Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue. The most significant risk is the acquisition of these mechanisms by pathogenic bacteria, which can have a severe clinical impact and pose a public health risk. This problem assumes that bacterial fitness is a constant phenomenon and should be approached from an evolutionary perspective to develop the most appropriate and effective strategies to contain the emergence of strains with pathogenic potential. Resistance mechanisms can be understood as adaptive processes to stressful conditions. This review examines the relevance of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We focus on the interactions in the cellular physiology of pathogenic bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, and specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae. From a clinical research perspective, understanding these interactions is crucial for comprehensively understanding the phenomenon of resistance and developing more effective drugs and treatments to limit or attenuate bacterial sepsis, since the most conserved adjuvant phenomena in bacterial physiology has turned out to be more optimized and, therefore, more susceptible to alterations due to pharmacological action.

Genome analysis of haloalkaline isolates from the soda saline crater lake of Isabel Island; comparative genomics and potential metabolic analysis within the genus Halomonas.

BACKGROUND: Isabel Island is a Mexican volcanic island primarily composed of basaltic stones. It features a maar known as Laguna Fragatas, which is classified as a meromictic thalassohaline lake. The constant deposition of guano in this maar results in increased levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon. The aim of this study was to utilize high-quality genomes from the genus Halomonas found in specialized databases as a reference for genome mining of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from Laguna Fragatas. This research involved genomic comparisons employing phylogenetic, pangenomic, and metabolic-inference approaches. RESULTS: The Halomonas genus exhibited a large open pangenome, but several genes associated with salt metabolism and homeostatic regulation (ectABC and betABC), nitrogen intake through nitrate and nitrite transporters (nasA, and narGI), and phosphorus uptake (pstABCS) were shared among the Halomonas isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated bacteria demonstrate consistent adaptation to high salt concentrations, and their nitrogen and phosphorus uptake mechanisms are highly optimized. This optimization is expected in an extremophile environment characterized by minimal disturbances or abrupt seasonal variations. The primary significance of this study lies in the dearth of genomic information available for this saline and low-disturbance environment. This makes it important for ecosystem conservation and enabling an exploration of its biotechnological potential. Additionally, the study presents the first two draft genomes of H. janggokensis.

Gene as a dynamical notion: An extensive and integrative vision. Redefining the gene concept, from traditional to genic-interaction, as a new dynamical version.

The current concept of gene has been very useful during the 20th and 21st centuries. However, recent advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics, which have further diversified the functional and adaptive profile of genetic information and its integration with cell physiology and environmental response, have contributed to focusing on additional new gene properties besides the traditional definition. Considering the inherent complexity of gene expression, whose adaptive objective must be referred to the Tortoise-Hare model, in which two tendencies converge, one focused on rapid adaptation to achieve survival, and the other that prevents an over-adaptation effect. In this context, a revision of the gene concept must be made, which must include these new mechanisms and approaches. In this paper, we propose a new conception of the idea of a gene that moves from a static and defined version of hereditary information to a dynamic idea that preponderates gene interaction (circumscribed to that established between protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, and nucleic acid-nucleic acid) and the selection it exerts, as the irreducible element that works in a coordinated way in a genomic regulatory network (GRN).

Improvement of Akanthomyces lecanii resistance to tebuconazole through UV-C radiation and selective pressure on microbial evolution and growth arenas.

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a fungicide widely used in agriculture; however, its constant application has increased the emergence of resistant plant pathogenic fungal strains and reduced the effectiveness of fungi as biological control agents; for instance, the entomopathogenic and hyperparasitic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii, suitable for simultaneous biological control of insect pest and plant pathogenic fungi, is highly sensitive to fungicides. We carried out the induction of resistance to TEB in two wild type strains of A. lecanii by UV radiation and selective pressure in increasing fungicide gradients using a modified Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena (MEGA), to produce A. lecanii strains that can be used as biological control agent in the presence of tebuconazole. Nine UV-induced and three naturally adapted A. lecanii strains were resistant to TEB at the agriculturally recommended dose, and three irradiated strains were resistant to TEB concentration ten times higher; moreover, growth, sporulation rates, production of hydrolytic enzymes, and virulence against the hemipteran Coccus viridis, a major pest of coffee crops, were not affected in the TEB-resistant strains. These A. lecanii TEB-resistant strains would have a greater opportunity to develop and to establish themselves in fields where the fungicide is present and can be used in a combined biological-chemical strategy to improve insect and plant pathogenic fungal control in agriculture. Also, the selective pressure through modified MEGA plate methodology can be used for the adaptation of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi to withstand other chemical or abiotic stresses that limits its effectiveness for pest control.

Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki HD-73 maintains higher biomass and spore yields as compared to submerged fermentation using the same media.

To determine the growth kinetic parameters, substrate consumption and spore yields for Bacillus thuringiensis, liquid fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), on polyurethane foam (PUF), were analysed comprising strictly the same media. The analysis included three medium concentrations, maintaining the same C/N ratio, with initial glucose at 12.5, 25, and 50 g L-1 (1X, 2X and 4X, respectively). SSF at 2X and 4X produced higher amounts of total biomass, vegetative growth and even early sporulation. Notably, at all glucose concentrations, sporulation was not inhibited in SSF as seen partially in SmF at 2X, and totally at 4X. Micrographs from PUF cultures showed thin layers of bacteria forming large horizontal aggregates, associated with the higher biomass yields and the early cell differentiation. This is the first work showing that SSF improves spore yields of B. thuringiensis in media with high substrate concentrations, using PUF as a research tool for comparative analysis with application in new production systems including biofilm-forming microorganisms.

Discovery of novel antibiotic resistance genes through metagenomics.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) represents a challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases. Traditionally, antibiotic resistance determinants have been retrieved from culturable bacteria which represent a minor fraction of the total microbial diversity found in natural environments such as soils. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of antibiotic resistance using two main culture-independent approaches: sequence-based metagenomics and functional metagenomics.

Identification and modeling of a novel chloramphenicol resistance protein detected by functional metagenomics in a wetland of Lerma, Mexico

The exploration of novel antibiotic resistance determinants in a particular environment may be limited because of the presence of uncultured microorganisms. In this work, a culture independent approach based on functional metagenomics was applied to search for chloramphenicol resistance genes in agro-industrial wastewater in Lerma de Villada, Mexico. To this end, a metagenomic library was generated in Escherichia coli DH10B containing DNA isolated from environmental samples of the residual arsenic-enriched (10 mg/ml) effluent. One resistant clone was detected in this library and further analyzed. An open reading frame similar to a multidrug resistance protein from Aeromonas salmonicida and responsible for chloramphenicol resistance was identifi ed, sequenced, and found to encode a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Our results also showed that the expression of this gene restored streptomycin sensitivity in E. coli DH10B cells. To gain further insight into the phenotype of this MFS family member, we developed a model of the membrane protein multiporter that, in addition, may serve as a template for developing new antibiotics (AU)

No disponible

Identification and modeling of a novel chloramphenicol resistance protein detected by functional metagenomics in a wetland of Lerma, Mexico.

The exploration of novel antibiotic resistance determinants in a particular environment may be limited because of the presence of uncultured microorganisms. In this work, a culture-independent approach based on functional metagenomics was applied to search for chloramphenicol resistance genes in agro-industrial wastewater in Lerma de Villada, Mexico. To this end, a metagenomic library was generated in Escherichia coli DH10B containing DNA isolated from environmental samples of the residual arsenic-enriched (10 mg/ml) effluent. One resistant clone was detected in this library and further analyzed. An open reading frame similar to a multidrug resistance protein from Aeromonas salmonicida and responsible for chloramphenicol resistance was identified, sequenced, and found to encode a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Our results also showed that the expression of this gene restored streptomycin sensitivity in E. coli DH10B cells. To gain further insight into the phenotype of this MFS family member, we developed a model of the membrane protein multiporter that, in addition, may serve as a template for developing new antibiotics.