[Study on blindness: mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease during non-elective hemodialysis]. / Ensaio sobre a cegueira: mortalidade de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise de emergência.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to renal failure and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Secondary prevention may postpone CKD for many years. This retrospective study sought to analyze prognostic factors and estimate the mortality of patients with CKD secondary to diabetes mellitus and to hypertension that initiate RRT through non-elective hemodialysis at an emergency hospital unit in Rio de Janeiro, from hospital admission until transfer to referral units. The mortality rate was 35.1%. The study detected a significant difference between the survival curves according to disease etiology (log-rank and Peto, p=0.02) and the presence of functional arteriovenous fistulae (log-rank, p=0.0099; Peto, p=0.0090). Multivariate analysis (Cox model) revealed a 7% increase in the risk of death (p=0.002) by one-year increment in age; the presence of a functional fistule was associated to an 81% reduction in the risk of death (p=0.03). About one third of patients with CKD followed by hypertension or diabetes that initiate renal replacement therapy through non-elective hemodialysis die before being transferred to a referral unit, indicating low access to secondary prevention in CKD, including surgery for arteriovenous fistula creation.

Ensaio sobre a cegueira: mortalidade de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise de emergência / Study on blindness: mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease during non-elective hemodialysis

A doença renal crônica (DRC) leva à falência renal e à necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS). A prevenção secundária pode retardar em muitos anos a evolução da doença. O presente estudo, retrospectivo, objetivou analisar os fatores prognósticos e estimar a mortalidade de portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC) secundária à hipertensão ou diabetes que iniciam a TRS por hemodiálise de emergência, desde a admissão hospitalar até a transferência para clínica-satélite ou óbito, no Rio de Janeiro. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 35,1%. Houve diferença significativa entre as curvas de sobrevida até o óbito, por doença de base (log-rank e Peto, p = 0,02) e por presença de fístula funcional (log-rank, p = 0,0099; Peto, p = 0,0090). A análise multivariada (modelo de Cox) mostrou aumento no risco de óbito de 7% (p = 0,002) por ano de idade; a presença de fístula funcional foi associada a uma redução de 81% no risco (p = 0,03). Conclui-se que um terço dos pacientes portadores de DRC por hipertensão e diabetes, que iniciam a TRS de forma não planejada, morrem no período entre a admissão hospitalar e a transferência para clínicas-satélites, o que indica baixo acesso à prevenção secundária na DRC, inclusive à cirurgia para a confecção da fístula arteriovenosa.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to renal failure and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Secondary prevention may postpone CKD for many years. This retrospective study sought to analyze prognostic factors and estimate the mortality of patients with CKD secondary to diabetes mellitus and to hypertension that initiate RRT through non-elective hemodialysis at an emergency hospital unit in Rio de Janeiro, from hospital admission until transfer to referral units. The mortality rate was 35.1%. The study detected a significant difference between the survival curves according to disease etiology (log-rank and Peto, p=0.02) and the presence of functional arteriovenous fistulae (log-rank, p=0.0099; Peto, p=0.0090). Multivariate analysis (Cox model) revealed a 7% increase in the risk of death (p=0.002) by one-year increment in age; the presence of a functional fistule was associated to an 81% reduction in the risk of death (p=0.03). About one third of patients with CKD followed by hypertension or diabetes that initiate renal replacement therapy through non-elective hemodialysis die before being transferred to a referral unit, indicating low access to secondary prevention in CKD, including surgery for arteriovenous fistula creation.

Análise da tuberculose em uma unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro: perfil clínico, resultado de tratamento e qualidade dos registros / Analysis of tuberculosis in a unit of Primary Health Care in the city of Rio de Janeiro: clinical profile, treatment outcome and quality of records

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil dos casos novos de tuberculose pulmonar e as taxas de cura e abandono dos pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Atenção Básica da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, no período de 2004 a 2008. Tratou-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 170 indivíduos com 10 anos e mais, analisando-se as variáveis sociodemográficas, comorbidades, efeitos adversos e dados clinicolaboratoriais, a partir da consulta na base de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e dos prontuários. Paralelamente foi analisada a qualidade dos registros nos prontuários médicos que subsidiam a vigilância epidemiológica. Observou-se que a maioria dos casos ocorreu em adultos jovens (20?29 anos) e no sexo masculino. A comprovação diagnóstica através da baciloscopia foi realizada na grande maioria dos pacientes (85%), sendo positiva em quase 70% dos casos. Escolaridade, ocupação e comorbidades apresentaram elevada proporção de ausência de informação. O estudo revelou uma situação epidemiológica preocupante, com elevada proporção de abandono (24,7%) e baixo percentual de cura comprovada. A falta do registro adequado no prontuário comprometeu a análise de possíveis fatores de risco para não adesão ao tratamento. Estratégias institucionais deverão ser revistas com vistas a qualificar o atendimento e aprimorar as informações produzidas.

Sistemas de informação oficiais de meningite criptocócica, estado do Rio de Janeiro / Sistemas de información oficiales de meningitis criptocócica, estado de Río de Janeiro, Sureste de Brasil / Official information systems for cryptococcal meningitis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o perfil epidemiológico de meningite criptocócica em diferentes sistemas de informação, avaliando assim em que medida aquele disponível no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação refletiria as ocorrências da meningite criptocócica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2004. O banco do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação foi comparado com um novo banco composto pelos casos de meningite criptocócica desse Sistema, da Assessoria de Meningite da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado e dos registros do laboratório do Instituto Estadual de Infectologia São Sebastião. O Sistema captou 65,7 por cento dos casos presentes no novo banco. O percentual de pacientes apresentando Aids como doença preexistente foi semelhante nos dois bancos (26 por cento e 24,9 por cento). Assim, embora a incidência de meningite criptocócica esteja subestimada nesse Sistema, o perfil dos casos notificados reflete o perfil do total de casos.

Official information systems for cryptococcal meningitis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil.

The study aimed to compare the epidemiological profile of crytococcal meningitis in different information systems, thus assessing to what extent the profile available in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) reflected cryptococcal meningitis occurrences in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, between 2002 and 2004. That database was compared to a new database comprised of cryptococcal meningitis cases from this System, from the Assessoria de Meningite da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (State Department of Health Meningitis Advisory Committee), and from the Instituto Estadual de Infectologia São Sebastião (State Institute of Infectious Diseases) laboratory records. The System detected 65.7% of the cases present in the new database. The percentage of patients with AIDS as a pre-existing disease was similar in both databases (26% and 24.9%). Thus, even though cryptococcal meningitis incidence is underreported in the System, the profile of notified cases reflects the profile of the total number of cases.

Cryptococcal meningitis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 1994-2004.

The objective of this article was to evaluate the epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004. Six hundred and ninety-six cases of cryptococcal meningitis were reported, with a mean incidence of 0.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. Patients were predominantly male; mean age was 35.9 years; AIDS was practically the only underlying disease, reported in 61.2% of cases; case-fatality was 51.8%. No decline in incidence was observed during the study period. AIDS is the main predisposing condition for cryptococcal meningitis, and thus the profile of most patients mirrors that of HIV infection. Missing information prevented the evaluation of other underlying diseases.

Cryptococcal meningitis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 1994-2004 / Meningite criptocócica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2004

The objective of this article was to evaluate the epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004. Six hundred and ninety-six cases of cryptococcal meningitis were reported, with a mean incidence of 0.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. Patients were predominantly male; mean age was 35.9 years; AIDS was practically the only underlying disease, reported in 61.2 percent of cases; case-fatality was 51.8 percent. No decline in incidence was observed during the study period. AIDS is the main predisposing condition for cryptococcal meningitis, and thus the profile of most patients mirrors that of HIV infection. Missing information prevented the evaluation of other underlying diseases.

Este artigo objetivou determinar o perfil epidemiológico da meningite criptocócica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2004. Um total de 696 casos novos foi registrado, representando uma taxa de incidência média anual de 0,45 casos por 100 mil habitantes. Houve predominância do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 35,9 anos, a AIDS foi praticamente a única enfermidade preexistente registrada, estando presente em 61,2 por cento do total de pacientes, e a letalidade foi de 51,8 por cento. No período estudado, a taxa de incidência manteve-se estável. A AIDS ainda é a principal condição predisponente e, assim, o perfil da maioria dos pacientes acompanha o daqueles infectados pelo HIV. A avaliação de outras doenças preexistentes ficou prejudicada pela falta de informação.

A influência das doenças crônicas na capacidade funcional dos idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil / The effect of chronic diseases on functional status of the elderly living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a influência de doenças crônicas (hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, doença cardíaca, doença pulmonar, câncer e artropatia) na capacidade funcional (atividades de vida diária - AVDs - e atividades instrumentais de vida diária - AIVDs) dos idosos, controlando por idade, sexo, arranjo familiar, educação e presença de outras comorbidades. Os dados foram obtidos do Projeto SABE que inclui pessoas de 60 anos e mais, residentes no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2000 e março de 2001. A amostra foi constituída de 1.769 idosos. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a regressão logística multinomial múltipla. Em comparação com a categoria de referência independente, as doenças que exercem uma significativa influência na categoria dependente nas AIVDs são a doença cardíaca (OR = 1,82), a artropatia (OR = 1,59), a doença pulmonar (OR = 1,50) e a hipertensão arterial (OR = 1,39). Quanto à resposta na categoria dependente nas AIVDs e AVDs, os resultados mostram que a doença pulmonar (OR = 2,58), a artropatia (OR = 2,27), a hipertensão arterial (OR = 2,13) e a doença cardíaca (OR = 2,10) demonstram um forte efeito. Os resultados são estatisticamente significativos (p < 0,05).

The main focus of this study was the effect of chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, lung disease, cancer, and arthropathy) on the functional status (activities of daily living - ADL, instrumental activities of daily living - IADL) among the elderly, controlling for age, gender, living arrangements, education, and comorbidity. The analysis was based on information provided by the SABE Project, from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, including individuals 60 years of age and over (n = 1,769), from January 2000 to March 2001. A multinomial logistic regression model was used. Compared to the absence of dependency category, heart disease (OR = 1.82), arthropathy (OR = 1.59), lung disease (OR = 1.50), and hypertension (OR = 1.39) were the main diseases that affected the IADL dependency category. Lung disease (OR = 2.58), arthropathy (OR = 2.27), hypertension (OR = 2.13), and heart disease (OR = 2.10) had important impact on the IADL and ADL dependency categories. The results were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

[The effect of chronic diseases on functional status of the elderly living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil]. / A influência das doenças crônicas na capacidade funcional dos idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil.

The main focus of this study was the effect of chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, lung disease, cancer, and arthropathy) on the functional status (activities of daily living - ADL, instrumental activities of daily living - IADL) among the elderly, controlling for age, gender, living arrangements, education, and comorbidity. The analysis was based on information provided by the SABE Project, from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, including individuals 60 years of age and over (n = 1,769), from January 2000 to March 2001. A multinomial logistic regression model was used. Compared to the absence of dependency category, heart disease (OR = 1.82), arthropathy (OR = 1.59), lung disease (OR = 1.50), and hypertension (OR = 1.39) were the main diseases that affected the IADL dependency category. Lung disease (OR = 2.58), arthropathy (OR = 2.27), hypertension (OR = 2.13), and heart disease (OR = 2.10) had important impact on the IADL and ADL dependency categories. The results were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Histoplasmosis in a Brazilian center: clinical forms and laboratory tests.

Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is endemic in many regions of the Americas, Asia and Africa. It has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic infection to severe disseminated disease. A retrospective study was carried out to describe the clinical forms and assess the clinical significance of the laboratory diagnostic tests of patients with histoplasmosis during the period of July 1987 to December 2003 at Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas/ FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil. Seventy-four patients were included. Forty-nine percent of the cases (n = 36) occurred in HIV positive patients who presented with disseminated disease. The remaining 38 cases were classified in different clinical forms. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from 69.5% of the clinical specimens sent to culture. Immunodiffusion and immunoblot were positive in 72.6% and 100% of the performed tests, respectively. Histopathologic findings suggestive of H. capsulatum were found in 63.2% of the performed exams. Serology had a lower proportion of positivity amongst AIDS patients, when compared with HIV negative patients (X2 = 6.65; p lower than 0.008). Statistical differences between AIDS and non-AIDS patients were not observed with culture and histopathology. The specific role of each test varies according to the clinical form. Physicians need to know the value and limitations of the available diagnostic tests, but before that, they have to think about histoplasmosis and consider this clinical entity in their differential diagnosis.

Protothecosis.

Protothecosis is an infection caused by achlorophyllic algae of the genus Prototheca which rarely affects humans. Some 100 cases have been described in the medical literature, the majority caused by the species P. wickerhamii. The skin is the organ most frequently involved. Diagnosis is performed by isolation of the microorganism in culture or by histopathology. The ideal treatment has not been defined, with amphotericin B and the azoles having been employed. Surgical excision is recommended for small, localized lesions. We describe a case of cutaneous protothecosis on the right fourth finger of a female patient 59 years old with no underlying disease. Administration of itraconazole 400 mg/day for 6 weeks failed to produce an adequate clinical response. Treatment was then changed to fluconazole 200 mg/day, with regression of the lesion.