Síndrome de Bayés en el perioperatorio / Bayes syndrome in the perioperative period

Resumen: Los bloqueos auriculares se caracterizan por alteraciones en la conducción secundarias a un retardo o bloqueo en el haz de Bachmann. El Dr. Antonio Bayés de Luna fue uno de los primeros en describir de manera extensa esta entidad a partir de 1979, clasificándolo en inter- e intraauriculares. El bloqueo interauricular se caracteriza en el electrocardiograma (ECG) por onda P con duración mayor a 120 mseg y que presentan morfología bimodal, especialmente en las derivaciones DI, DII, aVL y en las derivaciones inferiores. Existen varios tipos y grados de bloqueo interauricular relacionados a la magnitud del deterioro de la conducción entre las aurículas. Este bloqueo se asocia con frecuencia a taquiarritmias, en especial fibrilación auricular. El manejo incluye antiarrítmicos, anticoagulantes y, en casos especiales, terapia de resincronización auricular. El objetivo de este trabajo es enfatizar en la importancia de la evaluación de la onda P y de los bloqueos interauriculares en el período perioperatorio.

Abstract: The interatrial block is an auricular conduction abnormality secondary to delay or block through the Bachmann's bundle. Dr. Antonio Bayés de Luna was the first who provided a clear description of atrial conduction block in 1979, classifying them into either inter- and -intra atrial. The interatrial block is expressed in the electrocardiogram (ECG) by the presence of P-wave duration that equals or exceeds 120 mseg and presents usually a bimodal morphology, especially in leads I, II, aVL and inferior leads. There are different types of interatrial block related to deterioration of conduction between the right and left atrium. It was demonstrated that this type of block is very frequently accompanied by paroxysmal atrial arrhythmia, especially atrial fibrillation. Current medical therapies included anti-arrythmic, anticoagulation and in special cases atrial resynchronization. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the evaluation of P wave and interatrial blocks in the perioperative period.

Acroangiodermatitis of the hand secondary to a dysfunctional arteriovenous fistula.

Acroangiodermatitis (AAD) is often seen in association with various vascular anomalies such as venous insufficiency, vascular syndromes, and conditions associated with thrombosis. This is the first case reported in the literature associated with arteriovenous fistula stenosis in a patient with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. This case is being described for its rarity and to familiarize the clinicians with this unusual complication, especially, to prevent them from thinking of this condition as an infectious complication. It is essential to recognize the uniqueness of the pathophysiology of this disease and to do a clear distinction with that of a venous ulcer. With this work we also aim to help health practitioners with proper management of the condition. As we've seen, surgical treatment in appropriately selected cases corrects the reflux of the venous system and successfully improves the appearance of the verrucous lesion. Our patient was successfully treated by correcting the arteriovenous fistula stenosis with near-complete subsidence of the verrucous lesion within days of the procedure. Acroangiodermatitis management must be conducted with a multidisciplinary approach (dermatology, vascular surgery, and internal medicine). It is essential the comprehensive management of these patients, to ensure prompt recovery and avoid chronic effects, as well as to guarantee the quality of life in the future.

Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions.

Because several nail disorders share similar clinical features, their diagnosis and management can be challenging to clinicians. The physical examination may disclose localized abnormalities or point to an underlying systemic disease, requiring additional workup. Furthermore, cosmetic distress and nail-related symptoms (e.g., tingling, stinging, numbness, and pain) are common factors that influence the patient's search for medical assistance. Nail pain (i.e., onychalgia) can accompany both localized and systemic pathology. Onychalgia can be acute or chronic according to the time of evolution; patients may describe it as intermittent or constant, and as a throbbing, burning, sharp, or shooting sensation denoting the nature of the pain. It may be exacerbated by colder temperatures, touch, and increased activity (e.g., manipulating objects, walking). We present four main groups of conditions that might cause nail pain: nail tumors, nail deformities, inflammatory or infectious diseases, and external or traumatic agents. Our article includes an overview of the clinical features, as well as diagnosis and management pearls for each entity. Physicians (dermatologists and nondermatologists) should be aware that abnormalities of the ungual and subungual space are not exclusive of dermatological disorders but may also be present in noncutaneous contexts.

Estratificación de la gravedad del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda a las 24 horas de su diagnóstico / Stratification of the severity of the acute respiratory distress syndrome at 24 hours after diagnosis

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar si hay cambios en la estratificación de la gravedad del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda al ingreso y 24 horas después. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de pacientes que cumplieron criterios de Berlín para síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (SIRA) de cualquier origen y que se reestratificaron a las 24 horas con la misma escala analizados durante un periodo de 4 meses durante 2017. Se recabaron los datos de biomarcadores inflamatorios y de la mecánica ventilatoria. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 17 pacientes, de los que 11 fallecieron (65%) y 6 (35%) egresaron a domicilio. La estratificación inicial de los pacientes de acuerdo con la gravedad de la hipoxemia (PaO2/FiO2) mostró 2 (11%) sin SIRA, 3 (17%) con SIRA leve, en 10 (58%) fue moderado y en 2 (11%) grave. A las 24 horas de iniciado el tratamiento convencional, la estratificación de gravedad (PaO2/FiO2) mostró: 9 (52%) sin SIRA, 6 (35.2%) con hipoxemia leve, en uno (5.8%) moderada y en uno (5.8%) grave. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario estratificar al ingreso y a las 24 horas la gravedad del SIRA, a pesar de que no se mostró ninguna diferencia en el patrón de respuesta inflamatoria a través de la medición de marcadores séricos de uso clínico habitual.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify if there are changes in the stratification of acute respiratory distress syndrome severity at hospitalization and 24 hours later. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective observational study was done describing patients studied over a 4-month period during 2017, who met Berlin criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of any origin and who re-stratified at 24 hours, with the same scale. The data of inflammatory biomarkers and ventilatory mechanics were collected. RESULTS: There were included 17 patients, from which 11 patients (64%) died and 6 (35%) were discharged to home. The initial stratification of patients according to the severity of the hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2) showed 2 (11%) without ARDS, 3 (17%) mild, 10 (58%) moderate, and 2 (11%) severe. At 24 hours after conventional treatment, gravity stratification (PaO2/FiO2) showed: 9 (52%) without ARDS, 6 (35.2%) with mild hypoxemia, in one (5.8%) moderate and in one (5.8%) severe. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to stratify at the time of admission and at 24 hours the severity of the ARDS, although no difference was shown in the pattern of inflammatory response through the measurement of serum markers of usual clinical use.

Evolución de la definición del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda / Evolution of the definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (SIRA) es una enfermedad pulmonar inflamatoria y difusa que condiciona incremento de la permeabilidad vascular, peso pulmonar, disminución del parénquima pulmonar aereado, hipoxemia, infiltrados pulmonares bilaterales, incremento del espacio muerto y cortocircuito intrapulmonar, así como disminución en la distensibilidad pulmonar. El SIRA fue descrito en 1967 por Ashbaugh y Petty. Por más de 20 años no hubo acuerdo general en su definición, lo que dio como resultado confusión, definiciones inconsistentes y diagnósticos inadecuados. En 1994 apareció la definición derivada de la Conferencia de Consenso Americana-Europea (CCAE), a pesar de que fue aceptada, tiene limitaciones. A partir de entonces emergieron varias definiciones. La definición aceptada en la actualidad es la denominada definición de Berlín, esta definición tiene ventajas sobre la de la CCAE porque puede facilitar un mejor diagnóstico del SIRA y la implementación de una estrategia ventilatoria protectora. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar brevemente la evolución de la definición del SIRA a 50 años de su descripción.

Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, loss of aerated lung tissue, hypoxemia, bilateral radiographic infiltrates, increased physiological dead space and intrapulmonary shunt and decrease lung compliance. ARDS was first described by Ashbaugh and Petty in 1967. For more than 20 years, there was no common definition of ARDS, and inconsistent definitions led to confusion and misdiagnosis. The 1994 The American European Consensus Conference (AECC) definition become accepted but had important limitations, since then, issues regarding the reliability and validity of this definition have emerged. The current definition is the Berlin one. This definition seems to be more accurate than the AECC definition and may facilitate prompt recognition of ARDS and promote protective ventilation strategy. The aim of this paper is to make a brief review of the evolution of the definition of ARDS at 50 years of its description.

Síndrome de onda J en paciente con quemadura eléctrica. ¿Causalidad o casualidad? / J wave syndrome in a patient with electrical burn. Causality or coincidence?

Resumen El corazón es uno de los órganos más vulnerables en la lesión inducida por electricidad. Pueden sobrevenir varias arritmias y manifestaciones electrocardiográficas de las que destacan asistolia, fibrilación ventricular, QT prolongado, bloqueo de rama derecha, bloqueo cardiaco completo, fibrilación auricular, bradicardia y extrasístoles auriculares y ventriculares, entre otras. El síndrome de onda J es un espectro de alteraciones eléctricas cardiacas que se distingue por la existencia de ondas J (ondas de Osborn) y riesgo elevado de fibrilación ventricular. Las afecciones que incluye este síndrome se distinguen por características comunes en lo referente a sus bases celulares y iónicas, factores de riesgo y patrones evolutivos. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el caso de un paciente que tuvo manifestaciones electrocardiográficas de síndrome de onda J asociado con quemadura eléctrica, su causalidad o casualidad y revisar la bibliografía relacionada con esta interesante entidad electrocardiográfica.

Abstract Heart is one of the most vulnerable organs in electrical injury. Various arrhytmias and electrocardiographic manifestations develop at the time of injury, these include asystole, ventricular fibrillation, QT-prolongation, right bundle branch block, complete AV block, auricular fibrillation, bradicardia and ventricular extrasystoles. J wave syndrome is a spectrum of electrical cardiac alterations characterized by the appearance of J waves (Osborn wave) with a risk of ventricular fibrillation. These entities share a similar ionic and cellular basis, risk factors and similar outcomes. The aim of this report is to describe a 23-year old patient who developed J wave syndrome associated to electrical injury, its causality or fortuity and review the literature related to this interesting electrocardiographic entity.

Alteraciones de la hemostasia en el enfermo con quemaduras / Hemostasis alterations in the patient with burns / Alterações da hemostasia no paciente com queimadura

Resumen: Las quemaduras graves se asocian a coagulopatía, que semeja a la que se presenta en trauma y sepsis. Se caracteriza por un desbalance procoagulante-anticoagulante e hiperactividad del sistema fibrinolítico. Es secundaria a hemodilución, hipotermia, inflamación, hipoperfusión tisular y lesión endotelial. La presencia de coagulopatía es un factor de riesgo en el incremento de morbimortalidad. A pesar de estar bien reconocida, no hay guías específicas para su abordaje y tratamiento, pero se han propuesto diferentes medidas y esquemas terapéuticos guiados por objetivos, semejantes a los recomendados para la coagulopatía en trauma.

Abstract: Severe burns are associated with systemic coagulopathy that resembles those found in patients with sepsis or major trauma. It is characterized by procoagulant-anticoagulant imbalance and hyperactivity of the fibrinolytic system. It is secondary to hemodilution, hypothermia, inflammation, hypoperfusion and endothelial injury. Burn coagulopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Even when recognized, there are no guidelines for the specific management of coagulopathy in burns, but supportive measures and targeted treatments, like in trauma coagulopathy, have been proposed.

Resumo: As queimaduras graves estão associadas com a coagulopatia. Assemelha-se aquele apresentado em trauma e sepse. Se caracteriza por um desequilíbrio de procoagulante-anticoagulante e hiperatividade do sistema fibrinolítico. É secundária à hemodiluição, hipotermia, inflamação, hipoperfusão tecidual e lesão endotelial. A presença de coagulopatia é fator de risco para o aumento da morbimortalidade. Apesar de ser bem reconhecida não existem orientações específicas para a sua abordagem e tratamento, mas foram propostas diferentes medidas e esquemas terapêuticos guiados por objetivos, semelhantes às recomendadas para a coagulopatia no trauma.

Ruido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: el silencio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es la mejor terapia / Noise in the Intensive Care Unit: silence in the Intensive Care Unit is the best therapy / Barulho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: o silêncio na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva é a melhor terapia

Resumen El ruido se define como cualquier sonido que produce un efecto fisiológico o psicológico indeseado en un individuo o grupo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que el ruido de fondo no exceda los 30 decibelios A (dBA). El ruido en los hospitales -y en particular, en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI)- excede los niveles recomendados, superando los 60 a 70 dBA. El ruido afecta tanto a los enfermos como al personal. Estudios han mostrado que el ruido en las UCI es un estresor físico, psicológico y social, y es un factor de riesgo para delirium. La implementación de procesos encaminados a combatir el ruido, la educación del personal y un adecuado diseño de las UCI son fundamentales para combatir este problema habitualmente infraestimado.

Abstract Noise is defined as any sound that may produce an undesired physiological or psychological effect in an individual or group. The World Health Organization recommends that the average background noise should not exceed 30 A weighted decibels (dBA). Noise in hospitals -and particularly, in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)- frequently exceeds these values. Noise levels measured in the ICU are mostly far beyond the recommended standards, and generally measure around 60-70 dBA. Noise affects both staff and patients. Studies have shown that noise in the ICU is a physical, psychological and social stressor, and it is an independent risk factor for delirium. Planned activities, staff education and proper design of ICUs may help combat this overlooked problem.

Resumo O ruído se define como todo som que produza um efeito fisiológico ou psicológico indesejado em um indivíduo ou em um grupo. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda não exceder 30 decibéis (dB). O ruído nos hospitais e particularmente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) excede esses valores. Os níveis de ruído medidos na UTI excedem os padrões recomendados e sobrepassam os 60-70 dB. O ruído afeta os funcionários e os pacientes. Estudos têm demonstrado que o ruído da UTI é um estressor físico, psicológico e social e é um fator de risco para o delírium. As atividades planejadas, a educação dos funcionários e o desenho adequado da UTI podem ajudar a combater este problema subestimado.

[Elena de Cespedes: The eventful life of a XVI century surgeon]. / Elena de Céspedes. La azarosa vida de una cirujana del siglo XVI.

Throughout the history of surgery there have been exceptional cases of surgeons around the world. One of them is Elena/o of Cespedes. Born as a girl, this hermaphrodite dedicated all his life to acting as a man, doing jobs that were only for men such as a soldier, peasant, and surgeon. She was the first licensed surgeon in Spain and maybe in all Europe. She married a woman and then was tried for sodomy by the Spanish Inquisition commanded by inquisitor Lope de Mendoza. She was founded guilty and punished with 200 lashes and a 10-year service at a hospital, dressed as a woman.

[Andres Vesalio, Francisco Díaz, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and the birth of urology in the 16th Century]. / Andrés Vesalio, Francisco Díaz, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra y el nacimiento de la urología en el siglo XVI.

In the sixteenth century there were great advances in science, literature, and the arts. During this century, urology as a specialty was conceived, thanks to the contributions of Andreas Vesalius, anatomist and leading physician to the court of Charles V, and Dr. Francisco Diaz, a native of Alcala de Henares, surgeon and clinician. Dr. Diaz had a close relationship with Miguel de Cervantes, who at one point in his life suffered from renal colic. In his masterpiece "Re-Printed Treaty of all diseases of the kidneys, bladder and wattles of the Cock and Urina, divided into three books," of which the first book of urology is the History of Medicine, describes in detail the clinical and therapeutic aspects of urological diseases, known as the "bad stone" and urethral strictures known as "wattles", in addition to describing the different surgical techniques and the development of new instruments for urological procedures, which include the cisorio instrument and the Speculum pudendi. For the above, Dr. Francisco Diaz is considered the father of urology.

Síndrome de sepsis grave postesplenectomía secundario a meningococcemia / Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) syndrome secondary to meningococcemia

Resumen Los pacientes esplenectomizados o con hipoesplenia son susceptibles a desarrollar infecciones y sepsis grave. A esta entidad se le denomina sídrome de sepsis postesplenectomía (SSPE). Reportamos el caso de una paciente que presentó SSPE secundario a Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo CR7, 10 años después de practicársele esplenectomía por púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática. El SSPE tiene una elevada mortalidad, su evolución es fulminante, las manifestaciones son graves y el pronóstico es malo. Es fundamental que los pacientes esplenectomizados sean vacunados, reciban antibióticos profilácticos y atención médica ante cualquier manifestación de un proceso infeccioso. Es prioritario implementar una política de salud pública para el desarrollo de guías relacionadas al seguimiento de los pacientes esplenectomizados y sobre la profilaxis, diagnóstico y manejo del SSPE, y difundir entre los pacientes esplenectomizados y con disfunción esplénica así como al grupo médico tratante programas educacionales relacionados con esta enfermedad.

Abstract Patients with splenectomy or splenic dysfunction are likely to suffer from severe infections and sepsis. This syndrome is called overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). We present the case of an adult who developed OPSI syndrome secondary to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup CR 7, ten years after being splenectomized due to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. OPSI syndrome has a high mortality. Its course is fulminating, the clinical symptoms are serious and the prognosis is poor. It is important for splenectomized patients to receive immunizations, antibiotic prophylaxis and seek medical attention at the earliest sign of minor infection. Public health politics should be implemented for the development of guidelines related to the monitoring of splenecto-mized patients and prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of OPSI syndrome and make reliable information on this disease available to patients and physicians.

[Ultrasonographic evaluation of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath for medication of intracranial pressure: a case report]. / Evaluación ultrasonográfica del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico (DVNO) para la medición de la presión intracraneana (PIC): a propósito de un caso.

The main complication associated with acute brain injury is the elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In these patients, multimodal neurological monitoring has emerged as a fundamental tool in the intensive care unit, with the minimally invasive trend seen in recent years. We report the case of a patient in which ICP monitoring was based on the measurement of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath (DONS), a procedure that has shown a good correlation with the ICP, as well as a high specificity, sensitivity, and low cost.

La importancia de los parámetros farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos en la prescripción de antibióticos / The importance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in antibiotic prescription

En el tratamiento del enfermo grave, la elección del antibiótico y su dosificación están determinados por factores relacionados al microorganismo, al fármaco y a las condiciones de salud del paciente. La relación de algunos parámetros farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos como la concentración máxima alcanzada (Cmáx), el área bajo la curva (ABC) y la concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC) son determinantes en la toma de decisiones para seleccionar el fármaco y su posología. De acuerdo a estos parámetros, los antibióticos se clasifican en dependientes de tiempo y dependientes de concentración. Los primeros (betalactámicos, glucopéptidos) pueden requerir ajustes en el tiempo de infusión y los dependientes de concentración (aminoglucósidos, fluoroquinolonas) se basan en la Cmáx/MIC.

In the treatment of critically ill patient, antibiotic choice and dosage are influenced by factors related to the pathogen, the drug and the patient's health status. The relationship of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters such as maximum concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can assist in decision-making to choose the drug and the correct dose. According to these parameters, antibiotics are classified into time-dependent and concentration-dependent. The first ones (betalactams, glycopeptides) could require adjustments in the infusion time; while concentration-dependent ones (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones) are based on the Cmax / MIC.

[Hemolytic anemia secondary to the placement of a portosystemic stented shunt]. / Anemia hemolítica secundaria a la colocación de Stent transyugular intrahepático porto sistémico.

INTRODUCTION: portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage are common complications of hepatic cirrhosis, both associated with a high morbimortality. Portal system decompression by the placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt, can reduce portal venus pressure and is effective controling complications of portal hypertension, like variceal hemorrhage and ascitis. The aim of this document is to describe a case of hemolytic anemia secondary to the placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt. CLINICAL CASE: patient with portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrosis was given a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt for recurrent variceal hemorrhage. After the procedure, hemoglobin decreased 2 g/dL, associated with reticulocitosis, hipohaptoglobinemia, elevated lactic dehydrogenase and indirect hyperbilirrubinemia with negative Coombs test. The peripheral blood smear showed abnormal erythrocytes, with the prevalence of schistocytes. The final diagnosis was hemolytic anemia secondary to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt. CONCLUSIONS: the hemolytic anemia secondary to Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stented Shunt is a rare complication. Usually, it has a benign prognosis, and it is self-limited once the stent is endothelialized.

[Liver abscess syndrome with lung involvement secondary to hypermucoviscosity Klebsiella pneumoniae]. / Síndrome de absceso hepático secundario a Klebsiella pneumoniae hipermucoviscosa con involucro pulmonar.

Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess syndrome (KLAS) is an emerging infection characterized by primary monomicrobial liver abscess, bacteremia and metastatic complications. KLAS is endemic in Taiwan but additional cases has also been described in other world regions. It's caused by strains of K. pneumonia serotype K1, rmpA, magA positive, displaying hypermucoviscosity. We present the case of a previously healthy 69 years old patient who developed fever, liver abscess,septic shock, bacteremia, and pneumonia. In cultures grew hypermucoviscous phenotype of K. pneumonia characterized by positive "string test". The patient responded favourably to antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone, meropenem, amykacin and percutaneous drainage of the abscess. Increased awareness about this globally emerging infection by physicians could allow earlier detection and optimal treatment.