the blood glucose and body weight, since the understanding about the mechanisms by which these receptors act may benefit the development of the strategies aiming at prevention and elaboration of therapeutics actions which are more effective for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

Energy expenditure: components and evaluation methods / Gasto energético: componentes y métodos de evaluación

Introduction: The determination of energy expenditure, considering the physical activity level and health status, is very important to adjust the individuals’ nutritional supply. Energy expenditure can be determined by using indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance, doublylabeled water, predictive equations, among others. All these methods have been used in clinical and research areas. However, considering the inconsistence in several research results, there is no consensus yet about the applicability of many of these methods. Objectives: The aim of this review is to describe the components of energy expenditure and the methods for its determination and estimation, summarizing their main advantages and limitations. Results and discussion: Indirect calorimetry and doublylabeled water are considered more accurate methods, but expensive. On the other hand, even though other methods present limitations, they are convenient and less expensive, and can be used with some caution (AU)

Introducción: Determinar el gasto energético (GE),considerando la actividad física y el estado de salud, es muy importante para ajustar el cálculo de la necesidad nutricional para cada individuo. Para eso, se pueden utilizar técnicas como la calorimetría indirecta, la bioimpedancia eléctrica, el agua doblemente marcada, las ecuaciones predictivas, entre otras. Estos métodos son utilizados en la práctica clínica y en estudios científicos. Sin embargo, debido a la inconsistencia de los resultados de estas investigaciones, todavía no hay un consenso respecto a su aplicabilidad. Objetivos: De esa forma, esta revisión tiene como objetivo discutir los componentes del gasto energético, así como las técnicas para su determinación y estimativa, señalando sus ventajas y limitaciones. Resultados y discusión: La calorimetria indirecta y el agua doblemente marcada son métodos considerados más acurados, sin embargo onerosos. Los otros métodos presentan limitaciones, pero por su practicidad y bajo coste, algunos de ellos pueden ser usados con cautela (AU)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: effects on nutritional homeostasis, obesity and diabetes mellitus / Receptores activados por los proliferadores de peroxisomas: implicaciones sobre la homeostasis nutricional, en la obesidad y en la diabetes mellitus

The obesity and the metabolic disorders associated characterize the metabolic syndrome, which has increased at an alarming rate around the world. It is known that environmental and genetic factors are involved in the genesis of obesity. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) stand out among these factors.They compose the nuclear receptor superfamily and there are in three isoforms (PPARα, PPARβ/δ andPPARγ), which play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.The present review aims to understand the relationship between the diet, the PPARs and the control of the blood glucose and body weight, since the understanding about the mechanisms by which these receptors act may benefit the development of the strategies aiming at prevention and elaboration of therapeutics actions which are more effective for the treatment of obesity and diabetes (AU)

La obesidad y los trastornos metabólicos asociados, que caracterizan el cuadro del síndrome metabólico, han aumentado de manera alarmante en todo el mundo. Se sabe que factores genéticos y ambientales están implicados en la génesis de la obesidad. Entre estos se destacan los Receptores Activados por los Proliferadores de Peroxisomas (PPAR), los cuales componen la super familia de los receptores nucleares que poseen tres isoformas de PPAR (PPARα,PPARβ/δ y PPARγ) que desempeñan importante papel en la regulación del metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono,de los lípidos y de las proteínas. El presente trabajo de revisión contribuye a clarificar la interrelación existente entre la dieta, los PPAR y el control de la glucemia y peso, ya que el conocimiento de los mecanismos por los cuales estos receptores actúan, puede beneficiar el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y elaboración de procedimientos terapéuticos más eficaces para el tratamiento de la obesidad y de la diabetes (AU)

Effect of the diet components on adiponectin levels / Efecto de los componentes de la dieta sobre los niveles de adiponectina

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, which requires nutritional interventions for its effective control. Adiponectin has antiinflammatory capacity, improves glucose tolerance and presents decreased plasma expression and concentration in obese individuals. Studies with animals reveal improvement in insulin resistance after the infusion of adiponectin; in humans, caloric restriction increases its levels. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary components on gene expression and plasma concentration of adiponectin. Sixteen articles were found following a literature review —seven with interventions in animal models and nine in human. The results in animal models demonstrate that the consumption of hyperlipidemic diets, rich in saturated fat, reduces the levels of adiponectin, while the diets rich in polyunsaturatedfatty acids and supplementation with omega-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid increase its gene expression and plasma levels. In humans, the consumption of a healthy and Mediterranean diet are positively associated with adiponectin levels, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Due to the importance of adiponectin in preventingmetabolic diseases and reducing cardiovascular risk, more research are needed on food strategies to promote the increase of adiponectin levels. Therefore, studies must be carried out to evaluate the response to differents ources and levels of various dietary components and the safety of the supplementation of specific nutrients (AU)

La adiponectina tiene capacidad anti-inflamatoria, mejora la tolerancia a la glucosa y presenta una menor expresión de plasma y la concentración en personas obesas. Estudios con animales revelan una mejora en la resistencia a la insulina después de la infusión de la adiponectina, en los seres humanos, el aumento de la restricción calórica ocasiona el aumento os niveles de la adiponectina. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de los componentes de la dieta sobre la expresión génica y la concentración plasmática de la adiponectina. Dieciséis artículos fueron encontrados —siete en modelos animales y nueve en los seres humanos. Los resultados en modelos animales demuestran que el alto consumo de dietas hiperlipidemia, ricos en grasas saturadas, reduce los niveles de adiponectina, mientras que las dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y la suplementación con omega-3 y ácido eicosapentanoico aumentar su expresión genética y los niveles plasmáticos. En los seres humanos, el consumo de una dieta sana y la dietamediterránea se asocia positivamente con los niveles de adiponectina, aunque los mecanismos no se entienden completamente. Debido a la importancia de la adiponectina en la prevención de las enfermedades metabólicas y la reducción de riesgo cardiovascular, más investigaciones son necesarias sobre las estrategias alimentarias para promover el aumento de los niveles de adiponectina. Por lo tanto, los estudios deben llevarse a cabo para evaluar la respuesta a las diferentes fuentes y los niveles de varios componentes de la dieta y la seguridad de la suplementación de nutrientes específicos (AU)

[Body composition and energy metabolism in women with excess body weight]. / Composición corporal y metabolismo energético en mujeres con exceso de peso corporal.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper is to evaluate body composition and energy expenditure in women with excess body weight. METHODS: There was a non-randomized, cross-sectional study with 40 women, [26 with excess weight (G1) and 14 eutrophic (G2)]. The following evaluations were made: dietetic, anthropometric and body composition (electrical bioimpedance), physical activity (three-dimensional accelerometer) and energy expenditure, basal and resting (indirect calorimetry). RESULTS: The energy intake and physical activity did not differ between groups. The parameters of body composition were higher in G1, except total body water. There was a relationship between energy expenditure and body composition. The lean mass was the biggest determinant of energy expenditure. There was no difference in metabolic parameters between groups, but lower nutrient oxidation and increased metabolic efficiency in G1 was suggested. CONCLUSION: Excess weight was associated with body composition and energy expenditure changes that justify the accumulation of body fat.

Composición corporal y metabolismo energético en mujeres con exceso de peso / Body composition and energy metabolism in women with excess weight

Fundamentos. El objetivo de presente trabajo es evaluarla composición corporal y el metabolismo energéticoen mujeres con exceso de peso corporal.Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de intervenciónno randomizado con 40 mujeres [26 con excesode peso (G1) y 14 eutróficas (G2)]. Fueron realizadasevaluaciones dietéticas, antropométricas y de la composicióncorporal (bioimpedancia eléctrica), actividadfísica (acelerómetro tridimensional) y metabolismoenergético (calorimetría indirecta).Resultados. No hubo diferencia en la ingesta energéticay en la actividad física entre los grupos. Los parámetrosde composición corporal fueron superiores en G1,excepto el agua corporal total. Hubo asociación entreel gasto energético y la composición corporal. La masacorporal magra fue el principal determinante del gastoenergético. No hubo diferencia de los parámetros metabólicosentre los grupos, pero se sugiere menor velocidadde oxidación de los nutrientes y mayor eficienciametabólica en G1.Conclusiones. El exceso de peso corporal se asoció concambios en la composición corporal y en el metabolismoenergético que justifican la acumulación de grasacorporal(AU)

Background. The objective of this paper is to evaluatebody composition and energy expenditure in womenwith excess body weight.Methods. There was a non-randomized, cross-sectionalstudy with 40 women, [26 with excess weight (G1) and14 eutrophic (G2)]. The following evaluations weremade: dietetic, anthropometric and body composition(electrical bioimpedance), physical activity (threedimensionalaccelerometer) and energy expenditure,basal and resting (indirect calorimetry).Results. The energy intake and physical activity did notdiffer between groups. The parameters of body compositionwere higher in G1, except total body water. Therewas a relationship between energy expenditure andbody composition. The lean mass was the biggest determinantof energy expenditure. There was no differencein metabolic parameters between groups, but lowernutrient oxidation and increased metabolic efficiency inG1 was suggested.Conclusion. Excess weight was associated with bodycomposition and energy expenditure changes that justifythe accumulation of body fat(AU)

Effect of the diet components on adiponectin levels.

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, which requires nutritional interventions for its effective control. Adiponectin has antiinflammatory capacity, improves glucose tolerance and presents decreased plasma expression and concentration in obese individuals. Studies with animals reveal improvement in insulin resistance after the infusion of adiponectin; in humans, caloric restriction increases its levels. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary components on gene expression and plasma concentration of adiponectin. Sixteen articles were found following a literature review--seven with interventions in animal models and nine in human. The results in animal models demonstrate that the consumption of hyperlipidemic diets, rich in saturated fat, reduces the levels of adiponectin, while the diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and supplementation with omega-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid increase its gene expression and plasma levels. In humans, the consumption of a healthy and Mediterranean diet are positively associated with adiponectin levels, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Due to the importance of adiponectin in preventing metabolic diseases and reducing cardiovascular risk, more research are needed on food strategies to promote the increase of adiponectin levels. Therefore, studies must be carried out to evaluate the response to different sources and levels of various dietary components and the safety of the supplementation of specific nutrients.

Glycemia and insulinemia evaluation after high-sucrose and high-fat diets in lean and overweight/obese women.

The study investigates the effect of weight-maintaining high-sucrose (HSD) and high-fat (HFD) diets on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in lean and obese women, and verifies the correlation between insulin profile and body composition. Lean (G1 group, n=6, BMI= 21.4 (20.2-22.8) kg/m2) and overweight/obese (G2 group, n=6, BMI 28.6 (25.1-32.1) kg/m2) women participated in the study. HSD (59% total carbohydrate with 23% sucrose; 28% lipid) or HFD (42% total carbohydrate with 1.3% sucrose; 45% lipid) diets were consumed under free-living conditions for 14 days. Anthropometry and body composition were assessed before and after HSD and HFD diets following-up. Fasting and postprandial (at 30, 60, 180 and 240 min) glucose and insulin were determined. HOMA-IR and QUICK index were also calculated. Fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentration did not differ significantly between groups or diets. However, there was a positive and significant correlation between plasma fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations and BMI, percentage of total body fat (% TBF) and HOMA-IR index. In addition, carbohydrate and sucrose intake presented a positive and significant correlation with insulin concentration and HOMA-IR at 180 min postprandial, after adjusting for energy intake and % TBF (p<0.05). These results suggest that altering the profile of the macronutrients in the diet can modify glycemia and insulinemia homeostasis, regardless of energy intake and adiposity. On the other hand, the overweight/obese women can maintain a stable metabolic profile with the habitual diet.