Experimental Studies and Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) in Civil Infrastructure Systems: A State-of-the-Art Review.

The application of FRPs in civil infrastructure has increased, particularly in the last 20 years. FRPs have gained importance because of their resistance to harsh environments, high strength-to-weight ratio, and good corrosion resistance, and they are faster and easier to apply than other traditional methods. The rehabilitation of structures is the main area in which FRPs have been developed, because they have allowed for compliance with architectural restraints in historic structures. This review is a compilation of the research conducted on the laboratory and field applications of FRPs, highlighting the different applied methods, installation difficulties, and failure modes of FRPs. Moreover, this review compares studies on the types of fibers such as CFRPs, GFRPs, and AFRPs, and their effects would affect the mechanical properties of civil infrastructure and the durability characteristics of civil infrastructure in challenging environmental conditions. In addition, this review focuses on the modification of the mechanical properties of structural elements using different methods of installing FRPs, including externally bonded reinforcement (EBR), and their main problem: debonding failure before the ultimate load.

An assessment tool to improve rural groundwater access: Integrating hydrogeological modelling with socio-technical factors.

Sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources for drinking water provision in rural communities in sub-Sahara Africa remains elusive due to the limited knowledge of these hydrogeological systems. This is exacerbated by poor maintenance of existing infrastructure, limited technical capacity, the socio-economic characteristics of the area and poor governance. Assessing the likelihood of a given individual user experiencing water shortage calls for an interdisciplinary approach. After a preliminary multifactorial analysis incorporating a range of variables from technical to societal, it was found that most of the overall risk of water shortage for an individual household could be attributed to three factors; (1) Proximity, specified as the distance to the closest supply well (determined by geographical parameters), (2) Availability of good quality water in the wells (determined by hydrogeological understanding and modelling), and (3) Sustainability (determined by socio-technical and socio-economic parameters). In the latter case, a distinction was made between hardware functionality- the water point's performance considering a sufficient yield and reliability through time- and software functionality, based on a combination of socioeconomic data from surveys and analysed using Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). All three factors are eventually mapped onto indicators in the range of [0-1] and then represented in a Geographical Information System based on the partition of the entire spatial domain (e.g., counties, villages, and neighbourhoods). The three indicators are then combined in a final index based on the product of the three factors, thus mapping time-dependent overall risk and allowing the assessment of temporal risk-evolution scenarios. The methodology is applied to Kwale County, Kenya, where community handpumps and groundwater points comprise the main water supply system. Apart from mapping the present situation, the methodology is finally used to assess the impact of future climate scenarios.

Different Conditions during Confinement in Pasture-Based Systems and Feeding Systems Affect the Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk and Cheese of Holstein Dairy Cows.

The diet of dairy cows influences the fatty acid (FA) profiles of their milk and cheese, but how these are affected by different conditions during confinement in a mixed system (MS:grazing + total mixed ration:TMR) is not known. The aim of this study was to compare the FAs of the milk and cheese from MS in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-GRZ) versus an outdoor soil-bedded pen (OD-GRZ) during confinement, and with a confinement system (100%TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-TMR). Individual milk samples (n = 12 cows/group), cheese, and pooled milk (MilkP) samples were collected. The saturated FA percentages in the milk and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio in the MilkP and cheese were greater for the CB-TMR (p < 0.0001), while the unsaturated and monounsaturated FA percentages in the milk were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3, C18:3, and conjugated linoleic acid percentages were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3 and C18:3 were higher for the CB-GRZ than the OD-GRZ (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed between the MS in the MilkP and cheese. In conclusion, CB-GRZ cows during confinement produced better quality milk compared to OD-GRZ cows. However, the FA profiles of the milk, MilkP, and cheese were affected to a greater extent by the feeding management than by the conditions during confinement.

Mirror neurons and empathy-related regions in psychopathy: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and a working model.

Mirror neurons have been associated with empathy. People with psychopathic traits present low levels of empathy. To analyze this, a systematic review of fMRI studies of people with psychopathic traits during an emotional facial expression processing task was performed. The regions of interest were structures associated with the mirror neuron system: ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), inferior parietal lobe (IPL), inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The analysis was also extended to structures related to affective empathy (insula, amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex) and to two more emotional processing areas (orbitofrontal cortex and fusiform gyrus). Hypoactivation was more frequently observed in regions of the mirror neuron system from people with high psychopathic traits, as well as in the emotional processing structures, and those associated with affective empathy, except for the insula, where it presented higher activity. Differences were observed for all types of emotions. The results suggest that the mirror neuron system is altered in psychopathy and their relationship with affective empathy deficits is discussed.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFICULT BILIARY CANNULATION IN A TRAINING CENTER FOR ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTION OF THE BILIARY TRACT.

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to determine factors associated with difficult biliary cannulation (DBC) that are identifiable before procedures. METHODS: This is a nested case-control study within a historical cohort in adult patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from 2015-2019 in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Colombia. This study assessed the associations among variables that could be identified before or at the beginning of procedures and the probability of DBC. These associations were evaluated through a bivariate and multivariate analysis. The study used criteria for DBC defined by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 498 ERCP performed in 376 patients were analyzed. Of all procedures, 144 (29%) fulfilled criteria for DBC. The multivariate analysis showed an association between DBC and the acute care hospital setting (OR:2.92; CI95% 1.70-5.01; P<0.001), redundant papilla (OR:7.26; CI95% 3.38-15.61; P<0.001), or peridiverticular papilla (OR:2.45; CI95% 1.38-4.36; P=0.002). No association was found between DBC and endoscopist's experience, bilirubin levels, or dilation of the biliary tract. CONCLUSION: The DBC is a frequent event. Alterations in the papilla and ERCP performed in the acute care hospital setting are the principal factors associated with DBC. This information might be useful to predict DBC and establish healthcare and administrative strategies to reduce its implications.

Fatores associados à difícil canulação biliar em um centro de treinamento para intervenção endoscópica do trato biliar / Factors associated with difficult biliary cannulation in a training center for endoscopic intervention of the biliary tract

ABSTRACT Background This paper aims to determine factors associated with difficult biliary cannulation (DBC) that are identifiable before procedures. Methods This is a nested case-control study within a historical cohort in adult patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from 2015-2019 in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Colombia. This study assessed the associations among variables that could be identified before or at the beginning of procedures and the probability of DBC. These associations were evaluated through a bivariate and multivariate analysis. The study used criteria for DBC defined by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Results A total of 498 ERCP performed in 376 patients were analyzed. Of all procedures, 144 (29%) fulfilled criteria for DBC. The multivariate analysis showed an association between DBC and the acute care hospital setting (OR:2.92; CI95% 1.70-5.01; P<0.001), redundant papilla (OR:7.26; CI95% 3.38-15.61; P<0.001), or peridiverticular papilla (OR:2.45; CI95% 1.38-4.36; P=0.002). No association was found between DBC and endoscopist's experience, bilirubin levels, or dilation of the biliary tract. Conclusion The DBC is a frequent event. Alterations in the papilla and ERCP performed in the acute care hospital setting are the principal factors associated with DBC. This information might be useful to predict DBC and establish healthcare and administrative strategies to reduce its implications.

RESUMO Contexto Este artigo tem como objetivo determinar fatores associados à dificuldade de canulação biliar que sejam identificáveis antes dos procedimentos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo de caso-controle dentro de uma coorte histórica em pacientes adultos submetidos a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) de 2015 a 2019 no Hospital Universitário San Ignacio, em Bogotá, Colômbia. Avaliou-se as associações entre variáveis que poderiam ser identificadas antes ou no início dos procedimentos e a probabilidade de difícil canulação biliar (DCB). Essas associações foram avaliadas por meio de análise bivariada e multivariada. O estudo utilizou critérios para DCB definidos pela Sociedade Europeia de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal. Resultados Foram analisados 498 CPRE em 376 pacientes. De todos os procedimentos, 144 (29%) preencheram critérios para DCB. A análise multivariada mostrou associação entre a DCB e o ambiente hospitalar de atenção aguda (OR:2,92; CI 95% 1,70-5,01; P<0,001), papila redundante (OR:7,26; CI95% 3,38-15,61; P<0,001), ou papila peridiverticular (OR:2,45; CI95% 1,38-4,36; P=0,002). Não foi encontrada associação entre a DCB e a experiência do endoscopista, dos níveis de bilirrubina ou da dilatação do trato biliar. Conclusão A DCB é um evento frequente. Alterações na papila e CPRE realizadas no ambiente hospitalar de cuidados agudos são os principais fatores associados a DCB. Essas informações podem ser úteis para prever a DCB e estabelecer estratégias de saúde e administrativas para reduzir suas implicações.

Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy (EVAC) in Managing Esophagogastric Anastomosis Fistula / Terapia de vacío endoluminal (Endo-Vac) en el manejo de la fístula de anastomosis esofagogástrica

Abstract Endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVAC) is a promising alternative for the endoscopic management of gastrointestinal fistulas or perforations that do not respond to endoscopic procedures using clips and stents or are even refractory to surgical procedures. In this case report, we describe the successful endoscopic closure of an esophagogastric anastomotic fistula using EVAC, connected to a vacuum system through a probe in the cavity, which did not close with clip management given the friability and edema of the peri-wound tissue. In conclusion, it is a successful alternative to treat these complications, which are sometimes difficult to resolve.

Resumen La terapia de vacío endoluminal (Endo-Vac) es una alternativa promisoria en el manejo endoscópico de las fístulas o perforaciones gastrointestinales, que no responden a procedimientos endoscópicos cuando se utilizan técnicas como clips, stents o incluso refractarias a procedimientos quirúrgicos. En este reporte de caso describimos el cierre endoscópico exitoso de una fístula anastomótica esofagogástrica, utilizando la terapia Endo-Vac, conectada a un sistema de vacío mediante una sonda en la cavidad, que no presentó cierre inicial a manejo con clips, dada la friabilidad y el edema del tejido perilesional. Se concluye que esta es una alternativa exitosa en el cierre de estas complicaciones, que en ocasiones son de difícil resolución.

Enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica y sexualidad / Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Sexuality

La enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica es la primera causa de muerte en todo el mundo, y la principal causa de años de vida perdidos por discapacidad (AVADs) en los adultos. Sus factores de riesgo son muy prevalentes en la población, y su ocurrencia se ha asociado con disfunción sexual tanto en hombres como en mujeres, debido a que comparten un mecanismo fisiopatológico similar en el caso de la disfunción eréctil en los hombres y potencialmente en la disfunción sexual femenina. Además, los trastornos mentales asociados (principalmente ansiedad y depresión) y los efectos adversos de los medicamentos antihipertensivos y antidepresivos también contribuyen a las disfunciones sexuales. Por otro lado, los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa 5 (iFDE5s) han demostrado seguridad y beneficios cardiovasculares en los hombres, y en las mujeres hay evidencia creciente de su utilidad en las disfunciones sexuales. En esta revisión, se presentan las implicaciones de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica y su tratamiento en la vida sexual de hombres y mujeres, los efectos cardiovasculares de los tratamientos de las disfunciones sexuales, y la consejería a los pacientes.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Its risk factors are very prevalent in the population, and its occurrence has been associated with sexual dysfunction in both men and women, because they share a similar pathophysiological mechanism in the case of erectile dysfunction in men and potentially in female sexual dysfunction. Furthermore, associated mental disorders (mainly anxiety and depression) and the adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs and antidepressants also contribute to sexual dysfunction. On the other hand, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) have shown safety and cardiovascular benefits in men, and in women there is growing evidence of their usefulness in female sexual dysfunctions. The present review describes the implications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its treatment on the sexual lives of men and women, the cardiovascular effects of the treatments for sexual dysfunctions, and patient counseling.

Ascitis en paciente con colitis ulcerativa como presentación de síndrome de Budd-Chiari: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Ascites in a patient with ulcerative colitis presenting Budd-Chiari syndrome: case report and literature review

La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal es una patología crónica en la que participa el sistema inmune, que puede acompañarse de manifestaciones extraintestinales en el hígado y vías biliares. El síndrome de Budd-Chiari se ha descrito previamente como una complicación rara de la colitis ulcerativa. Se describe el caso de una paciente joven con antecedente de colitis ulcerativa y trombosis venosa de miembro inferior, en manejo crónico con aminosalicilatos y anticoagulada durante 6 meses, quien debutó con cuadro clínico de ascitis de dos meses de evolución, con líquido ascítico de características hipertensivas, documentación imagenológica y biopsia hepática compatibles con síndrome de Budd-Chiari. Se presenta reporte de caso y revisión breve de la literatura.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease involving the immune system, which can be accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations in the liver and biliary tract. Budd-Chiari syndrome has previously been described as a rare complication of ulcerative colitis. We describe the case of a young patient with a history of ulcerative colitis and venous thrombosis of the lower limb, under chronic management with aminosalicylates, and anticoagulation therapy for the past 6 months, who consulted with a 2-month history of ascites, with hypertension-related ascitic fluid, imaging analysis and liver biopsy compatible with Budd-Chiari syndrome. A case report and a brief literature review are presented.

Serine residues in the α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit regulate surface α4ß2* receptor expression and clustering.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic nicotine exposure upregulates α4ß2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. The goal of this study was to examine the role of three serine residues in the large cytoplasmic loop of the α4 subunit on α4ß2* upregulation in neurons. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Serine residues S336, S470 and S530 in mouse α4 were mutated to alanine and then re-expressed in primary neurons from cortex, hippocampus and subcortex of α4 KO mice. Mutant and wild type α4 expressing neurons were treated with nicotine (0.1, 1 and 10 µM) and assessed for α4ß2* upregulation. KEY RESULTS: α4ß2* nAChRs expressing S336A or S470A mutants were deficient at cell surface upregulation in both subcortex and hippocampal neurons. S530A α4ß2* mutants exhibited aberrant surface upregulation in subcortical neurons. None of the mutants affected surface upregulation in cortical neurons or upregulation of total α4ß2* binding sites in any region. Further, dense domains or clusters of α4ß2* nAChRs were observed in the neuronal surface. The impact of nicotine exposure on the intensity, area, and density of these clusters was dependent upon individual mutations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Effects of α4 nAChR mutants on surface upregulation varied among brain regions, suggesting that the cellular mechanism of α4ß2* upregulation is complex and involves cellular identity. We also report for the first time that α4ß2* nAChRs form clusters on the neuronal surface and that nicotine treatment alters the characteristics of the clusters in an α4 mutant-dependent manner. This finding adds a previously unknown layer of complexity to the effects of nicotine on α4ß2* expression and function.

Determinación de niveles de vitamina D (25[OH]D) en pacientes trasplantados renales y su importancia de acuerdo con la tasa de filtración glomerular / Determination of vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in renal transplant patients and their importance in accordance with the glomerular filtration rate

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles séricos de vitamina D en pacientes trasplantados renales, la relación con la tasa de filtración glomerular y la correlación con diversas variables clínicas y de laboratorio que podrían afectarlos. Métodos: Pacientes con más de un ario de trasplante renal, mayores de 18 arios. En ellos se evaluaron variables demográficas, antropométricas, grado de exposición solar, etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica pretrasplante, osteodensitometría y variables de laboratorio relacionadas con desórdenes óseos y minerales. Estudio: Analítico de corte transversal con revisión de historias clínicas. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos descriptivos como medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión (media, desviación estándar), frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para determinar la correlación entre los niveles de vitamina D con cada una de las pruebas de laboratorio incluidas, especialmente con la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), se utilizó el método de regresión lineal. Resultados: Cincuenta y seis pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 29 hombres y 27 mujeres, edad media de 44,8 ± 12,4 años, la mayoría mestizos (57,1%), principal etiología de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) desconocida (55,3%). Solo el 35,7% de los pacientes tenían niveles normales de vitamina D y el 64,3%, insuficientes; ninguno de los pacientes tenía niveles en rango de déficit. Al analizar los resultados de la vitamina D y el estadio de ERC, se encontró que no existían diferencias significativas entre ellos. Se encontró relación inversa entre los niveles de vitamina D y las pruebas de creatinina, calcio, fósforo, Ca x P, albúmina, fosfatasa alcalina y proteínas en orina de 24 h. Mientras que para la TFG y la hormona paratiroidea intacta la relación fue positiva, aunque en todas las pruebas la relación es muy débil. Los resultados de la osteodensitometría mostraron valores normales para el 41,07% de los pacientes, osteopenia el 46,43% y osteoporosis el 12,5%. No se encontró correlación entre los niveles de vitamina D y el grado de alteración ósea. Conclusiones: En pacientes trasplantados renales es frecuente detectar niveles insuficientes de vitamina D, independientemente de la TFG que tengan.

Abstract Objective: To assess serum levels of vitamin D in renal transplant patients, and if the glomerular filtration rate affects them. Methods: The study included patients older than 18 years with a kidney transplant for more than 1 year. Demographic, anthropometric, solar exposure, aetiology of chronic pretransplant renal disease (CKD), bone densitometry, and laboratory variables related to bone and mineral disorders were evaluated. Study: Cross-sectional analytical study with review of medical records. Descriptive statistical methods were used to measure central tendency, dispersion (mean, standard deviation), and absolute and relative frequencies. A lineal regression method was used to determine the correlation between vitamin D levels with each of the laboratory tests included, especially with GFR. Results: A total of 56 patients met the inclusion criteria, 29 men and 27 women, mean age 44.8 + /- 12.4 years, mostly of mixed race (57.1%), main aetiology of CKD unknown (55.3%). Only 35.7% of the patients had normal levels of vitamin D, and 64.3% had insufficient levels. None of the patients had levels in the deficit range. No significant differences were found between the vitamin D results and the stage of CKD. An inverse relationship was found between vitamin D levels and creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, CaxP, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase. The ratio was positive for 24 hour urine protein, GFR and PTHi, although the ratio is very weak in all of them. The bone density results were within the normal range in 41.07% of patients, with 46.43% osteopenia, and 12.5% osteoporosis. No correlation was found between vitamin D levels and the degree of bone alteration. Conclusions: In renal transplant patients it is common to detect insufficient levels of vitamin D, regardless of the GFR.

Importance of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease, how to avoid it and treat it by nutritional measures / Importancia de la hiperfosfatemia en la enfermedad renal crónica, cómo evitarla y tratarla por medidas nutricionales

Abstract Treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all levels of healthcare, is a frequent challenge that deserves the best expertise and the best professional team. Phosphorus ingest in the diet and its implications for kidney function have been widely depicted in the literature. However, our patients lack of simple strategies that have a high impact on their eating habits within their economical possibilities. The goals of the present review are to provide a multidisciplinary group of professionals with an updated insight into hyperphosphataemia in CKD and share the results of a strategy carried out by a group of cross-disciplinary professionals, to identify the amount of phosphorus found in the most consumed foods by our patients, and to adapt of a new educational tool in order to be implemented during consultation.

Resumen El manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en todos los niveles de atención en salud es un reto frecuente y que amerita el conocimiento más apropiado y el mejor equipo de profesionales. El consumo de fósforo en la dieta y sus implicaciones sobre la función renal ha sido ampliamente descrito en la literatura, sin embargo, nuestros pacientes carecen de estrategias sencillas y de alto impacto sobre sus hábitos de alimentación, adaptadas a sus posibilidades económicas. Los objetivos de la presente revisión son, primero, proporcionar un conocimiento actualizado acerca de la hiperfosfatemia en la ERC y, segundo, compartir los resultados de una estrategia emprendida por un grupo multidisciplinario de profesionales para identificar el contenido de fósforo en los alimentos más consumidos por nuestros pacientes y adaptar una herramienta educativa para implementar en la consulta.

Doble adenoma de paratiroides como presentación de hiperparatiroidismo primario y detalles de su tratamiento / Double parathyroid adenoma as presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism and details of its treatment

Resumen Históricamente el hiperparatiroidismo primario ha sido una patología caracterizada por el hallazgo de un adenoma paratiroideo; sin embargo, el diagnóstico a la luz de un doble adenoma, ha permitido abrir la discusión frente a una nueva forma de presentación, con diferentes implicaciones clínicas que hacen necesaria la participación coordinada del grupo de profesionales involucrados tanto en el escenario clínico como quirúrgico, y que permitan enfrentar este reto diagnóstico con el mejor conocimiento y los recursos disponibles. Presentamos el caso de una paciente en quien tras una larga historia de episodios de urolitiasis, se logró identificar dos adenomas paratiroideos que no respondieron al manejo con dosis altas de cinacalcet pero con un resultado exitoso tras el manejo quirúrgico. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 198-201).

Abstract Historically primary hyperparathyroidism has been a condition characterized by the finding of a parathyroid adenoma; however, diagnosis in the presence of a double adenoma has opened the discussion against a new form of presentation with different clinical implications that require the coordinated participation of the group of professionals involved in both the clinical and surgical settings that allow face this diagnosis challenge with the best knowledge and available resources. The case of a patient in whom after a long history of episodes of urolithiasis was possible to identify two parathyroid adenomas that did not respond to treatment with high doses of cinacalcet but with a successful outcome after surgical management, is reported. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 198-201).

Transcriptional dynamics of immune, growth and stress related genes in skeletal muscle of the fine flounder (Paralichthys adpersus) during different nutritional statuses.

The effects of stress on immune activity and growth in early vertebrates have not been studied in detail. The present study used fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) skeletal muscle as a model to evaluate molecules involved in the stress response, including the glucocorticoid receptors, foxo1/3, and the target genes of these. Additionally, immune markers (il-1ß and tnfα) and effector molecules of atrophy (bnip3, caspase-3, and lc3) were assessed. These molecules were analyzed during periods of long-term fasting and refeeding. During fasting, gene expression related to the stress response and atrophy increased; whereas immune markers were down-regulated. During refeeding, atrophy- and stress-related gene expression significantly decreased. In contrast, immune markers were up-regulated. These results provide novel insight on the control of growth in the skeletal muscle of a non-mammalian species under a stressful condition, suggesting that growth, stress, and immune activity in muscle are closely related and coordinated by orchestrated transcriptional dynamics.

[Eating habits, physical activity and socioeconomic level in university students of Chile]. / Hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y nivel socioeconómico en estudiantes universitarios de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: University students are vulnerable to poor nutrition; they don't eat snacks between meals, don't eat breakfast or fast for long hours, prefer fast food and don't exercise. University students is considered the key young adult population group for health promotion and prevention for future generations, so it's crucial identify the current nutritional status and frequency of physical activity. OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors involved in the choice of food and frequency of physical activity in university students. METHODS: 799 volunteers were evaluated from four universities of the fifth region of Chile. Instrument was applied to determine the level of physical activity and eating habits, KIDMED test to determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet and Adimark instrument to determinate the socioeconomic status of the subjects. Finally, anthropometric evaluation to determinate BMI, fat mass and muscle mass. RESULTS: Physical inactivity is higher in women than in men and that the main reason for not exercising is lack of time and laziness. In both sexes don't read nutrition labels and have a low and average adherence to the Mediterranean diet. DISCUSSION: The low knowledge of nutrition is the cause of the poor food quality of subjects and there isn't greater motivation to perform physical activity.Socioeconomic status isn't related to eating habits and physical activity. It's necessary to integrate programs regular and permanent healthy lifestyle in all universities.

Introducción: Los estudiantes universitarios son vulnerables a una mala nutrición, no consumen meriendas entre las comidas, no desayunan, ayunan por largas horas, prefieren la comida rápida y además no realizan ejercicios físicos. La población universitaria es considerada la población adulto joven clave para la promoción y prevención de salud para las futuras generaciones, por lo que es trascendental identificar la situación actual nutricional y la frecuencia de actividad física de los universitarios. Objetivos: Determinar los factores que intervienen en la elección de los alimentos y la frecuencia de actividad física en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Se evaluaron 799 voluntarios de cuatro universidades de la quinta región de Chile. Se aplicó un instrumento para determinar el nivel de actividad física y de hábitos alimentarios, el test kidmed para determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y un instrumento Adimark para determinar el nivel socioeconómico de los sujetos. Finalmente se realizó una evaluación antropométrica para determinar IMC, masa grasa y masa muscular. Resultados: La inactividad física es mayor en mujeres que en hombres y plantean que la principal razón para no hacer ejercicio es la falta de tiempo y la pereza. En ambos sexos no leen las etiquetas nutricionales y tienen una media adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Discusión: Existen bajos conocimientos de nutrición que provocan una mala calidad en la alimentación de los sujetos y no existe motivación para realizar mayor actividad física. El nivel socioeconómico no tiene relación con los hábitos alimentarios ni con la actividad física, por lo que es necesario integrar programas regulares y permanentes de vida sana en todas las universidades.

De las parteras empíricas a las profesionales en el contexto de las políticas de salud del estado nacional: gobernación nacional de la Pampa central, fines del s. XIX y primeras décadas del s. XX / From practical to professional midwives in the context of health policies of the National State. Gobernación Nacional de la Pampa Central, the late XIXth century and the early XXth century

Ofrece una primera aproximación a la comprensión del proceso de sustitución de las parteras empíricas por las profesionales en la Gobernación Nacional de la Pampa Central, a instancias de las políticas higienistas estatales iniciadas a fines del siglo XIX.(AU)