Malnutrición e inadecuados hábitos de alimentación en bomberos de Panamá

La malnutrición por exceso es un problema de salud pública en Panamá. En bomberos, la malnutrición tiene graves implicaciones en la salud. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional, los hábitos alimentarios y el riesgo cardiovascular de unidades del Benemérito Cuerpo de Bomberos de la Región de Panamá Oeste en Panamá. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de marzo a diciembre 2022. Para la recopilación de hábitos alimentarios se utilizó el formulario de frecuencia de consumo. Para la evaluación nutricional se midió peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura. El riesgo cardiovascular fue estimado a partir de la razón cintura-altura (WHtR, por su acrónimo en inglés). Se evaluaron 100 participantes (79% son hombres) con edad entre 18 a 60 años. El exceso de peso se observó en el 88%, la obesidad en el 58%. El 97% consume frituras y 94% consume bebidas azucaradas. Solo el 20% y 16% consume vegetales y frutas diariamente. El 51% presenta riesgo cardiovascular por WHtR, siendo 39.2% en hombres y 95% en mujeres (p= 0.000). Se observa una alta proporción de exceso de peso, obesidad, obesidad abdominal y riesgo cardiovascular entre los bomberos evaluados. Bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales junto con un alto consumo de bebidas azucaradas y frituras. Es necesario implementar programas de prevención y control de la obesidad, así como brindar educación en alimentación y nutrición para abordar estos problemas de salud.

Malnutrition is a public health problem in Panama. In firefighters, malnutrition has serious health implications. We aim to evaluate the nutritional status, eating habits, and cardiovascular risk of units of the Fire Department of the West Panama Region in Panama. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from March to December 2022. For the collection of eating habits, a food frequency questionnaire was used. Weight, height, and waist circumference were used for the nutritional status evaluation. Cardiovascular risk was estimated from the waist-height ratio (WHtR). 100 participants (79% are men) aged between 18 and 60 years were evaluated. Excess weight was observed in 88%, and obesity in 58%. Cardiovascular risk by WHtR was presented in 51%, 39.2% of males, and 95% of females (p= 0.000). 97% consume fried foods and 94% consume sugary drinks. Only 20% and 16% consume vegetables and fruits daily. A high proportion of excess weight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk among the evaluated firefighters was observed. Low consumption of fruits and vegetables along with a high consumption of sugary drinks and fried foods. It is necessary to implement obesity prevention and control programs, as well as provide food and nutrition education to address these health problems.

Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviour among Panamanian Adults: Results from the National Health Survey of Panama (ENSPA) 2019.

Physical inactivity (PI) has been described as an independent risk factor for a large number of major non-communicable diseases and is associated with an increased risk of premature death. Additionally, sedentary behaviour has been associated with increased overall mortality. We estimated the national prevalence of PI and sedentary behaviour using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire version 2. Using unconditional logistic regressions, the possible risk factors for PI were assessed. Over half of the people included in this study (54.9%; 95% CI: 54.1-57.3%) were physically inactive, with the median time spent engaged in sedentary behaviour being 120 min per day. Statistically significant associations with PI were observed with regard to sex, living area, and alcohol consumption. PI prevalence in Panama was elevated and showed a sex difference (women: 64.7%, 95% CI: 63.7-66.7%; men: 43.4%, 95% CI: 41.5-47.5%). According to our analysis of three-domain-related physical activities, the main contribution to the total estimated energy expenditure of physical activity/week came from the transport domain, followed by the work/household domain, and the least significant contributor was consistently the domain of exercise- and sports-related physical activities.

Prevalence of central obesity according to different definitions in normal weight adults of two cross-sectional studies in Panama.

Background: Central Obesity (CO) might arise among individuals with normal body mass index (BMI). We aim to estimate the prevalence of Normal Weight CO (NWCO), using different definitions, and to compare its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the adult population of Panama. Methods: Data from two population-based studies conducted in Panama in 2010 and 2019 were used. Using standard definitions, normal weight was defined as a BMI between 18·5 and 24·9 while CO was defined as a Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0·5 in both sexes or a Waist Circumference (WC) ≥ 90, ≥94, or ≥102 cm for men, and 80 or 88 cm for women. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between each CO definition and dyslipidemia, high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes, and clusters of cardiovascular risk factors. Findings: Recent CO prevalence ranged between 3·9% (WC ≥ 102 cm for men and WC ≥ 88 cm for women) and 43·9% (WHtR ≥ 0·5) among individuals classify as normal weigh according to the BMI. Different cardiovascular risk factors were present in this normal weight population but among men the threshold of WC ≥ 102 cm screened less than 1·0%. Interpretation: NWCO was associated with cardiovascular risk factors, particularly with elevated concentration of triglycerides. CO evaluation at the primary health care level may be a useful technique to identify normal weight people with metabolically obese characteristics. Funding: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health studies via Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama and Inter-American Development Bank.

Dietary Consumption of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Panama: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The macular pigments of the eye increase with a diet rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, both of which are phytochemicals and important for visual health. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the dietary consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults working at the Universidad de Panamá (University of Panama), Panama City. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with 164 subjects including both men and women >18 y of age and employed at the University of Panama, Panama City, Panama. The data collection was carried out between May and September 2017. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied with 43 foods high in lutein and zeaxanthin, which included eggs as the only source of animal protein, 23 vegetables, 15 fruits, and 4 foods prepared with corn as an ingredient. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age was 45.7 ± 12.7 y (72% women). The mean ± SD and median (IQR) lutein consumption were 2.063 ± 2.334 mg/d and 1.512 (1.385) mg/d, respectively; and for zeaxanthin these were 0.858 ± 0.866 mg/d and 0.550 (0.819) mg/d, respectively. The food products that contributed the most dietary lutein and zeaxanthin were tomatoes, corn tortilla, and egg yolk. CONCLUSION: The consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin is low among people working at the University of Panama, and this is not associated with sociodemographic variables.

Prevalence of obesity in panama: some risk factors and associated diseases.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the prevalence of obesity in Panama and determine some risk factors and associated diseases in adults aged 18 years and older. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the provinces of Panama and Colon where 60.4 % of all Panamanians 18 years or older reside, by administering a survey regarding the consumption of protective and predisposing foods and assessing the development of obesity by measuring the weight, height, and waist circumference of 3590 people. A single-stage, probabilistic, and randomized sampling strategy employing multivariate stratification was used. Individuals with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (men and women) were considered obese. Prevalence and descriptive analysis were conducted according to sex using Odds Ratio, with statistical significance set at a p value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The general prevalence of obesity was 27.1 % (30.9 % women and 18.3 % men). In women, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, being 40-59 years of age, being Afro-Panamanian, consuming beverages / foods rich in sugar, being physically inactive and having a family history of obesity. In men, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, consuming beverages/foods rich in sugar, and having a family history of obesity. Almost the totality of obese women (97.9 %), and 80.0 % of men with obesity had abdominal obesity according to the WHO classification. In both sexes, obesity was a risk factor associated to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL, and low HDL values (<50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men), Odds Ratio > 1.0; P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity represents a very serious threat to Panamanian public health. Our study confirms a direct association in Panama between excess weight, hypertension, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL and low HDL values for women and men (<50 mg/dL and < 40 mg/dL, respectively). Intervention / treatment programs should be targeted, specially, to Afro-Panamanian women, whom are 40-59 years old, living in urban areas, and those having a family history of obesity.

High blood pressure in Panama: prevalence, sociodemographic and biologic profile, treatment, and control (STROBE).

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence, treatment, and control of high blood pressure, hypertension (HBP) in Panama and assess its associations with sociodemographic and biologic factors.A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in Panama by administering a survey on cardiovascular risk factors to 3590 adults and measuring their blood pressure 3 times. A single-stage, probabilistic, and randomized sampling strategy with a multivariate stratification was used. The average blood pressure, confidence intervals (CIs), odds ratio (OR), and a value of P ≤ 0.05 were used for the analysis.The estimated prevalence of HBP was 29.6% (95% CI, 28.0-31.1); it was more prevalent in men than in women, OR = 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17-1.61); it increased with age and was more frequent among Afro-Panamanians (33.8%). HBP was associated with a family history of HBP with being physically inactive and a body mass index ≥25.0 kg/m or a waist circumference >90 cm in men and >88 cm in women (P < 0.001). Of those found to have HBP, 65.6% were aware of having HBP and taking medications, and of these, 47.2% had achieved control (<140/90 mm Hg).HBP is the most common cardiovascular risk factor among Panamanians and consequently an important public health problem in Panama. The health care system needs to give a high priority to HBP prevention programs and integrated care programs aimed at treating HBP, taking into consideration the changes in behavior that have been brought about by alterations in nutrition and sedentary lifestyles.

Prevalence and associated factors of obesity among Panamanian adults. 1982-2010.

BACKGROUND: In Central America, there has been a marked increase in obesity in the last 30 years. Over this time frame, in Panama, there have been lifestyle changes associated with economic development and urbanization that may have facilitated increases in body weight. The aim of the study is to describe the change in the prevalence of obesity in the country since 1982 and to analyze the association of obesity with gender, place of residence and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: We analyzed three nationally representative cross-sectional studies and one sub-national study of Panamanian adults that evaluated anthropometric and socioeconomic variables; ENPA-1982 (n = 11 611), ENV-II 2003 (n = 14 737), ENV-III 2008 (n = 15 484), PREFREC-2010 (n  = 3 590). We also evaluated one nationally representative study that evaluated people's perception of their body weight, ENSCAVI-2007 (n = 25 748). RESULTS: In 1982, the prevalence in males of a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 was 3.8% (3.3-4.2) and in females 7.6% (6.9-8.2). In 2003, the prevalence in males increased to 14.4% (13.6-15.2) and in females to 21.8% (20.8-22.7). In 2008, the prevalence in males was 16.9% (16.0-17.7) and in females it was 23.8% (22.8-24.7). Nevertheless, in 2007, the national perception of being obese was only 4% among males and 6.7% among females. The highest prevalence of obesity was noted in urban areas. Female gender and higher income were found to be positively associated with obesity. Income level was positively associated with abdominal obesity in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a marked increase of obesity in Panama in the last 3 decades. Initiatives to control this problem will have to take into consideration the observed gender difference and the lifestyle changes that have contributed to the rise of this problem.

Prevalencia y etiología de la anemia en Panamá

Desde 1998, el Ministerio de Salud de Panamá desarrolla un programa nacional de suplementación con hierro de forma preventiva en grupos de riesgo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las prevalencia total de anemia y de anemia ferropriva en una muestra representativa nacional de lactantes, preescolares, escolares y embarazadas, pertenecientes a distritos prioritarios y escolares de distritos prioritarios y no prioritarios. Se determinaron Hb, VCM, zinc-protoporfirina, ferritina sérica, proteína C reactiva (PCR) y solubilidad de hemoglobina. La Anemia ferropriva se definió como anemia con dos o más indicadores de nutrición de hierro alterados. Dado que un alto porcentaje de los sujetos presentó una PCR elevada, se utilizó un punto de corte para la ferritina de 50 ug/l. La prevalencia de anemia fue 66% en niños de 9 a 15 meses de edad, 41.8% en niños de 16 a 59 meses, 6.3% en escolares y 23.4% en embarazadas, mientras la prevalencia de anemia ferropriva fue 48.8%, 20.3%, 2.5% y 9.4%, respectivamente en embarazadas. La portación de drepanocitosis fue <2.5%. Conclusión: La anemia ferropriva tiene una alta prevalencia y es la principal causa de anemia en lactantes y preescolares. En embarazadas y escolares los procesos infecciosos constituirían la principal etiología de la anemia. La baja prevalencia de anemia ferropriva en escolares y embarazada es atribuible a la efectividad de la suplementación con hierro. Se requiere de la mejoría de la efectividad del programa nacional de suplementación y medidas destinadas a disminuir la incidencia de infecciones para reducir la prevalencia global de anemia en la población panameña.

From 1998, the Ministry of Health of Panama has a national program of prophylactic iron supplementation of risk groups. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence anemia and of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in a national representative sample of infants, preschool children and pregnant women from high-priority districts and scholar children from high-priority and not high-priority districts. Hb, MCV, zinc-protoporphyrin, serum ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and hemoglobin solubility were measured. IDA was defined as anemia plus two or more abnormal iron nutrition status. Since most of the subjects presented a high CRP, a 50 ug/l cutoff was used for serum ferritin. The prevalence of anemia was 66% in children from 9 to 15 months of age, 41.8% in children of 16 to 59 months, 6.3% in school children and 23.4% in pregnant women, whereas IDA prevalence was 48.8%, 20.3%, 2.5% and 9.4%, respectively. Sickle-cell trait was found in <2.5 % of the subjects. Conclusion, IDA was highly prevalent and the main cause of anemia in infants and preschool children. Infectious processes would constitute the main etiology of anemia in school children and pregnant women. The low prevalence of IDA in scholars and pregnant women is attributable to the effectiveness of the iron supplementation. The improvement of the effectiveness of the national iron supplementation program together with measures to diminish the incidence of infections are required to reduce the prevalence of anemia in the Panamanian population.

Diagnostic accuracy of combined 99mTc-sulesomab and 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow imaging in detecting prosthetic joint infection.

OBJECTIVE(S): Autologous-labeled leukocytes combined with sulfur colloid bone marrow scan is the current nuclear medicine gold standard for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. The goal of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new nuclear medicine modality for detecting infection in this context. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with suspicious hip and knee arthroplasties were enrolled prospectively and underwent nuclear medicine testing using 99mTc-sulesomab and 99mTc-nanocolloids sequentially. These results were then crossed with the final diagnosis to determine the test(s) diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: An isolated 99mTc-sulesomab scan shows 100% sensitivity (0.40-1) and negative predictive value (0.31-1) but only 20% specificity (0.05-0.48). Combining it with a 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow scan increases the specificity (0.75-1) and the positive predictive value (0.40-1) to 100%. Furthermore, the combined test has fewer equivocal readings and higher interreader agreement: κ test value 0.59 vs. 0.44. CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that these technically simpler and ready-to-use products may be an alternative to autologous-labeled leukocytes/sulfur colloid marrow scan.

Adaptación y validación al español del disordered eating attitude scale (DEAS) / Adaptation and validation of the spanish version of the disordered eating attitude scale (DEAS)

Introducción: las creencias, pensamientos, sentimientos, comportamientos y la relación con los alimentos, en su conjunto, constituyen las actitudes alimentarias. Objetivo: desarrollar la versión en español del Disordered Eating Attitude Scale y realizar su evaluación psicométrica. Materiales y métodos: la encuesta original en portugués fue traducida al idioma español, re-traducida y comparada a la versión original, no presentando discrepancias. Se le denominó “Encuesta de actitudes alimentarias” (EAA) y fue aplicada a estudiantes universitarias de habla hispana (n=218). La consistencia interna fue determinada mediante el Alfa de Cronbach. La validez convergente fue establecida por correlación (Spearman) entre la EAA y el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT-26). La fiabilidad fue evaluada aplicando dos veces (test-retest) la EAA en una sub-muestra (n=26), con diferencia de 30 días utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (r). Resultados: la consistencia interna fue de 0,70. Hubo asociación significativamente positiva entre el puntaje total de la EAA con el puntaje obtenido mediante el EAT-26 (r=0,54). La correlación entre el test-retest fue de 0,81. Conclusión: la versión en español de la EAA es fiable, válida y precisa y será de utilidad para evaluar actitudes alimentarias en diferentes grupos poblacionales y en pacientes con trastornos alimentarios en países de habla hispana.

Introduction: the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, behaviors and relationship with food, all together, constitute eating attitudes. Objective: to develop and perform the psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS). Methods: the original scale was translated into Spanish, back translated and compared to the original version; discrepancies were not observed. The Spanish version was applied to Hispanic undergraduate female college students (n=218). Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach´s Alpha; convergent validity was assessed by correlation (Spearman) between Spanish DEAS and the Eating Attitude Test -26 (EAT-26). Reliability was evaluated applying twice the scale to a sub-sample (n=26) within a 30 days interval. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare the test and retest scores. Results: internal consistency was 0,70. The DEAS total score was significantly associated with EAT-26 scores (r=0,54). The correlation between test-retest was r=0.81. Conclusion: the Spanish version of DEAS is reliable, valid and precise and will be useful to evaluate eating attitudes in different population groups and in eating disorder patients in Spanish spoken countries.

[123I] FP-CIT spect study in vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease.

There is substantial evidence to support a role for small vessel disease (SVD) as a cause for vascular parkinsonism (VP). Using [(123)I] FP-CIT SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography), we have tried to determine whether VP patients have pre-synaptic dopaminergic function similar to PD patients, and whether the severity of parkinsonian symptoms as well as the levodopa response in VP patients are correlated with pre-synaptic dopaminergic dysfunction. Thirteen patients fulfilling operational clinical criteria for VP had [(123)I] FP-CIT scans. Mean [(123)I] FP-CIT uptake in the basal ganglia was significantly lower in VP patients than in healthy controls, and the asymmetry index was not significantly different between these groups. In contrast, compared with the PD group, only the mean asymmetry index was significantly lower in VP patients. None of the parameters measured was significantly different between VP patients who had an insidious onset of parkinsonism (VPi) and those who had an acute onset (VPa). There was a significant correlation between the bilateral basal ganglia FP-CIT uptake reduction in the VP patients and UPDRS motor scores, but not with the mean % reduction in motor UPDRS after levodopa. We suggest that in the majority of VP patients, pre-synaptic dopaminergic function is reduced. The presence of a rather symmetrical FP-CIT uptake in the basal ganglia may help to distinguish VP from PD and could therefore be used as a criterion for the clinical diagnosis of VP.

Performance of six severity-of-illness scores in cancer patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of five general severity-of-illness scores (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and III-J, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, and the Mortality Probability Models at admission and at 24 hours of intensive care unit [ICU] stay), and to validate a specific score - the ICU Cancer Mortality Model (CMM) - in cancer patients requiring admission to the ICU. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was performed in an oncological medical/surgical ICU in a Brazilian cancer centre. Data were collected over the first 24 hours of ICU stay. Discrimination was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration was done using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit H-tests. RESULTS: A total of 1257 consecutive patients were included over a 39-month period, and 715 (56.9%) were scheduled surgical patients. The observed hospital mortality was 28.6%. Two performance analyses were carried out: in the first analysis all patients were studied; and in the second, scheduled surgical patients were excluded in order to better compare CMM and general prognostic scores. The results of the two analyses were similar. Discrimination was good for all of the six studied models and best for Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III-J. However, calibration was uniformly insufficient (P < 0.001). General scores significantly underestimated mortality (in comparison with the observed mortality); this was in contrast to the CMM, which tended to overestimate mortality. CONCLUSION: None of the model scores accurately predicted outcome in the present group of critically ill cancer patients. In addition, there was no advantage of CMM over the other general models.

Staging of regional lymph nodes in melanoma patients by means of 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy.

UNLABELLED: Most first relapses in patients with melanoma occur in regional lymph node basins. Such lesions are frequently diagnosed clinically during the first 2 y of follow-up. In the last few years, our group has been studying the usefulness of (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) scintigraphy in the evaluation of recurrent melanoma lesions. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical value of (99m)Tc-MIBI scintigraphy in the diagnosis of subclinical nodal metastases. METHODS: We included 66 patients within 3 mo of melanoma diagnosis, with Breslow thickness > 1.0 mm, all treated with wide local excision of the primary lesion. When (99m)Tc-MIBI scanning was performed, 49 of them did not have evidence of nodal disease, and 17 had clinically questionable regional lymph node lesions. Planar images of lymph node regions were acquired 10 min after injection, using a dose of 740-1,110 MBq and a large-field-of-view gamma camera equipped with a low-energy high-resolution collimator. Scan findings were confirmed by pathology or by clinical follow-up (median, 35 mo). RESULTS: Thirty of 33 patients with regional lymph node metastases received a correct diagnosis, 14 with palpable lesions and 16 with nonpalpable lesions. In 3 cases that were initially (99m)Tc-MIBI negative, nodal metastases were found during follow-up. The following diagnostic values were calculated: sensitivity, 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.98); specificity, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.67-0.94); likelihood ratio of a positive test, 6.0 (95% CI, 2.7-13.5); and likelihood ratio of a negative test, 0.11 (95% CI, 0.036-0.32). CONCLUSION: (99m)Tc-MIBI scanning may have a secondary role in the staging of regional lymph nodes in patients with clinically localized melanoma who are not good candidates for sentinel node biopsy.

Dementia with Lewy bodies versus Alzheimer's disease: role of dopamine transporter imaging.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the common forms of dementia at post-mortem, but distinguishing between these two types of dementia is often very difficult during life. Ioflupane significantly improves the differentiation during life between DLB and AD patients. However, there is a trend for lower caudate uptake in DLB than PD and lower posterior/caudal putamen uptake in PD than in DLB. Further research is needed to test the hypothesis that dopaminergic degeneration may be different, at least regarding anatomical distribution, in DLB and PD. Furthermore, it is important to consider and discuss the potential for ioflupane in the diagnostic workup of patients with DLB.