Postoperative Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Patients With and Without Preoperative Colonization.

Importance: Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections (SSIs) and bloodstream infections (BSIs) are important complications of surgical procedures for which prevention remains suboptimal. Contemporary data on the incidence of and etiologic factors for these infections are needed to support the development of improved preventive strategies. Objectives: To assess the occurrence of postoperative S aureus SSIs and BSIs and quantify its association with patient-related and contextual factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter cohort study assessed surgical patients at 33 hospitals in 10 European countries who were recruited between December 16, 2016, and September 30, 2019 (follow-up through December 30, 2019). Enrolled patients were actively followed up for up to 90 days after surgery to assess the occurrence of S aureus SSIs and BSIs. Data analysis was performed between November 20, 2020, and April 21, 2022. All patients were 18 years or older and had undergone 11 different types of surgical procedures. They were screened for S aureus colonization in the nose, throat, and perineum within 30 days before surgery (source population). Both S aureus carriers and noncarriers were subsequently enrolled in a 2:1 ratio. Exposure: Preoperative S aureus colonization. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was cumulative incidence of S aureus SSIs and BSIs estimated for the source population, using weighted incidence calculation. The independent association of candidate variables was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: In total, 5004 patients (median [IQR] age, 66 [56-72] years; 2510 [50.2%] female) were enrolled in the study cohort; 3369 (67.3%) were S aureus carriers. One hundred patients developed S aureus SSIs or BSIs within 90 days after surgery. The weighted cumulative incidence of S aureus SSIs or BSIs was 2.55% (95% CI, 2.05%-3.12%) for carriers and 0.52% (95% CI, 0.22%-0.91%) for noncarriers. Preoperative S aureus colonization (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 4.38; 95% CI, 2.19-8.76), having nonremovable implants (AHR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.15-3.49), undergoing mastectomy (AHR, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.87-14.08) or neurosurgery (AHR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.09-5.61) (compared with orthopedic surgery), and body mass index (AHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08 per unit increase) were independently associated with S aureus SSIs and BSIs. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of surgical patients, S aureus carriage was associated with an increased risk of developing S aureus SSIs and BSIs. Both modifiable and nonmodifiable etiologic factors were associated with this risk and should be addressed in those at increased S aureus SSI and BSI risk.

Evaluation and Clinical Impact of Biofire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Plus in ICU-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.

Microbiological diagnosis by using commercial multiplex quantitative PCR systems provides great advantages over the conventional culture. In this work, the Biofire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Plus (FAPP+) was used to test 144 low respiratory tract samples from 105 COVID-19 patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), detecting 78 pathogens in 59 (41%) samples. The molecular panel was evaluated by using the conventional culture (CC) as comparator, which isolated 42 pathogens in 40 (27.7%) samples. The overall percentage of agreement was 82.6%. Values of sensitivity (93%), specificity (62%), positive predictive value (50%), and negative predictive value (96%) were obtained. The mean time elapsed from sample extraction to modification of antibiotic treatment was 7.6 h. A change in antimicrobial treatment after the FAPP+ results was performed in 27% of patients. The FAPP+ is a highly sensitive diagnostic method that can be used to significantly reduce diagnostic time and that allows an early optimization of antimicrobial treatment.

Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in intensive care unit workers following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.

The cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in response to full mRNA COVID-19 vaccination could be variable among healthy individuals. Studies based only in specific antibody levels could show an erroneous immune protection at long times. For that, we analyze the antibody levels specific to the S protein and the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells by ELISpot and AIM assays in intensive care unit (ICU) workers with no antecedents of COVID-19 and vaccinated with two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. All individuals were seronegative for the SARS-CoV-2 protein S before vaccination (Pre-v), but 34.1% (14/41) of them showed pre-existing T lymphocytes specific for some viral proteins (S, M and N). One month after receiving two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Post-v1), all cases showed seroconversion with high levels of total and neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein, but six of them (14.6%) had no T cells reactive to the S protein. Specifically, they lack of specific CD8+ T cells, but maintain the contribution of CD4+ T cells. Analysis of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 at 10 months after full vaccination (Post-v10), exhibited a significant reduction in the antibody levels (p<0.0001) and protein S-reactive T cells (p=0.0073) in all analyzed individuals, although none of the individuals become seronegative and 77% of them maintained a competent immune response. Thus, we can suggest that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by the mRNA vaccines was highly variable among ICU workers. A non-negligible proportion of individuals did not develop a specific T cell response mediated by CD8+ T cells after vaccination, that may condition the susceptibility to further viral infections with SARS-CoV-2. By contrast, around 77% of individuals developed strong humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 that persisted even after 10 months. Analysis of the cellular immune response is highly recommended for providing exact information about immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carrying blaOXA-23-like and armA in a hospital after an intervention in the intensive care unit which ended a long-standing endemicity.

The aim of the study was to evaluate for a long time the effectiveness of an intervention designed to reduce carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and its impact on colistin usage in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in Spain. The rate of carbapenem resistance declined drastically during the period of study (2015 to 2018), from 93.57 to 74.65%, especially in the ICU. A significant decrease in colistin usage, from 1.16 to 0.39 DOTs, was observed. Forty-nine CRAB isolates recovered nearly 1 year after starting the intervention were characterized. Most of them were recovered from patients admitted in wards other than ICU and were extensively drug-resistant, carried blaOXA-23-like and armA, and belonged to ST218. Implementation of control measures is crucial to CRAB control in ICUs but must be extended to all wards in order to eradicate CRAB from hospitals.

Spread of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among COVID-19-infected patients: The storm after the storm.

The impact of secondary infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria in COVID-19- infected patients has yet to be evaluated. Here, we report the clinical and molecular features of an outbreak of seven patients carrying CTX-M-15- and OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to ST326 during COVID-19 pandemic in an ICU in northern Spain. Those patients were admitted to beds close to each other, two of them developed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), one exhibited primary bacteremia and the remaining four were considered to be colonized. None of them was colonized prior to admission to the ICU an all, except one of those who developed VAP, were discharged. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir were administered to all of them as COVID-19 therapy and additionally, three of them received tocilizumab and corticosteroids, respectively. Reusing of personal protective equipment due to its initial shortage, relaxation in infection control measures and negative-pressure air in ICU rooms recommended for the protection of health care workers (HCWs), could have contributed to this outbreak. Maximization of infection control measures is essential to avoid secondary infections by MDR bacteria in COVID-infected patients.

SARS-CoV-2 analysis on environmental surfaces collected in an intensive care unit: keeping Ernest Shackleton's spirit.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit workers are at high risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection, especially when performing invasive techniques and certain procedures that generate aerosols (< 5 µm). Therefore, one of the objectives of the health systems should implement safety practices to minimize the risk of contagion among these health professionals. Monitoring environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 may help to determine the potential of the environment as a transmission medium in an area highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2, such as an intensive care unit. The objective of the study was to analyze the environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces collected in an intensive care unit, which is dedicated exclusively to the care of patients with COVID-19 and equipped with negative pressure of - 10 Pa and an air change rate of 20 cycles per hour. Furthermore, all ICU workers were tested for COVID-19 by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA methods. RESULTS: A total of 102 samples (72 collected with pre-moistened swabs used for collection of nasopharyngeal exudates and 30 with moistened wipes used in the environmental microbiological control of the food industry) were obtained from ventilators, monitors, perfusion pumps, bed rails, lab benches, containers of personal protective equipment, computer keyboards and mice, telephones, workers' shoes, floor, and other areas of close contact with COVID-19 patients and healthcare professionals who cared for them. The analysis by quantitative RT-PCR showed no detection of SARS-CoV-2 genome in environmental samples collected by any of the two methods described. Furthermore, none of the 237 ICU workers was infected by the virus. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of SARS-CoV-2 on the ICU surfaces could not be determined supporting that a strict cleaning protocol with sodium hypochlorite, a high air change rate, and a negative pressure in the ICU are effective in preventing environmental contamination. These facts together with the protection measures used could also explain the absence of contagion among staff inside ICUs.

Evaluation of a commercial multiplex PCR for diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) nosocomial infections.

Nosocomial Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are often serious complications of neurosurgical procedures. Their diagnosis is complex and frequently based on microbiological culture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification (BCID) panel, a multiplex PCR designed to identify the most common etiologic agents of sepsis involved with nosocomial CNS infections. A total of ninety samples were analyzed with the BCID panel. The sensitivity and specificity achieved were 77.4% and 100% respectively, when compared with the reference method (culture). Based on the analysis of the melting curves, another cut-off was established improving sensitivity to 83.9% whilst maintaining 98.3% specificity. The BCID panel seems to be a helpful tool for the prompt diagnosis of CNS nosocomial infections. The cut-off proposed here can increase sensitivity, but further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness and its applicability in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Clock Genes Disruption in the Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit (ICU) environment disrupts the circadian rhythms due to environmental and other nonphotic synchronizers. The main purpose of this article is to establish whether critically patients have desynchronization at the molecular level after 1 week of stay in the ICU. METHODS: The rhythm of Clock, Bmal1, Cry1, and Per2 genes in neuro-ICU patients (n = 11) on the first day after admission in the unit (1 day) and 1 week later (1 week) was studied, 4 time points throughout the day, at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Human whole blood samples were obtained from neuro-ICU patients. The total RNA was isolated and each sample was reverse transcribed to complementary DNA and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCRq) was performed. The possible rhythm was studied using Fourier Series. RESULTS: After 1 week, the clock gene rhythmicity completely disappeared. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for the 4 clock genes was shown rhythmicity at the first day after admission in the ICU. Circadian rhythmicity for none of them was observed but rather, ultradian rhythmicity was found. The expression of Clock, Bmal1, and Per2 mRNA after 1 week was similar in the 4-time point studies without significant fluctuation among the 4 time points analyzed. DISCUSSION: Rhythmic mRNA expression is present at the first day after admission in the ICU. However, ICU stay during 1 week affects the molecular machinery of the biological clock generating chronodisruption. Circadian disruption is associated with the risk of several pathologies, thus, it seems to be clear that ICU stay in constant conditions could adversely affect patient evolution and probably, circadian resynchronization restoring clock gene expression could lead to a better clinical evolution of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Clock genes disruption is observed in neuro-ICU patients. Light therapy as well as melatonin treatment could reduce the impact of ICU stay period in biological clock, thereby improving patients' recovery.

Diagnóstico de meningitis/encefalitis en UCI con sistema de PCR múltiple. ¿Es tiempo de cambio? / Meningitis/Encephalitis diagnosis in ICU using Multiplex PCR system: is it time of change?

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto clínico de la PCR-múltiple FilmArray(R) panel Meningitis/Encefalitis en el diagnóstico de infecciones del sistema nervioso central y comparar los resultados obtenidos y el tiempo necesario hasta el diagnóstico con las técnicas microbiológicas convencionales. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de adultos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Se realizó punción lumbar a todos los pacientes y en el LCR extraído se realizó FilmArray(R) panel de meningitis /encefalitis, estudio citoquímico, Gram y cultivos microbiológicos convencionales. RESULTADOS: 21 pacientes ingresados con sospecha de Meningitis/Encefalitis. Edad: mediana 58,4 años (RIQ 38,1-67,3), APACHE II: mediana 18 (RIQ 12-24). La mediana de estancia en UCI fue de 4 días (RIQ 2-6) y la hospitalaria de 17 días (RIQ 14-28). Mortalidad 14,3%. Se estableció un diagnóstico clínico final de Meningitis/Encefalitis en 16 pacientes, con diagnóstico etiológico en 12 casos (75%). La etiología más frecuente fue Streptococcus pneumoniae (8 casos). FilmArray(R) permitió diagnóstico etiológico en 3 casos con cultivo negativo y el resultado implicó cambios en el tratamiento antibiótico de 7 de los 16 pacientes (43,8%). Para la totalidad de pacientes, FilmArray(R) presentó una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% y 90% respectivamente. La mediana de tiempo hasta la obtención del resultado de FilmArray(R) fue de 2,9 horas (RIQ 2,1-3,8) y del cultivo incluyendo antibiograma 45,1 horas (RIQ 38,9-58,7). CONCLUSIONES: FilmArray(R) panel Meningitis/Encefalitis realiza un diagnóstico etiológico más precoz que los cultivos convencionales, muestra una mayor sensibilidad y permite realizar un tratamiento antimicrobiano dirigido

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical impact of Meningitis/Encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel for the diagnosis of cerebral nervous system infection and to compare the results (including time for diagnosis) with those obtained by conventional microbiological techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study in an Intensive Care Unit of adults from a tertiary hospital was carried out. Cerebrospinal fluid from all patients was taken by lumbar puncture and assessed by the meningitis/encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel ME, cytochemical study, Gram, and conventional microbiological cultures. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients admitted with suspicion of Meningitis/Encephalitis. Median age of patients was 58.4 years (RIQ 38.1-67.3), median APACHE II 18 (RIQ 12-24). Median stay in ICU and median hospital stay was 4 (RIQ 2-6) and 17 days (RIQ 14-28), respectively. The overall mortality was 14.3%. A final clinical diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis was established in 16 patients, obtaining the etiological diagnosis in 12 of them (75%). The most frequent etiology was Streptococcus pneumoniae (8 cases). FilmArray(R) allowed etiological diagnosis in 3 cases in which the culture had been negative, and the results led to changes in the empirical antimicrobial therapy in 7 of 16 cases (43.8%). FilmArray(R) yielded a global sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90%, respectively. The median time to obtain results from the latter and conventional culture (including antibiogram) was 2.9 hours (RIQ 2.1-3.8) and 45.1 hours (RIQ 38.9-58.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Meningitis/Encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel was able to establish the etiologic diagnosis faster than conventional methods. Also, it achieved a better sensitivity and led to prompt targeted antimicrobial therapy

Utilidad de la PCR-múltiple (FilmArray Blood Culture Identification) en otros líquidos biológicos. Detección de Streptococcus pyogenes en absceso cerebral y líquido sinovial / Utility of multiplex PCR (FilmArray Blood Culture Identification) in other biological liquids. Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in brain abscess and synovial fluid

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Muerte encefálica por neumoencéfalo y fístula dural en el postoperatorio de hernia discal lumbar / Brain death due to pneumocephalus and dural fistula in the post-operative period for a herniated lumbar disc

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Summary of Spanish recommendations on intensive care to facilitate organ donation.

With the aim of consolidating recommendations about the practice of initiating or continuing intensive care to facilitate organ donation (ICOD), an ad hoc working group was established, comprising 10 intensivists designated by the Spanish Society of Intensive Care and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT). Consensus was reached in all recommendations through a deliberative process. After a public consultation, the final recommendations were institutionally adopted by SEMICYUC, ONT, and the Transplant Committee of the National Health-Care System. This article reports on the resulting recommendations on ICOD for patients with a devastating brain injury for whom the decision has been made not to apply any medical or surgical treatment with a curative purpose on the grounds of futility. Emphasis is made on the systematic referral of these patients to donor coordinators, the proper assessment of the likelihood of brain death and medical suitability, and on transparency in communication with the patient's family. The legal and ethical aspects of ICOD are addressed. ICOD is considered a legitimate practice that offers more patients the opportunity of donating their organs upon their death and helps to increase the availability of organs for transplantation.

Complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con el drenaje ventricular externo. Incidencia y factores de riesgo / Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt. Incidence and risk factors

Introducción. Las complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con el drenaje ventricular externo (CIRDVE) son un problema importante en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) neuroquirúrgicos. El objetivo del estudio es conocer la incidencia de CIRDVE y analizar los factores implicados. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en una UCI polivalente de adultos de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con drenaje ventricular externo (DVE) excepto aquellos diagnosticados de una infección del sistema nervioso central previa al implante. Resultados. Se incluyeron 87 pacientes, 106 DVE. Diagnóstico previo más frecuente: hemorragia subaracnoidea (49,4%). Presentaron CIRDVE 31 pacientes con 32 DVE. La tasa de CIRDVE fue de 19,5 por mil días de catéter y de ventriculitis 14 por mil días de catéter. Presentaron CIRDVE el 31,6% de los pacientes y ventriculitis el 25,3%. Los pacientes con CIRDVE tuvieron más manipulaciones del DVE (2,0 ± 0,6 vs. 3,3 ± 1,0 p=0,02), reposicionamiento (0,1 ± 0,1 vs. 0,2 ± 0,1) y mayor estancia media en UCI y hospitalaria (29,8 ± 4,9 vs. 49,8 ± 5,2, p<0,01 y 67,4 ± 18,8 vs, 108,9 ± 30,2, p=0,02 respectivamente). Los DVE con CIRDVE tuvieron mayor permanencia, tanto al diagnóstico como a la retirada (12,6 ± 2,1 vs. 18,3 ± 3,6 y 12,6 ± 2,1 vs. 30,4 ± 7,3, p<0,01). No hubo diferencias en mortalidad. Conclusiones. Uno de cada 3 pacientes presentó CIRDVE. Los factores relacionados fueron el número de manipulaciones, el reposicionamiento del DVE y el tiempo de permanencia. Los pacientes con CIRDVE tuvieron estancia media en UCI y hospitalaria más larga pero sin incremento en la mortalidad (AU)

Introduction. Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt (ICREVS) are a main problem in neurocritical intensive care units (ICU). The aim of the review is to assess the incidence of ICREVS and to analyse factors involved. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis, adult polyvalent ICU in a third level reference hospital. Patients carrying external ventricular shunt (DVE) were included. Those patients with central nervous system infection diagnosed prior DVE placement were excluded. Results: 87 patients were included with 106 DVE. Most common admittance diagnosis was subarachnoid haemorrhage (49.4%). 31 patients with 32 DVE developed an ICREVS. Infection rate is 19.5 per 1000 days of shunt for ICREVS and 14 per 1000 days for ventriculitis. 31.6% of the patients developed ICREVS and 25.3% ventriculitis. Patients who developed ICREVS presented higher shunt manipulations (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 3.26 ± 1.02, p=0.02), shunt repositioning (0.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1) and ICU and hospital stay (29.8 ± 4.9 vs 49.8 ± 5.2, p<0.01 y 67.4 ± 18.8 vs. 108.9 ± 30.2, p=0.02. Those DVE with ICREVS were placed for longer not only at infection diagnosis but also at removal (12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 18.3 ± 3.6 and 12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 30.4 ± 7.3 days, p<0.01). No difference in mortality was found. Conclusions. One out of three patients with a DVE develops an infection. The risk factors are the number of manipulations, repositioning and the permanency days. Patients with ICREVS had a longer ICU and hospital average stay without an increase in mortality (AU)

Vigilancia epidemiológica para microorganismos multirresistentes en una UCI polivalente / Epidemiological surveillance for multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a general ICU

Introducción. Los microorganismos multirresistentes (MMR) suponen una amenaza para los pacientes ingresados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIs). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los resultados de los cultivos de vigilancia epidemiológica de dichos microorganismos en una de estas unidades. Material y métodos. UCI polivalente. Análisis retrospectivo, estadística descriptiva. Análisis de cultivos de vigilancia epidemiológica para MMR. Microorganismos estudiados: Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM), Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE y/o carbapenemasa (KPBLEE-C) y Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente (ABMR). Resultados. 1.259 pacientes ingresados. Se analizaron 2.234 muestras (exudado rectal 690, faríngeo 634, nasal 624, cutáneo 286) procedentes de 384 pacientes. La mayor rentabilidad alcanzada con las diferentes muestras para los distintos microorganismos fue: SARM, exudado nasal 79%, nasal + faríngeo 90%. ABMR: faríngeo 80%, faríngeo + rectal 95%. KPBLEE-C: rectal 95%, faríngeo + rectal 98%. De los 384 pacientes 94 (24,4%) estaban colonizados/infectados al ingreso con alguno de estos microorganismos. Durante su estancia, 134 pacientes (10,6% del total de pacientes ingresados) se colonizaron/infectaron por un total de 169 microorganismos. La colonización/infección más precoz fue para SARM (9,2 ± 6,4 días) y la más tardía para enterobacterias productoras de BLEE (18,7±16,4 días). Conclusiones. El 24,4% de los pacientes estaban colonizados/infectados por MMR al ingreso. Las muestras más rentables fueron exudado nasal para SARM, faríngeo para ABMR y rectal para KPBLEE-C. La asociación de dos muestras mejora la detección, excepto en KPBLEE-C. Los exudados cutáneos son poco rentables. El MMR más frecuente al ingreso son las enterobacterias productoras de BLEE y el adquirido intra UCI el ABMR (AU)

Introduction. Multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms represent a threat for patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The objective of the present study is to analyse the results of epidemiological surveillance cultures for these microorganisms in one of these units. Material and methods. General ICU. Retrospective analysis, descriptive statistics. Analysis of epidemiological surveillance cultures for MDR microorganisms in 2015. Studied microorganisms: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL-and/or carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CESBL-KP) and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB). Results. One thousand, two hundred and fifty nine patients admitted. A total of 2,234 specimens from 384 patients were analysed (690, 634, 62 and 286 were rectal, throat, nasal and skin swabs respectively). Global APACHE II was 18.3 ± 8 versus 21.7 ± 7.8 in patients colonized/infected on admission. Global mortality was 19.7% versus 22.3% in patients colonized/infected on admission. The higher sensitivities achieved with the different samples for the different microorganism detection were as follows. MRSA: 79% and 90% for nasal and nasal + throat swabs, respectively. MDRAB: 80% and 95% for throat and throat + rectal swabs, respectively. CESBL-KP: 95% and 98% for rectal and rectal + throat swabs, respectively. 94 out of the 384 patients (24.4%) were colonized/infected with MDR at admission. 134 patients (10.6% of the total patients admitted) were colonized/infected with a total of 169 MMR during the hospital stay. MRSA has the earliest colonization/ infection (9.2 ± 6.4days) and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the latest (18.7± 16.4 days). Conclusions. 24.4% of patients were colonized/infected by MDR at admission. Nasal, throat and rectal swabs were the most effective specimens for recovering MRSA, MDRAB and CESBL-KP, respectively. The combination of two specimens improves MDR detection except for CESBL-KP. Skin swabs are worthless. The most prevalent MDR at admission were ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae while the most frequent hospital acquired MDR was MDRAB (AU)

Organ Donation and Elective Ventilation: A Necessary Strategy.

Organ transplantation is the sole treatment to improve or save the life of patients with final-stage organ failure. The shortage of available organs for transplantation constitutes a universal problem, estimating that 10% of patients on waiting lists die. Brain death is an undesirable result; nevertheless, it has beneficial side-effects since it is the most frequent source of organs for transplantation. However, this phenomenon is relatively uncommon and has a limited potential. One of the options that focuses on increasing organ donation is to admit patients with catastrophic brain injuries (with a high probability of brain death and nontreatable) to the Intensive Care Unit, with the only purpose of donation. To perform elective nontherapeutic ventilation (ENTV), a patient's anticipated willingness to donate organs and/or explicit acceptance by his/her relatives is required. This process should focus exclusively on those patients with catastrophic brain injuries and imminent risk of death which, due to its acute damage, are not considered treatable. This article defends ENTV as an effective strategy to improve donation rate, analyzing its ethical and legal basis.

Varicela zóster con fallo multiorgánico fulminante tras altas dosis de corticoides / Varicella Zoster with fulminant multiorgan failure after high-dose corticosteroids

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Por una UCI de puertas abiertas, más confortable y humana. Es tiempo de cambio / For an open-door, more comfortable and humane intensive care unit. It is time for change

La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es un lugar hermoso donde se regala vida, pero también es un lugar hostil donde los pacientes se enfrentan a una enfermedad terrible en condiciones ambientales muy adversas. Es necesario adaptar tanto el diseño como la organización e la UCI para mejorar la privacidad, el bienestar y la confortabilidad de pacientes y familias, cuidando especialmente sus demandas personales y emocionales. Abrir las puertas de la UCI liberalizando el horario de visitas y mejorar los cuidados dirigidos a la familia es una de las asignaturas pendientes que no debemos retrasar más. Debemos dotar a las UCI de modernos respiradores y equipos de monitorización, pero también debemos invertir en organización, diseño, bienestar ambiental y humanización. Necesitamos rediseñar la práctica clínica para quela atención en la UCI sea más confortable y humana. No se debe aplazar más el cambio ya que es una demanda social y profesional ineludible

The Intensive Care Unit is a wonderful place where lives are saved, but it is also a very harsh and unpleasant place where critically ill patients face terrible diseases in very adverse environmental conditions. We must change the design of the ICU and its organization; we must improve privacy, welfare and comfort of patients and families, following their personal and emotional demands. To free up the visiting hours and to improve family care are among our mosturging matters, which we should delay no further. We must equip the ICUs with modern monitors and respirators but we must also invest in organization, design, environmental comfort and humanization. We need to redesign clinical practise so that ICU care becomes more agreeable and humane. We should put off this change no longer, since it is an imperative social and professional demand

[For an open-door, more comfortable and humane intensive care unit. It is time for change]. / Por una UCI de puertas abiertas, más confortable y humana. Es tiempo de cambio.

The Intensive Care Unit is a wonderful place where lives are saved, but it is also a very harsh and unpleasant place where critically ill patients face terrible diseases in very adverse environmental conditions. We must change the design of the ICU and its organization; we must improve privacy, welfare and comfort of patients and families, following their personal and emotional demands. To free up the visiting hours and to improve family care are among our most urging matters, which we should delay no further. We must equip the ICUs with modern monitors and respirators but we must also invest in organization, design, environmental comfort and humanization. We need to redesign clinical practise so that ICU care becomes more agreeable and humane. We should put off this change no longer, since it is an imperative social and professional demand.

Terapia secuencial con medicamentos. Conversión de la vía intravenosa a la vía oral. ¿Una buena estrategia para disminuir la bacteriemia relacionada con catéter? / Sequential drug therapy. Switching from the intravenous to the oral route. A good strategy for reducing catheter-related bacteremia?

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