An exploratory study of fibre microplastics pollution in different process stages of salt production by solar evaporation in Spain.

Microplastics are a pollutant of growing concern. Several studies have found microplastics in table salt worldwide in the last decade, although most have focused on already prepackaged salt. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research analysing the entire salt production process. In this study focused on solar evaporation salinas, brine and salt samples were obtained from each stage of production, starting with the entrance of seawater/brine until the final stage of ready-to-sell salt, in six sites in Spain. We extracted microplastics from each sample after 30 % H2O2 digestion and filtration through cellulose nitrate 5 µm pore filters. Microplastic fibres were optically analysed with an Olympus DSX1000. Results indicate that microplastics are present both in seawater and air, with atmospheric fallout identified as the primary source. Microplastic concentrations from the entrance to the salina till the inlet to the crystallizers ranges from 256 to 1500 items per liter and from 79 to 193 microplastics per kg for packaged salt were estimated. Artisanal salina F shows the highest content in microplastics. This study hopes to give insight into the origin and causes of microplastic pollution in solar evaporation salinas and contribute to preventing this form of pollution in food-grade salt.

Ten Years after the National Alzheimer's Plan: Dementia Remains a Hidden Syndrome in France.

Ten years after the implementation of the French Plan on Alzheimer's Disease (2008-2012), the present study aimed at describing the situation of the persons living with dementia in terms of diagnosis and high-risk situations (living alone, continuing driving, inability to handle budget and to manage medication). Among the 115 dementia cases followed-up in the AMI population-based cohort on aging in 2018 (i.e. ten years after the launch of the Plan), the prevalence of under-diagnosis was similar to the one estimated ten years earlier (53.0% vs. 55.6%). Almost all cases (95.3%) were concerned by high-risk situations (61.2% were unable to handle finances, 48.2% were living alone, 27.1% continued driving). Being diagnosed as demented was not associated with a lower frequency of high-risk situations, excepting for driving (16.7% vs. 37.2%). Ten years after the beginning of the French Alzheimer's Plan, dementia remains a hidden syndrome, with a frequent inadequate management of high-risk situations.

Co-Occurrence of Geriatric Syndromes and Diseases in the General Population: Assessment of the Dimensions of Aging.

OBJECTIVES: The co-occurrence of multiple medical or psycho-social conditions (geriatric syndromes (GS) and age-related diseases) is a growing concern in older people. Given the diversity of these conditions and their complex interactions, our aim was to determine whether they could be structured into synthetic dimensions in order to facilitate the management of multimorbidity. DESIGN: The underlying structure of 10 GSs and 8 age-related diseases was identified using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), and confronted to subjective and objective health outcomes. SETTING: community residents from Bordeaux City (France) older than 75 years in 2010. PARTICIPANTS: 630 adults aged 75+ years who lived in Bordeaux and participated in the 10-year follow-up of the Three-City study. MEASUREMENTS: GSs included physical frailty, cognitive impairment and dementia, dependency, depressive symptoms, polymedication, thinness, falls, sensory deficit, social isolation, incontinence. Age-related diseases were cancer, cardiac diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary diseases, osteoporosis, other chronic diseases. Association of the MCA-derived independent dimensions was assessed with 10-year visit subjective health and well-being, and with incident death and entry into institution during the remaining cohort follow-up. RESULTS: Most of the participants (82%) had at least two age-related syndromes or diseases. The MCA structured the 18 conditions into three major dimensions: Degradation (D) driven by GS, Vascular (V), and Psychosocial (P) representing 68.7%, 7.4%, and 5.7% of the total variance, respectively. Dimension D was a strong predictor of future death and institutionalization. Dimensions D and P were strongly associated with current well-being. CONCLUSIONS: This work confirmed that multimorbidity is very common among older adults, and demonstrated the essential role of GS as manifestations of aging, even more than age-related diseases.

Five-Word Test, Screening of Mixed Dementia in Older Adults. Validation Study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of mixed dementia (MixD), defined as the coexistence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), is likely to increase as the population ages. The five-word test (5WT) is a neuropsychological test that differentiates between major and mild neurocognitive disorder (NCD). The objective of the study is to validate 5WT for the detection of MixD. METHODS: 230 participants were evaluated: cognitively healthy (CH) (n=70), mild NCD (n=70), and major NCD (n=90): AD (n=30), VaD (n=30), and MixD (n=30). The Spearman's coefficient, d Sommer and ROC curves were used to determine the construct validity of the 5WT. The linear regression model was performed to determine the association between age and education with 5WT performance. RESULTS: The mean age was 79 ±7.7 years (P≤.001), 58% were female (P=.252), and the mean education was 9 ±5.3 years (P≤.001). Construct validity when comparing 5WT and MMSE was: Spearman's correlation ρ=.830 (P<.001) and d Sommer=.41 (P<.001). The area under the curve in the total weighted score (TWS) for MixD was .985, with 98% sensitivity (95%CI, 0.96-1.00) and 99% specificity (95%CI, 0.94-1.00), PPV of 88% (95%CI, 0.82-0.89), NPV of 100% (95%CI, 0.96-1.00), and cut-off point ≤16/20 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: 5WT is a rapid test with neuropsychological validation for the exploration of cognitive characteristics in major NCD type MixD, regardless of age and education.

Older People Facing the Crisis of COVID-19: Between Fragility and Resilience.

The health crisis we are facing is challenging seniors' resources and capacities for adaptation and resilience. The PACOVID survey, set up a few days after containment, investigates their psychological and social experiences with regard to the COVID-19 crisis and to what extent these characteristics, representations and attitudes have an impact on health and mortality. A telephone survey is being carried out on 935 people already followed up in the framework of ongoing epidemiological studies. As we are writing this article, the interviews conducted during the containment have just ended. Even though we will have to wait for the analysis of the results to draw conclusions, words collected by the psychologists during the interviews already illustrate a great heterogeneity in the way older adults lived this experience: social isolation, anxiety, the importance of family and the difficulty of being deprived of it, but also remarkable coping skills and resilience capacities.

Effect of poor glycemic control in cognitive performance in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Mexican Health and Aging Study.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is twice more frequent in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was conducted to determine the association between glycemic control and cognitive performance among community-dwelling elderly persons in Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in individuals aged 60 years or elderly participating in the 2012 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Type 2 DM participants were classified in 3 groups according to their glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c): < 7% (intensive control), 7-7.9% (standard control) or ≥ 8% (poor control), and cognitive performance: low (CCCE ≤44 points), intermediate (44.1-59.52 points), or high (≥59.53 points). Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to determine this association. RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen community-dwelling adults aged 60 and older with type 2 diabetes were selected. Subjects in the low cognitive performance group were older (69.7 ± 6.6 vs 65.86 ± 5.18 years, p < .001) and had a lower educational level (2.5 ± 2.6 vs 7.44 ± 4.15 years, p < .000) when compared to the high cognitive performance participants. HbA1c ≥ 8% was associated with having low (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.17, 95% CI 1.17-8.60, p = .024), and intermediate (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.27-8.20, p = .014) cognitive performance; this trend was not found for HbA1c 7.0-7.9% group. The multinomial regression analysis showed that the presence of HbA1c ≥ 8% (poor glycemic control) was associated with low (OR 3.17, 95% CI = 1.17-8.60, p = .024), and intermediate (OR 3.23, 95% CI = 1.27-8.20, p = .014) cognitive performance. After adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control with a HbA1c ≥ 8% was associated with worse cognitive performance.

The Influence of Lifestyle Behaviors on the Incidence of Frailty.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a clinical state defined as an increase in an individual's vulnerability to developing adverse health-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We propose that healthy behaviors could lower the incidence of frailty. The aim is to describe the association between healthy behaviors (physical activity, vaccination, tobacco use, and cancer screening) and the incidence of frailty. DESIGN: This is a secondary longitudinal analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) cohort. SETTING: MHAS is a population-based cohort, of community-dwelling Mexican older adults. With five assessments currently available, for purposes of this work, 2012 and 2015 waves were used. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6,087 individuals 50-year or older were included. MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was defined using a 39-item frailty index. Healthy behaviors were assessed with questions available in MHAS. Individuals without frailty in 2012 were followed-up three years in order to determine their frailty incidence, and its association with healthy behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the odds of frailty occurring according to the four health-related behaviors mentioned above. RESULTS: At baseline (2012), 55.2% of the subjects were male, the mean age was 62.2 (SD ± 8.5) years old. The overall incidence (2015) of frailty was 37.8%. Older adults physically active had a lower incidence of frailty (48.9% vs. 42.2%, p< 0.0001). Of the activities assessed in the adjusted multivariate models, physical activity was the only variable that was independently associated with a lower risk of frailty (odds ratio: 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.88, p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Physically active older adults had a lower 3-year incidence of frailty even after adjusting for confounding variables. Increasing physical activity could therefore represent a strategy for reducing the incidence of frailty. Other so-called healthy behaviors were not associated with incident frailty, however there is still uncertainty on the interpretation of those results.

Región selar: evaluación mediante resonancia magnética de lesiones tumorales y pseudotumorales de baja frecuencia / Sellar region: magnetic resonance imaging assessment of uncommon tumors and pseudotumors

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este artículo es destacar la utilidad de la resonancia magnética en la caracterización anatómica y patológica de la región selar haciendo hincapié en diagnósticos diferenciales de tumores no adenomatosos y pseudotumores poco frecuentes estudiados en nuestra institución. CONCLUSIÓN: La región selar es un espacio anatómico complejo, con múltiples tipos de tejidos a partir de los cuales puede surgir un amplio espectro de patologías. La resonancia magnética es el mejor método por imágenes para estudiar esta región debido a su alta resolución tisular, la caracterización de los patrones de crecimiento tumoral y el comportamiento biológico

OBJECTIVE: To show the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in the anatomic and pathologic characterization of the sellar region, emphasizing the differential diagnosis of uncommon non-adenomatous tumors and pseudotumors studied in our institution. CONCLUSION: The sellar region is a complex anatomic space with diverse types of tissues from which a wide spectrum of diseases can arise. Magnetic resonance imaging's high tissue resolution and ability to characterize the patterns of tumor growth and biological behavior make it the best imaging technique to study this region

Liver transplantation in Mexican older adults: A comparative single-center study. / Trasplante de hígado en adultos mayores mexicanos: un estudio comparativo en un solo centro.

INTRODUCTION: Liver disease is currently one of the leading causes of death in older adults and the only option deemed curative is liver transplantation. However, it is uncertain whether the successful results obtained in older adults that receive a liver transplant in developed countries can be replicated in developing countries. AIM: To determine if there are differences in the survival time between older (≥60years) and younger adults that underwent liver transplantation at a university-affiliated tertiary care center in Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted. It included 244 participants that were divided into 2groups according to age at the time of transplantation: older adults (≥60years) and younger adults (18-59years). Survival time was defined as the number of days that elapsed between transplantation and death. Survival was expressed as Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Median age in the older adults (n=52) was 63.0 (IQR=60-69) and 23 participants were females (44.2%). In the younger adults (n=196) median age was 47.0 (IQR=16-59) and 104 were females (52%). The leading indication for transplant was hepatitisC virus. After the follow-up, fifteen participants died (12 younger adults and 3 older adults). No significant differences were observed between older and younger participants in postoperative complications, the number of re-admissions, or mean post-transplantation survival time. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in relation to survival times between older and younger adults that received a liver transplant. Older patients in developing countries should not be excluded from the selection process due only to age.

Social determinants of health and frailty are associated with all-cause mortality in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal association between the social determinants of health (SDH) and frailty status with all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal study with a sample of adults aged 60 and over of Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) in Mexico. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the SDH and frailty-related hazard ratios (HR) for mortality over the study period. RESULTS: Overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Higher education, having a higher frequency of inter-personal contacts (HR=0.96; p<0.01) reduced the risk of dying, after adjusting for potential confounders. While, not counting on someone to trust (HR= 1.59; p<0.03) and having a sense a lack of control over important decisions in life increased the mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: Given that frailty and the SDH affect health using independent pathways, public health systems in Mexico could benefit from increasing the capacity of identifying frail and isolated older adults and providing a risk-stratified health care accordingly.

OBJETIVO: Examinar la asociación longitudinal entre los determinantes sociales en salud (DSS) y la fragilidad con la mortalidad por todas las causas en adultos mayores mexicanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal con una muestra de adultos mayores de 60 años o más del estudio Envejecimiento Global y Salud de los Adultos (SAGE, por sus siglas en inglés) en México. Se utilizó el modelo riesgos proporcionales de Cox para estimar la asociación entre DSS y la fragilidad en la mortalidad. RESULTADOS: La tasa de mortalidad general fue 16.9%. Tener mayor educación y una mayor frecuencia de contactos interpersonales (HR= 0.96, p<0.01) reducen el riesgo de morir, después de ajustar por covariables. Mientras tanto, no contar con alguien en quien confiar (HR= 1.59; p<0.03) y tener una sensación de falta de control sobre las decisiones importantes en la vida aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: Dado que la fragilidad y los DSS inciden sobre la salud usando vías independientes, el sistema de salud de México se beneficiaría al incrementar su capacidad para detectar a los adultos mayores frágiles y con aislamiento social, para proveer cuidados a la salud.

Social determinants of health and frailty are associated with all-cause mortality in older adults / Los determinantes de la salud y la fragilidad están asociados con la mortalidad por todas las causas en adultos mayores

Abstract: Objective: To examine the longitudinal association between the social determinants of health (SDH) and frailty status with all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study with a sample of adults aged 60 and over of Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) in Mexico. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the SDH and frailty-related hazard ratios (HR) for mortality over the study period. Results: Overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Higher education, having a higher frequency of inter-personal contacts (HR=0.96;p<0.01) reduced the risk of dying, after adjusting for potential confounders. While, not counting on someone to trust (HR= 1.59;p<0.03) and having a sense a lack of control over important decisions in life increased the mortality risk. Conclusions: Given that frailty and the SDH affect health using independent pathways, public health systems in Mexico could benefit from increasing the capacity of identifying frail and isolated older adults and providing a risk-stratified health care accordingly.

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar la asociación longitudinal entre los determinantes sociales en salud (DSS) y la fragilidad con la mortalidad por todas las causas en adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal con una muestra de adultos mayores de 60 años o más del estudio Envejecimiento Global y Salud de los Adultos (SAGE, por sus siglas en inglés) en México. Se utilizó el modelo riesgos proporcionales de Cox para estimar la asociación entre DSS y la fragilidad en la mortalidad. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad general fue 16.9%. Tener mayor educación y una mayor frecuencia de contactos interpersonales (HR= 0.96,p<0.01) reducen el riesgo de morir, después de ajustar por covariables. Mientras tanto, no contar con alguien en quien confiar (HR= 1.59;p<0.03) y tener una sensación de falta de control sobre las decisiones importantes en la vida aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad. Conclusiones: Dado que la fragilidad y los DSS inciden sobre la salud usando vías independientes, el sistema de salud de México se beneficiaría al incrementar su capacidad para detectar a los adultos mayores frágiles y con aislamiento social, para proveer cuidados a la salud.

Perceptions of aging and ageism among Mexican physicians-in-training.

INTRODUCTION: Attributing negative stereotypes to older adults (ageism) may lead to undertreatment, but little is known about the prevalence of ageism among physicians treating patients with cancer in Ibero-America. We studied stereotypes of aging among Mexican physicians-in-training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicians-in-training attending an oncology meeting answered the "Negative Attributes and Positive Potential in Old Age" survey. Ten questions assessed positive characteristics of aging (PPOA; score 1-4, higher scores represent a positive perception), and four assessed negative characteristics (NAOA; score 1-4, higher score representing a negative perception). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the questionnaires. Participants completed the "Image-of-Aging" question by writing five words describing older adults and young individuals. Each word was rated from - 5 (negative) to + 5 (positive), and presented as word clouds. RESULTS: One hundred physicians-in-training (median age 28.5) were included. For the PPOA scale, the mean score was 2.9 (SD 0.4), while for the NAOA scale it was 2.1 (SD 0.4). Perceptions of aging were better among women and trainees enrolled in geriatrics and/or oncology-related programs. In the "Image-of-Aging" questions, median rating of words describing older adults was - 2, compared to + 3 for young individuals (p < 0.001). Among words used to describe older adults, the most frequent was "frail/frailty" (n = 45), while "health" (n = 46) was the most frequent for younger individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican physicians-in-training showed mostly negative perceptions of aging, exemplified by the use of negative terms to describe older adults. Creating educational initiatives aimed at decreasing ageism among oncology trainees is necessary across Ibero-America.

Sellar region: magnetic resonance imaging assessment of uncommon tumors and pseudotumors. / Región selar: evaluación mediante resonancia magnética de lesiones tumorales y pseudotumorales de baja frecuencia.

OBJECTIVE: To show the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in the anatomic and pathologic characterization of the sellar region, emphasizing the differential diagnosis of uncommon non-adenomatous tumors and pseudotumors studied in our institution. CONCLUSION: The sellar region is a complex anatomic space with diverse types of tissues from which a wide spectrum of diseases can arise. Magnetic resonance imaging's high tissue resolution and ability to characterize the patterns of tumor growth and biological behavior make it the best imaging technique to study this region.

Psychosocioeconomic Precariousness and Frailty: The Respective Contribution in Predicting Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status and frailty are factors of vulnerability in old age. They are both well-known risk factors of death. On the other hand, low socioeconomic status has been reported as a predictor of frailty, which questions the relationship between socioeconomic status, frailty and death. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to explore the respective contribution of psychosocioeconomic precariousness - which covers socioeconomic status and also psychosocial vulnerability - and frailty in predicting mortality. DESIGN: Prospective population-based study. SETTING: Three-City (3C) Bordeaux study, France. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 1586 subjects aged 65 or older. MEASUREMENTS: Psychosocioeconomic precariousness was assessed utilizing a structured instrument which assessed poor socioeconomic status, and psychosocial vulnerability. Frailty status was defined by Fried's phenotype. RESULTS: After 14 years of follow-up, 665 deaths (42%) occurred. Psychosocioeconomic precariousness and frailty had both an independent contribution to mortality prediction (hazard ratio (HR) 1.51 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.07)) and (HR 1.68 (95% CI 1.19-2.38)), respectively. Such relationships were adjusted for age, sex, disability, and comorbidities. No interaction term was found between precariousness and frailty. CONCLUSIONS: If psychosocioeconomic precariousness and frailty are both aspects of vulnerability in old age, they have a non-overlapping contribution in the prediction of mortality. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both psychosocioeconomic precariousness and frailty when identifying elderly people at risk of death.

Brain volume loss and no evidence of disease activity over 3 years in multiple sclerosis patients under interferon beta 1a subcutaneous treatment.

The objective of our study was to evaluate the relationship of percentage of annualized brain volume loss (aBVL) and no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients under interferon beta 1-a subcutaneous treatment (IFN-beta) during 3 years of follow up. Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients, with less than three years from disease onset, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) ≤3 and in which IFN beta 1-a 44 mcg was indicated, were included. Demographic, clinical and structural parameters from the magnetic resonance (MR) during the 3 years of follow up were analyzed and compared between patients with and without NEDA (defined as the absence of: (a) three-month confirmed disability progression defined as an increase in EDSS score of 1.0; (b) confirmed relapses; and (c) new or enlarged T2 lesions and/or Gd+ lesions). A total of 87 patients, mean age 33 ±â€¯6 years were included. NEDA was reached by 39 patients at year 3. Percentage of aBVL from baseline to months 24 in NEDA patients was -1.1% vs. -1.54% in patients without NEDA (p < 0.001) and from baseline to month 36 it was -1.43% vs. -2.1% (p < 0.001) in patients with and without NEDA, respectively. At 3 years follow up, patients who received IFN beta 1a and were disease-free had lower percentage of aBVL compared to patients with disease activity.

Cancer and aging in Ibero-America.

Population aging represents a worldwide challenge. In Ibero-America (Spain, Portugal, and the American countries in which the Spanish or Portuguese language are spoken), the number of older adults is growing, leading to an increase in aging-related diseases such as cancer. Older adults already account for half of all cancer cases in Ibero-America, and this proportion will continue to increase. Furthermore, Ibero-American healthcare systems are not adequately prepared to provide care for older adults with cancer, mainly due to a lack of resources and generalized paucity of geriatric training for healthcare providers. Across the region, several clinical initiatives, educational activities and research collaborations have been established to set the foundations of Ibero-American geriatric oncology and to increase the geriatric knowledge among healthcare providers. This article provides an overview of the current landscape of geriatric oncology in Ibero-America, highlighting its critical challenges, opportunities for improvement and collaboration, and future directions.

Frailty Is not Associated with Mistreatment.

Muscle Frailty has been previously associated with increased vulnerability for adverse health-related outcomes that could lead to social consequences such as mistreatment. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the association between frailty and mistreatment in 852 community-dwelling persons aged 70 or older. Mistreatment was defined as one positive answer in the Geriatric Mistreatment Scale and frailty was used as a continuum where the greater number of positive criteria according to Fried et al. indicates a higher frailty score. Multivariate logistic regression models were run to establish this association. The mean age of participants was 77.7 years (SD=6.1). Prevalence of frailty phenotype and mistreatment were 13.9% and 20% respectively. Unadjusted analysis showed frailty score was associated with mistreatment (OR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.3, p=0.022). However, after adjustment, the association was no longer present. The results showed that in the presence of other geriatric syndromes such as disability or depression, frailty did not show association with mistreatment in this population.

Successful Aging, a New Challenge for Developing Countries: The Coyoacán Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the socio-demographic and health factors associated with a biomedical phenotype of successful aging (SA) among Mexican community-dwelling elderly. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional study of 935 older adults aged 70 or older participating in the Mexican Study of Nutritional and Psychosocial Markers of Frailty. MEASUREMENTS: SA was operationalized in accordance with the phenotype proposed by Rowe and Kahn. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out in order to identify the correlates of SA. RESULTS: The phenotype of SA was present in 10% of participants. Age (P < 0.001), illiteracy (P = 0.021), polypharmacy (P < 0.001), and physical pain (P < 0.001) were factors independently and inversely associated with the presence of the SA phenotype. The only variable positively associated with SA was good self-perceived health-status (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although age is not modifiable, several other factors associated with SA are. If we are to promote SA, efforts should be made towards improving those modifiable factors negatively associated with its presence, such as pain or polypharmacy. Also, enhancing factors positively associated to it might play a role in improving wellbeing.

Factors associated with mixed dementia vs Alzheimer disease in elderly Mexican adults. / Factores asociados a la demencia mixta en comparación con demencia tipo Alzheimer en adultos mayores mexicanos.

INTRODUCTION: Mixed dementia (DMix) refers to dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease in addition to cerebrovascular disease. The study objectives were to determine the clinical and imaging factors associated with Dmix and compare them to those associated with Alzheimer disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 225 subjects aged 65 years and over from a memory clinic in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. All patients underwent clinical, neuropsychological, and brain imaging studies. We included patients diagnosed with DMix or Alzheimer disease (AD). A multivariate analysis was used to determine factors associated with DMix. RESULTS: We studied 137 subjects diagnosed with Dmix. Compared to patients with AD, Dmix patients were older and more likely to present diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and history of cerebrovascular disease (P<.05). The multivariate analysis showed that hypertension (OR 1.92, CI 1.62-28.82; P=.009), white matter disease (OR 3.61, CI 8.55-159.80; P<.001), and lacunar infarcts (OR 3.35, CI 1.97-412.34; P=.014) were associated with Dmix, whereas a history of successfully treated depression showed an inverse association (OR 0.11, CI 0.02-0-47; P=.004) CONCLUSIONS: DMix may be more frequent than AD. Risk factors such as advanced age and other potentially modifiable factors were associated with this type of dementia. Clinicians should understand and be able to define Dmix.

Frailty Across Age Groups.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of an aging biomarker into clinical practice is under debate. The Frailty Index is a model of deficit accumulation and has shown to accurately capture frailty in older adults, thus bridging biological with clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: To describe the association of socio-demographic characteristics and the Frailty Index in different age groups (from 20 to over one hundred years) in a representative sample of Mexican subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Nationwide and population-representative survey. PARTICIPANTS: Adults 20-years and older interviewed during the last Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012). MEASUREMENTS: A 30-item Frailty Index following standard construction was developed. Multi-level regression models were performed to test the associations of the Frailty Index with multiple socio-demographic characteristics across age groups. RESULTS: A total of 29,504 subjects was analyzed. The 30-item Frailty Index showed the highest scores in the older age groups, especially in women. No sociodemographic variable was associated with the Frailty Index in all the studied age groups. However, employment, economic income, and smoking status were more consistently found across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the Frailty Index in a representative large sample of a Latin American country. Increasing age and gender were closely associated with a higher score.