Interactions of the Fungal Community in the Complex Patho-System of Esca, a Grapevine Trunk Disease.

Worldwide, Esca is a complex and devastating Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD), characterized by inconstant foliar symptoms and internal wood degradation. A large range of fungal taxa have been reported as causal agents. We applied both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods (Illumina Technology and q-PCR) to investigate this concerning disease. Woods from vines with asymptomatic leaves and vines with leaf Esca symptoms were compared. Internally, different types of wood were found, from healthy wood with black necrosis to wood with white rot. A combination of leaf and wood Esca symptoms resulted in four experimental categories. Although there was no relation with symptoms, culture-independent mycobiome composition revealed Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a GTD pathogen, as the most abundant species (detected in 85.4% of wood samples, with 14.8% relative abundance). Using TaqMan q-PCR, P. chlamydospora DNA was detected in 60.4% of samples (far from the 18.8% of positive results in the culture-dependent approach). There was a predominance of saprotrophs, even if their abundance was not affected by Esca symptoms. Concerning pathotrophs, the white rot development within grapevines was linked to the abundance of fungi belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family. The Botryosphaeriaceae family was identified as an indicator for expression of Esca foliar symptoms. Lastly, the Aureobasidiaceae family was found to be a potential biocontrol agent for Esca, since it was most abundant in the control asymptomatic plants.

An Asp376Glu substitution in ALS gene and enhanced metabolism confers high tribenuron-methyl resistance in Sinapis alba.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides (group 2) have been widely applied for the last 20 years to control Sinapis alba in cereal crops from southern Spain. In 2008, a tribenuron-methyl (TM) resistant (R) S. alba population was first reported in a cereal field in Malaga (southern Spain). In 2018, three suspected R S. alba populations (R1, R2 and R3) to TM were collected from three different fields in Granada (southern Spain, 100 km away from Malaga). The present work aims to confirm the putative resistance of these populations to TM and explore their resistance mechanisms. Dose-response assays showed that the R1, R2 and R3 populations ranging between 57.4, 44.4 and 57.1 times more resistance to TM than the susceptible population (S). A mutation in the ALS gene (Asp376Glu) was detected in the Rs S. alba populations. 14C-metabolism studies show that metabolites and TM were changing significantly faster in the R than in the S plants. Alternative chemical control trials showed that 2,4-D and MCPA (auxin mimics), glyphosate (enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase,EPSPS, inhibitor-group 9), metribuzin (PSII inhibitors/Serine 264 Binders, -group 5) and mesotrione (hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, HPPD, inhibitor-group 27) presented a high control of the four populations of S. alba tested, both S and R. Based on these results, it is the first case described where the Asp376Glu mutation and P450-mediated metabolism participates in resistance to TM in S. alba. Comparing these results with those found in the S. alba population in Malaga in 2008, where the resistance was TSR type (Pro197Ser), we can suggest that despite the geographical proximity (over 100 km), the resistance in these cases was due to different evolutionary events.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático postcolangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica / A post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography subcapsular hepatic hematoma

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A post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography subcapsular hepatic hematoma.

Nowadays endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a minimally invasive technique with a complication rate around 2.5% in expert hands, being the most frequent: acute pancreatitis, cholangitis, hemorrhage and perforation. An exceptional complication is subcapsular hepatic hematoma, first published in the literature in 2000, with few cases reported. Regarding the case published by Del Moral Martínez et al (Hepatic Hematoma after ERCP: presentation of two new cases. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2017, Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 470-473) we would like to contribute a reflection based on a recent clinical case in our center.

Riesgo de mortalidad asociado a enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento de 13 años / Risk of mortality associated to chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 13-year follow-up

Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la influencia de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y de la excreción de albúmina urinaria (EAU) sobre el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo con inclusión de pacientes con DM2. El punto final clínico fue mortalidad total. La TFG se midió en ml/min/1,73 m2 con estratificación en 3 categorías (≥60; 45-59; <45) y la EAU en mg/24h con estratificación también en 3 categorías (<30; 30-300; >300). Se evaluaron las tasas de mortalidad por cada 1.000 pacientes/año y, mediante regresión de Cox, el riesgo de mortalidad asociado con las categorías de TFG y EAU. El poder predictivo se midió con el estadístico C de Harrell. Resultados: Se incluyó a 453 pacientes (39,3% varones, edad 64,9 [DE 9,3] años y evolución de DM2 10,4 [DE 7,5] años). Durante una mediana de 13 años de seguimiento, la tasa de mortalidad total fue de 39,5/1.000, con incremento progresivo ante descenso de la TFG y aumento de la EAU (p < 0,001). En análisis multivariante la EAU (HR30-300 = 1,02 y HR>300 = 2,83; chi2 = 11,6; p = 0,003) y la TFG (HR45-59 = 1,34 y HR<45= 1,84; chi2 = 6,4; p = 0,041) fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad sin interacción significativa. La inclusión de TFG y EAU mejoró la capacidad predictiva de los modelos (C de Harrell 0,741 vs. 0,726; p = 0,045). Conclusiones: La TFG y la EAU son predictores independientes de mortalidad en pacientes con DM2, sin interacción significativa (AU)

Objective: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to predict the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: This is a prospective cohort study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical end-point was mortality rate. GFR was measured in ml/min/1.73 m2 and stratified in 3 categories (≥60; 45-59; <45); UAE was measured in mg/24 hours and was also stratified in 3 categories (<30; 30-300; >300). Mortality rates were reported per 1000 patient years. Cox regression models were used to predict mortality risk associated with combined GFR and UAE. The predictive power was estimated with C-Harrell statistic. Results: A total of 453 patients (39.3% males), aged 64.9 (SD 9.3) years were included; mean diabetes duration was 10.4 (SD 7.5) years. Median follow-up was 13 years. Total mortality rate was 39.5/1000. The progressive increase in mortality in the successive categories of GFR and UAE was statistically significant (P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, UAE (HR30- 300 = 1.02 and HR> 300 = 2.83; X2 = 11.6; P =.003) and GFR (HR45-59 = 1.34 and HR< 45=1.84; X2 = 6.4; P =.041) were independent predictors for mortality, with no significant interaction. Simultaneous inclusion of GFR and UAE improved the predictive power of models (C-Harrell 0.741 vs. 0.726; P =.045). Conclusions: GFR and UAE are independent predictors for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and do not show a statistically significant interaction (AU)

Risk of mortality associated to chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 13-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to predict the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical end-point was mortality rate. GFR was measured in ml/min/1.73 m2 and stratified in 3 categories (≥60; 45-59; <45); UAE was measured in mg/24hours and was also stratified in 3 categories (<30; 30-300; >300). Mortality rates were reported per 1000 patient-years. Cox regression models were used to predict mortality risk associated with combined GFR and UAE. The predictive power was estimated with C-Harrell statistic. RESULTS: A total of 453 patients (39.3% males), aged 64.9 (SD 9.3) years were included; mean diabetes duration was 10.4 (SD 7.5) years. Median follow-up was 13 years. Total mortality rate was 39.5/1000. The progressive increase in mortality in the successive categories of GFR and UAE was statistically significant (P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, UAE (HR30-300=1.02 and HR>300=2.83; X2=11.6; P =.003) and GFR (HR45-59=1.34 and HR<45=1.84; X2=6.4; P =.041) were independent predictors for mortality, with no significant interaction. Simultaneous inclusion of GFR and UAE improved the predictive power of models (C-Harrell 0.741 vs. 0.726; P =.045). CONCLUSIONS: GFR and UAE are independent predictors for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and do not show a statistically significant interaction.

[Risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in non-critical patients with total parenteral nutrition]. / Factores de riesgo de aparición de bacteriemia asociada al catéter en pacientes no críticos con nutrición parenteral total.

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is one of the most important complications in patients with a central venous catheter (CVC), due to its association with increased mortality, morbidity and health care cost. The administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is considered a CRBSI risk factor. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence rate and risk factors of CRBSI in patients with TPN that were hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study in non-critical patients who received TPN and were admitted at our hospital from January 2010 to November 2011. The clinical end point was the CRBSI. CRBSI incidence rate was calculated from episodes by every 1000 CVC-day. CRBSI independent risk factors were obtained from logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 331 patients were prescribed TPN during our study. The mean time of catheterization was 12.4 (DE 8.7) days and the mean TPN duration was 10.4 (DE 8.3) days. 47 cases of CRBSI were recorded, with an incidence rate of 11.4/1,000 CVC-day and of 13.7/1,000 NPT-day. Risk factors for CRBSI on univariante analysis included duration of catheterization more than 20 days (OR = 2.48; IC 95%: 1.16-5.26), TPN duration more than 2 weeks (OR= 4.63; IC 95%: 2.16-9.90) and the presence of fistulas (OR = 3.08; IC 95%: 1.24-7.63). At multivariate analysis, TPN duration (OR for a duration more than 14 days= 4.9; IC 95%: 2.2-10.9; p < 0.0001) was the only independent risk factor for CRBSI. CONCLUSION: In non-critical adult patients hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards, we have demonstrated that duration of TPN infusion increases the CRBSI risk. This risk increase is especially remarkable, being multiplied by 5, with a duration superior to 2 weeks.

Introducción: La bacteriemia asociada al catéter (BAC) es una de las complicaciones más importantes en pacientes portadores de un catéter venoso central (CVC) debido a su asociación con un incremento en la mortalidad, morbilidad y gasto sanitario. La administración de nutrición parenteral total (NPT) aumenta el riesgo de aparición de BAC. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la tasa de incidencia y los factores de riesgo de BAC en pacientes con NPT hospitalizados en plantas médico-quirúrgicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo donde se analizaron a todos los pacientes adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT desde enero de 2010 hasta noviembre de 2011. El punto final clínico fue la BAC. La tasa de incidencia de BAC se calculó en forma de episodios por cada 1.000 pacientes-día de cateterización. Los factores predictivos independientes de BAC se determinaron mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio precisaron NPT un total de 331 pacientes. La duración media del CVC fue de 12,4 (DE 8,7) días y la NPT fue infundida durante un periodo medio de 10,4 (DE 8,3) días. 47 pacientes presentaron BAC, con una tasa de incidencia de 11,4/1.000 pacientes- día de CVC y de 13,7/1.000 pacientes-día de NPT. Los factores predictores univariantes de aparición de BAC fueron la permanencia del CVC superior a 20 días (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,16-5,26), la duración de la NPT superior a 2 semanas (OR = 4,63; IC 95%: 2,16-9,90) y la presencia de fístulas (OR = 3,08; IC 95%: 1,24-7,63). En análisis multivariante, el único predictor independiente de BAC fue la duración de la NPT (OR para una duración superior a 14 días = 4,9; IC 95%: 2,2-10,9; p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: En pacientes adultos hospitalizados en plantas diferentes a UCI, hemos demostrado que la duración de la infusión de la NPT incrementa el riesgo de BAC. El incremento de riesgo es especialmente marcado, llegando a multiplicarse por 5, con duraciones superiores a las 2 semanas.

Factores de riesgo de aparición de bacteriemia asociada al catéteren pacientes no críticos con nutrición parenteral total / Risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in non-critical patients with total parenteral nutrition

Introducción: La bacteriemia asociada al catéter (BAC) es una de las complicaciones más importantes en pacientes portadores de un catéter venoso central (CVC) debido a su asociación con un incremento en la mortalidad, morbilidad y gasto sanitario. La administración de nutrición parenteral total (NPT) aumenta el riesgo de aparición de BAC. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la tasa de incidencia y los factores de riesgo de BAC en pacientes con NPT hospitalizados en plantas médico-quirúrgicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo donde se analizaron a todos los pacientes adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT desde enero de 2010 hasta noviembre de 2011. El punto final clínico fue la BAC. La tasa de incidencia de BAC se calculó en forma de episodios por cada 1.000 pacientes-día de cateterización. Los factores predictivos independientes de BAC se determinaron mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio precisaron NPT un total de 331 pacientes. La duración media del CVC fue de 12,4 (DE 8,7) días y la NPT fue infundida durante un periodo medio de 10,4 (DE 8,3) días. 47 pacientes presentaron BAC, con una tasa de incidencia de 11,4/1.000 pacientes-día de CVC y de 13,7/1.000 pacientes-día de NPT. Los factores predictores univariantes de aparición de BAC fueron la permanencia del CVC superior a 20 días (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,16-5,26), la duración de la NPT superior a 2 semanas (OR = 4,63; IC 95%: 2,16-9,90) y la presencia de fístulas (OR = 3,08; IC 95%: 1,24-7,63). En análisis multivariante, el único predictor independiente de BAC fue la duración de la NPT (OR para una duración superior a 14 días = 4,9; IC 95%: 2,2-10,9; p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: En pacientes adultos hospitalizados en plantas diferentes a UCI, hemos demostrado que la duración de la infusión de la NPT incrementa el riesgo de BAC. El incremento de riesgo es especialmente marcado, llegando a multiplicarse por 5, con duraciones superiores a las 2 semanas (AU)

Introduction: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is one of the most important complications in patients with a central venous catheter (CVC), due to its association with increased mortality, morbidity and health care cost. The administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is considered a CRBSI risk factor. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence rate and risk factors of CRBSI in patients with TPN that were hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards. Methods: This is a prospective observational study in non-critical patients who received TPN and were admitted at our hospital from January 2010 to November 2011. The clinical end point was the CRBSI. CRBSI incidence rate was calculated from episodes by every 1000 CVC-day. CRBSI independent risk factors were obtained from logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 331 patients were prescribed TPN during our study. The mean time of catheterization was 12.4 (DE 8.7) days and the mean TPN duration was 10.4 (DE 8.3) days. 47 cases of CRBSI were recorded, with an incidence rate of 11.4/1,000 CVC-day and of 13.7/1,000 NPT-day. Risk factors for CRBSI on univariante analysis included duration of catheterization more than 20 days (OR = 2.48; IC 95%: 1.16-5.26), TPN duration more than 2 weeks (OR= 4.63; IC 95%: 2.16-9.90) and the presence of fistulas (OR = 3.08; IC 95%: 1.24-7.63). At multivariate analysis, TPN duration (OR for a duration more than 14 days= 4.9; IC 95%: 2.2-10.9; p < 0.0001) was the only independent risk factor for CRBSI. Conclusion: In non-critical adult patients hospitalized at the medical-surgical wards, we have demonstrated that duration of TPN infusion increases the CRBSI risk. This risk increase is especially remarkable, being multiplied by 5, with a duration superior to 2 weeks (AU)

[Prevalence and predictive factors of parietal cell antibody positivity in autoimmune thyroid disease]. / Prevalencia y factores predictivos de la presencia de anticuerpos anticélula parietal gástrica en la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with ATD. The presence of PCA was determined. Elevated antithyroid antibodies (ATAs) were defined as those higher than the 75th percentile of distribution. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to assess the independent contribution of the following variables to PCA positivity: age, sex, hemoglobin, medium corpuscular volume (MCV), dose/Kg of levothyroxine (LT4), disease duration and elevated ATA levels. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included (137 females). The mean age was 45.7 (SD 15) years and disease duration was 4.5 (SD 4) years. Forty-three patients (29%) with Graves' disease and 105 (71%) with primary hypothyroidism were included. The 75th percentile of distribution was 420U/ml for anti-peroxidase antibodies and 200U/ml for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. PCA positivity was found in 30 patients, with an overall prevalence of 20.3%. PCA positivity with titers higher than 1/640 was found in 19 patients (12.8%). The only independent predictive factor of PCA positivity was the presence of elevated levels of ATAs (odds ratio (OR)=3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-8.6; p=0.04). The only independent predictive factor of PCA positivity at titers >/=1/640 was also the presence of elevated levels of ATAS (OR=7.3; 95% CI: 1.6-32.7; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PCA positivity in patients with ATD was 20%. Elevated levels of ATAs increase the risk of PCA positivity.

Prevalencia y factores predictivos de la presencia de anticuerpos anticelula parietal gastrica en la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune / Prevalence and predictive factors of parietal cell antibody positivity in autoimmune thyroid disease

Introducción Evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a las células parietales gástricas (ACP) en pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune (ETI). Material y métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal con inclusión de pacientes con ETI. Se determinó la presencia de ACP. Se definieron como títulos elevados de anticuerpos antitiroideos (ATAS) niveles de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa o antitiroglobulina superiores al percentil 75. Mediante modelo de regresión logística se evaluó la contribución independiente de las siguientes variables a la presencia de ACP positivos: edad, sexo, hemoglobina, volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), dosis/k de levotiroxina (LT4), duración de la ETI y títulos elevados de ATAS. Resultados Se incluyeron 148 pacientes (137 mujeres) con edad de 45,7 (DE 15) años y duración de la enfermedad de 4,5 (DE 4) años. De ellos, 43 (29%) tenían enfermedad de Graves y 105 (71%) hipotiroidismo primario. El percentil 75 fue para anticuerpos anti-peroxidasa 420U/ml y para anticuerpos antitiroglobulina 200U/ml. Los ACP fueron positivos en 30 pacientes, con una prevalencia global del 20,3%. Títulos iguales o superiores a 1/640 aparecieron en 19 pacientes (12,8%). El único factor predictivo independiente de ACP positivos fue la presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS (Odds Ratio [OR]=3; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 1,1–8,6; p=0,04). El único factor predictivo independiente de ACP positivos a títulos iguales o superiores a 1/640 fue también la presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS (OR=7,3; IC 95% 1,6–32,7; p=0,009). Conclusiones La prevalencia de ACP positivos en pacientes con ETI fue del 20%. La presencia de títulos elevados de ATAS incrementa el riesgo de aparición de ACP positivos (AU)

Background and objectives Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). Material and Methods We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with ATD. The presence of PCA was determined. Elevated antithyroid antibodies (ATAs) were defined as those higher than the 75th percentile of distribution. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to assess the independent contribution of the following variables to PCA positivity: age, sex, hemoglobin, medium corpuscular volume (MCV), dose/Kg of levothyroxine (LT4), disease duration and elevated ATA levels.