RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The 2-year prospective MOSAIc (Multinational Observational Study assessing Insulin use: understanding the challenges associated with progression of therapy) study is investigating whether patient-, physician-, and health system-related factors affect outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This baseline subanalysis investigated how aspects of the patient-physician relationship are associated with diabetes-related distress, insulin adherence, and glycemic control. METHODS: Patients with T2D taking insulin for ≥3 months were recruited at primary care and specialty practice sites in 18 countries. Physicians provided usual care. Clinical history and most recent HbA1c values were collected; patients were surveyed regarding their perception of physician interactions, diabetes-related distress level, and insulin adherence. RESULTS: The analysis population comprised 4341 patients. Four (of six) domains showed a significant relationship with total diabetes-related distress (P < 0.01). Poor insulin adherence was associated with greater diabetes-related distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.22), higher Discrimination (aOR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.27) and Hurried Communication (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.20-1.53) scores, and a lower Explained Results score (aOR 0.86; 95% CI 0.77-0.97). Poor insulin adherence was associated with a 0.43% increase in HbA1c, whereas a 1-unit increase in total diabetes-related distress and Hurried Communication scores was associated with a 0.171% and 0.145% increase in HbA1c, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients distressed about living with T2D, and dissatisfied with aspects of their interactions with physicians, exhibited poor insulin adherence. Perceived physician inattention and lack of engagement (and diabetes-related distress) directly affect insulin adherence and glycemic control.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Insulina/uso terapéutico , Cumplimiento de la Medicación , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Anciano , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is commonly recorded worldwide; Latin America (LA) is not an exception. Barriers to intensifying insulin therapy and which barriers are most likely to negatively impact outcomes are not completely known. The objective was to identify barriers to insulin progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in LA countries (Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina). METHODS: MOSAIc is a multinational, non-interventional, prospective, observational study aiming to identify the patient-, physician-, and healthcare-based factors affecting insulin intensification. Eligible patients were ≥18 years, had T2DM, and were treated with insulin for ≥3 months with/without oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data were collected at baseline and regular intervals during the 24-month follow-up period. This paper however, focuses on baseline data analysis. The association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and selected covariates was assessed. RESULTS: A trend toward a higher level of HbA1c was observed in the LA versus non-LA population (8.40 ± 2.79 versus 8.18 ± 2.28; p ≤ 0.069). Significant differences were observed in clinical parameters, treatment patterns, and patient-reported outcomes in LA compared with the rest of the cohorts and between Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. Higher number of insulin injections and lower number of OADs were used, whereas a lower level of knowledge and a higher level of diabetes-related distress were reported in LA. Covariates associated with HbA1c levels included age (-0.0129; p < 0.0001), number of OADs (0.0835; p = 0.0264), higher education level (-0.2261; p = 0.0101), healthy diet (-0.0555; p = 0.0083), self-monitoring blood glucose (-0.0512; p = 0.0033), hurried communication style in the process of care (0.1295; p = 0.0208), number of insulin injections (0.1616; p = 0.0088), adherence (-0.1939; p ≤ 0.0104), and not filling insulin prescription due to associated cost (0.2651; p = 0.0198). CONCLUSION: MOSAIc baseline data showed that insulin intensification in LA is not optimal and identified several conditions that significantly affect attaining appropriate HbA1c values. Tailored public health strategies, including education, should be developed to overcome such barriers. Trial Registration NCT01400971.
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Introducción. En 2007 y 2012, se implementaron en nuestro país las Encuestas Mundiales de Salud en Jóvenes (EMSE) y de Tabaco en Jóvenes (EMTJ) para estimar la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo y factores de protección entre los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios de los indicadores de alimentación y peso corporal, tabaco y actividad física en los últimos 5 años. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorizado bietápico con selección de 600 escuelas a nivel nacional. Los estudiantes de las divisiones elegidas al azar fueron invitados a responder el cuestionario autoadministrado (de la EMSE o de la EMTJ). Resultados. En 2012, la encuesta fue respondida por 20 697 alumnos de 544 escuelas para la EMSE y 2062 para la EMTJ en 73 escuelas. Entre 2007 y 2012, se incrementó en forma significativa la prevalencia de sobrepeso (24,5% en 2007, 28,6% en 2012) y obesidad (4,4% en 2007, 5,9% en 2012), y se mantuvieron elevados los consumos de bebidas azucaradas y comidas rápidas. Se observó una leve mejora en el nivel de actividad física (12,7% en 2007, 16,7% en 2012) aunque continúa por debajo de lo recomendado. Se redujo la prevalencia de tabaquismo (24,5% en 2007, 19,6% en 2012), pero persiste elevado el acceso a productos del tabaco y la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares públicos, incluso la escuela. Conclusiones. La progresión de la epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad indica una necesidad de profundizar acciones en alimentación saludable y actividad física. A pesar del descenso de la prevalencia de tabaquismo, es necesario seguir fortaleciendo las acciones de control de tabaco.(AU)
Introduction. In2007and 2012, the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) were implemented to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors and protection factors among 13 to 15 year-old adolescents. Objective. To assess changes in dietary, body weight, tobacco and physical activity indicators in the past five years. Population and Methos. Cross-sectional study. A randomized, two-stage sampling with 600 schools selected at a national level was used. Students from randomly selected courses were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire (either the GSHS or the GYTS). Results. In 2012, the GSHS was completed by 20 697 students from 544 schools, while the GYTS was completed by 2062 students from 73 schools. Between 2007 and 2012, overweight and obesity prevalence significantly increased (overweight: 24.5% in2007, 28.6% in2012; obesity 4.4% in2007, 5.9% in 2012), while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food remained high. A slight improvement was observed in the level of physical activity (12.7% in 2007, 16.7% in 2012), although it remains below what is recommended. The prevalence of tobacco use was reduced (24.5% in 2007, 19.6% in 2012), but access to tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in public places, including schools. Conclusions. The spread of the overweight and obesity epidemic calls for a need to consolidate actions tending towards a healthy diet and physical activity. Despite a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use, it is necessary to continue strengthening tobacco control actions.(AU)
RESUMEN
Introducción. En 2007 y 2012, se implementaron en nuestro país las Encuestas Mundiales de Salud en Jóvenes (EMSE) y de Tabaco en Jóvenes (EMTJ) para estimar la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo y factores de protección entre los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios de los indicadores de alimentación y peso corporal, tabaco y actividad física en los últimos 5 años. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorizado bietápico con selección de 600 escuelas a nivel nacional. Los estudiantes de las divisiones elegidas al azar fueron invitados a responder el cuestionario autoadministrado (de la EMSE o de la EMTJ). Resultados. En 2012, la encuesta fue respondida por 20 697 alumnos de 544 escuelas para la EMSE y 2062 para la EMTJ en 73 escuelas. Entre 2007 y 2012, se incrementó en forma significativa la prevalencia de sobrepeso (24,5% en 2007, 28,6% en 2012) y obesidad (4,4% en 2007, 5,9% en 2012), y se mantuvieron elevados los consumos de bebidas azucaradas y comidas rápidas. Se observó una leve mejora en el nivel de actividad física (12,7% en 2007, 16,7% en 2012) aunque continúa por debajo de lo recomendado. Se redujo la prevalencia de tabaquismo (24,5% en 2007, 19,6% en 2012), pero persiste elevado el acceso a productos del tabaco y la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares públicos, incluso la escuela. Conclusiones. La progresión de la epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad indica una necesidad de profundizar acciones en alimentación saludable y actividad física. A pesar del descenso de la prevalencia de tabaquismo, es necesario seguir fortaleciendo las acciones de control de tabaco.
Introduction. In2007and 2012, the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) were implemented to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors and protection factors among 13 to 15 year-old adolescents. Objective. To assess changes in dietary, body weight, tobacco and physical activity indicators in the past five years. Population and Methos. Cross-sectional study. A randomized, two-stage sampling with 600 schools selected at a national level was used. Students from randomly selected courses were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire (either the GSHS or the GYTS). Results. In 2012, the GSHS was completed by 20 697 students from 544 schools, while the GYTS was completed by 2062 students from 73 schools. Between 2007 and 2012, overweight and obesity prevalence significantly increased (overweight: 24.5% in2007, 28.6% in2012; obesity 4.4% in2007, 5.9% in 2012), while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food remained high. A slight improvement was observed in the level of physical activity (12.7% in 2007, 16.7% in 2012), although it remains below what is recommended. The prevalence of tobacco use was reduced (24.5% in 2007, 19.6% in 2012), but access to tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in public places, including schools. Conclusions. The spread of the overweight and obesity epidemic calls for a need to consolidate actions tending towards a healthy diet and physical activity. Despite a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use, it is necessary to continue strengthening tobacco control actions.
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Humanos , Adolescente , Política Pública , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Conducta del Adolescente , Enfermedades no TransmisiblesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In 2007 and 2012, the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) were implemented to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors and protection factors among 13 to 15 year-old adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in dietary, body weight, tobacco and physical activity indicators in the past five years. POPULATION AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A randomized, two-stage sampling with 600 schools selected at a national level was used. Students from randomly selected courses were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire (either the GSHS or the GYTS). RESULTS: In 2012, the GSHS was completed by 20 697 students from 544 schools, while the GYTS was completed by 2062 students from 73 schools. Between 2007 and 2012, overweight and obesity prevalence significantly increased (overweight: 24.5% in 2007, 28.6% in 2012; obesity 4.4% in 2007, 5.9% in 2012), while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food remained high. A slight improvement was observed in the level of physical activity (12.7% in 2007, 16.7% in 2012), although it remains below what is recommended. The prevalence of tobacco use was reduced (24.5% in 2007, 19.6% in 2012), but access to tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in public places, including schools. CONCLUSIONS: The spread of the overweight and obesity epidemic calls for a need to consolidate actions tending towards a healthy diet and physical activity. Despite a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use, it is necessary to continue strengthening tobacco control actions.
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Actividad Motora , Obesidad/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Distribución Aleatoria , Instituciones Académicas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In 2007 and 2012, the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) were implemented to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors and protection factors among 13 to 15 year-old adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in dietary, body weight, tobacco and physical activity indicators in the past five years. POPULATION AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A randomized, two-stage sampling with 600 schools selected at a national level was used. Students from randomly selected courses were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire (either the GSHS or the GYTS). RESULTS: In 2012, the GSHS was completed by 20 697 students from 544 schools, while the GYTS was completed by 2062 students from 73 schools. Between 2007 and 2012, overweight and obesity prevalence significantly increased (overweight: 24.5
in 2007, 28.6
in 2012; obesity 4.4
in 2007, 5.9
in 2012), while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food remained high. A slight improvement was observed in the level of physical activity (12.7
in 2007, 16.7
in 2012), although it remains below what is recommended. The prevalence of tobacco use was reduced (24.5
in 2007, 19.6
in 2012), but access to tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in public places, including schools. CONCLUSIONS: The spread of the overweight and obesity epidemic calls for a need to consolidate actions tending towards a healthy diet and physical activity. Despite a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use, it is necessary to continue strengthening tobacco control actions.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Adultos (EMTA) es el estándar para monitorear de forma sistemática el consumo y los principales indicadores de control del tabaco. OBJETIVO: Monitorear la epidemia de tabaquismo en adultos en Argentina con una herramienta estandarizada propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la metodología estandarizada a nivel mundial para relevar la información sobre uso de tabaco (para fumar y sin humo), cesación del consumo, exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA), economía, medios de comunicación y conocimientos, actitudes y percepciones acerca del uso. Se utilizó un diseño muestral multietápico, estratificado por conglomerados, para generar datos representativos a nivel nacional y regional. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció una prevalencia de tabaquismo del 22,3%, mayor en varones (29,6%) que en mujeres (15,7%). El 73,6% de los fumadores había planeado o estaba pensando en dejar de fumar, y el 48,6% había hecho un intento el último año. El 31,6% de los adultos que trabajaban en ambientes cerrados había estado expuesto allí a HTA; el 33% sufrió esa exposición en su hogar. El 75,8% obtuvo información sobre los peligros de fumar en medios de comunicación, mientras que el 41,9% advirtió publicidades de cigarrillos en los sitios de venta. CONCLUSIONES: La encuesta permitió conocer con mayor profundidad las características de la epidemia de tabaquismo en Argentina y realizar una comparación a nivel mundial.
INTRODUCTION: The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is the world standard to sy stematically monitor tobacco consumption and the main indicators for tobacco control. OBJECTIVE: To monitor tobacco epidemic in adults in Argentina with a standardized tool suggested by the World Health Organization. METHODS: A globally standardized methodology was used to gather information on tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), cessation, second-hand smoke (SHS), economics, media, and knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco use. A multi-stage stratified cluster sample design was used to produce representative data both at national and regional level. RESULTS: Tobacco smoking prevalence was 22.3%, with a high errate in men (29.6%) than in women (15.7%). A total of 73.6% of the smokers had planned or was planning to quit, and 48.6% had made a quit attempt in the previous year. Among adults working in enclosed places 31.6% were exposed to SHS, and 33% were exposed at home. Besides, 75.8% obtained anti-cigarette smoking information on mass media, while 41.9% noticed advertising at cigarette stores. CONCLUSIONS: The survey allowed a better understanding of tobacco epidemic in Argentina and also a comparison with other countries in the worl.
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Humanos , Políticas, Planificación y Administración en Salud , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Dados Estadísticos , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/prevención & control , Prevención del Hábito de FumarRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify main barriers to preventing cardiovascular disease and implementing clinical practice guidelines in primary care, to pilot implementation of a tailored enactment of the adapted World Health Organization guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease, and to assess the impact of the intervention in risk stratification. METHODS: A qualitative study was done with decision makers, health professionals, and staff from five primary health care centers, who were interviewed to identify the main barriers. A tailored intervention to apply the guidelines was then designed and implemented. To assess the impact of the intervention on risk factor screening, a before-and-after analysis was performed through a records review of independent samples of patients aged 40 years or older attending each center. RESULTS: The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of guidelines and lack of knowledge about preventing cardiovascular disease, communication problems within health teams, lack of motivation, and organizational problems. Before (n = 226) and after (n = 234) the intervention, screening of the main risk factors increased: blood pressure measurement from 44.3% to 72.6%, cholesterol measurement from 20.7% to 49.7%, smoking status assessment from 20.4% to 56.1%, diabetes status assessment from 25.5% to 93.6%, and previous vascular event status from 33.2% to 74.3%. Global risk stratification was not done at baseline, compared with 45.1% after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers identified were useful in designing a tailored intervention. Although no clinical outcomes were evaluated, this study shows that the implementation is feasible, with increased risk stratification as a first step at better patient management.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Atención Primaria de Salud , Argentina , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevención Primaria/organización & administración , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify main barriers to preventing cardiovascular disease and implementing clinical practice guidelines in primary care, to pilot implementation of a tailored enactment of the adapted World Health Organization guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease, and to assess the impact of the intervention in risk stratification. METHODS: A qualitative study was done with decision makers, health professionals, and staff from five primary health care centers, who were interviewed to identify the main barriers. A tailored intervention to apply the guidelines was then designed and implemented. To assess the impact of the intervention on risk factor screening, a before-and-after analysis was performed through a records review of independent samples of patients aged 40 years or older attending each center. RESULTS: The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of guidelines and lack of knowledge about preventing cardiovascular disease, communication problems within health teams, lack of motivation, and organizational problems. Before (n = 226) and after (n = 234) the intervention, screening of the main risk factors increased: blood pressure measurement from 44.3% to 72.6%, cholesterol measurement from 20.7% to 49.7%, smoking status assessment from 20.4% to 56.1%, diabetes status assessment from 25.5% to 93.6%, and previous vascular event status from 33.2% to 74.3%. Global risk stratification was not done at baseline, compared with 45.1% after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers identified were useful in designing a tailored intervention. Although no clinical outcomes were evaluated, this study shows that the implementation is feasible, with increased risk stratification as a first step at better patient management.
OBJETIVO: Determinar las principales barreras en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la aplicación de las directrices de práctica clínica en atención primaria, guiar la adecuada puesta en práctica de las directrices adaptadas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y evaluar la repercusión de la intervención en la estratificación del riesgo. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo dirigido a los encargados de adoptar las decisiones, los profesionales de la salud y el personal de cinco centros de atención primaria de salud, que fueron entrevistados con objeto de determinar las principales barreras. Posteriormente se diseñó y ejecutó una intervención adaptada para aplicar las directrices. Con objeto de evaluar la repercusión de la intervención sobre el tamizaje de los factores de riesgo, se llevaron a cabo un análisis anterior y posterior a la intervención mediante un examen de los registros de muestras independientes de pacientes de 40 años o mayores que acudían a cada centro. RESULTADOS: Las principales barreras detectadas fueron el desconocimiento de las directrices y la carencia de información sobre la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, los problemas de comunicación dentro de los equipos de salud, la falta de motivación y los problemas organizativos. Al comparar los datos previos a la intervención (n = 226) con los posteriores a esta (n = 234), se observó un incremento del tamizaje de los principales factores de riesgo: la medición de la presión arterial de 44,3 a 72,6%, la determinación del colesterol de 20,7 a 49,7%, la evaluación de la presencia de tabaquismo de 20,4 a 56,1%, la evaluación de la presencia de diabetes de 25,5 a 93,6% y la evaluación de la presencia de un episodio vascular anterior de 33,2 a 74,3%. Al inicio del estudio no se llevaba a cabo la estratificación del riesgo global, en comparación con el 45,1% de estratificación realizada posteriormente a la intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La determinación de las principales barreras fue útil para el diseño de una intervención adaptada. Aunque no se evaluaron los resultados clínicos, este estudio revela que la ejecución es factible, y que la mayor estratificación del riesgo constituye un primer paso en la mejora de la atención de los pacientes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Atención Primaria de Salud , Argentina , Prevención Primaria/organización & administración , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how socio-economic gradients in NCDs and NCD-related risk factors change over time. METHODS: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys (N = 41,392 and N = 34,732) was conducted. We analyzed inequalities in three risk factors (low physical activity, obesity, and diabetes) according to income and educational attainment. The analysis was based on sex-stratified and age-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of low physical activity, obesity, and diabetes increased from 2005 to 2009. Increases occurred in most of the income and education groups, but females with the lowest socio-economic status generally showed the highest increases. In 2005, differences in physical inactivity among women with different levels of education were not statistically significant. By 2009, women with low education (OR = 1.57, 95 % CI = 1.34-1.84) and medium education (OR = 1.18, 95 % CI = 1.06-1.32) were more likely than women with high education to be physically inactive. CONCLUSION: Inequalities in physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes have grown in Argentina over a short period of time.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Conducta Sedentaria , Clase Social , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chagas disease affects mainly poor populations in Latin America. This review assesses the evidence on the independent risk of cardiovascular events associated with positive Chagas serology. METHODS: We searched for studies using the following outcomes: death, stroke, new onset heart failure, heart failure hospitalization or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. Studies comparing patients with positive serology for Chagas with a control group with a follow-up longer than 1 year were selected. The Medline, Lilacs and Embase databases were searched on 21 January 2011 without restrictions. RESULTS: From 5236 potentially relevant studies, 25 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Fourteen included patients with heart failure, six with severe symptoms and nine with mild symptoms or asymptomatic patients with low ejection fraction. In four studies of patients in functional class III or IV and in three studies of patients with mild symptoms, a higher risk of death was reported among those with positive serology for Chagas. Of the 11 studies of patients without symptoms or low ejection fraction, 3 showed a higher risk of mortality related to Chagas exposure. Two of these were based on the same cohort of people aged >60 years. Overall, 8 out of the 14 heart failure studies and 2 out of the 11 heart damage studies adjusted for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Positive serology for Chagas is associated with a higher risk of death for patients with heart failure. However, there is little evidence to link positive serology for Chagas with cardiovascular events in asymptomatic subjects.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/mortalidad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/epidemiología , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is the most commonly used method for ranking individuals based on long term food intake in large epidemiological studies. The validation of an FFQ for specific populations is essential as food consumption is culture dependent. The aim of this study was to develop a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) and evaluate its validity and reproducibility in estimating nutrient intake in urban and rural areas of Argentina. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Overall, 256 participants in the Argentinean arm of the ongoing Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study (PURE) were enrolled for development and validation of the SFFQ. One hundred individuals participated in the SFFQ development. The other 156 individuals completed the SFFQs on two occasions, four 24-hour Dietary Recalls (24DRs) in urban, and three 24DRs in rural areas during a one-year period. Correlation coefficients (r) and de-attenuated correlation coefficients between 24DRs and SFFQ were calculated for macro and micro-nutrients. The level of agreement between the two methods was evaluated using classification into same and extreme quartiles and the Bland-Altman method. The reproducibility of the SFFQ was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The SFFQ consists of 96 food items. In both urban and rural settings de-attenuated correlations exceeded 0.4 for most of the nutrients. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was more than 70% for urban and 60% for rural settings. The Pearson correlation between two SFFQs varied from 0.30-0.56 and 0.32-0.60 in urban and rural settings, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that this SFFQ had moderate relative validity and reproducibility for macro and micronutrients in relation to the comparison method and can be used to rank individuals based on habitual nutrient intake.
Asunto(s)
Encuestas sobre Dietas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Anciano , Argentina/epidemiología , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Salud Rural , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The relationship between poverty and tobacco consumption among adolescents has not been extensively studied, and what evidence exists has come almost entirely from developed countries. Moreover, the impact of contextual factors--such as school-level poverty--remains unclear. METHODS: We obtained information about smoking behavior from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in Argentina in 2007. School-level characteristics were derived by matching schools to census areas from the 2001 Census. Additional school-level information was obtained from the Ministry of Education. Random intercept models were used to evaluate the associations of school-level variables (poverty in the census area of the school, school receipt of social assistance, and public or private status) with current smoking, intention to quit, secondhand smoke exposure outside the home, support for smoke-free laws, purchase of single cigarettes among smokers, and susceptibility to smoking in 5 years among nonsmokers. RESULTS: After controlling for age and sex, students attending schools receiving social assistance were more likely to smoke (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.80) and to purchase loose cigarettes (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.08-2.54), whereas school poverty was significantly associated with secondhand smoke exposure (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.58). CONCLUSION: This study shows that an association exists between unfavorable contextual school characteristics and tobacco consumption and related measures among youth in Argentina. Efforts to prevent smoking may need to address the school-level factors that place youth at higher risk.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Fumar/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiología , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Grupo Paritario , Vigilancia de la Población , Instituciones Académicas , Fumar/psicología , Medio Social , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
A consensus on income inequality as a social determinant of health is yet to be reached. In particular, we know little about the cross-sectional versus lagged effect of inequality and the robustness of the relationship to indicators that are sensitive to varying parts of the income spectrum. We test these issues with data from Argentina's 2005 and 2009 National Risk Factor Surveys. Inequality was operationalised at the provincial level with the Gini coefficient and the Generalised Entropy (GE) index. Population health was defined as the age-standardised percentage of adults with poor/fair self-rated health by province. Our cross-sectional results indicate a significant relationship between inequality (Gini) and poor health (r=0.58, p<0.01) in 2005. Using the GE index, a gradient pattern emerges in the correlation, and the r values increase as the index becomes sensitive to the top of the distribution. The relationship between 2005 inequality and 2009 health displays a similar pattern, but with generally smaller correlations than the 2005 cross-sectional results. Further advances in the income inequality and health literature require new theoretical models to account for how inequalities in different parts of the income spectrum may influence population health in different ways.
Asunto(s)
Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Estado de Salud , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Argentina , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Vigilancia de la Población , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The Global School Health Survey (EMSE, in Spanish) has been implemented globally since 2003 to estimate the prevalence of mayor risk behaviours and protective factors among teenagers aged 13 to 15 year old. In 2007, the first EMSE was implemented in Argentina. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of certain risk factors among youth attending high school in Argentina. METHODOLOGY: A low stage probabilistic sampling was used to select 50 schools nationwide. All students in randomly selected classes were invited to fill the self-administered questionnaire including 75 questions on demographics, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use, eating habits, hygiene, violence, mental health, physical activity, sexual activity and protective factors. RESULTS: Overall, the survey was answered by 1980 students from 47 schools. We include in this report data related to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, weight, physical and sexual activity. In the last 30 days, 56,8% had consumed alcohol and 25,5% cigarettes. Overall, 11,7% had tried an illegal drug in their lifetime. Nineteen percent is overweight and less than 81% has completed the minimum required exercise for their age. Also, 33,6% had already had sex; 10,4% before age 13 and less than half of them always use a contraceptive method. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of sedentarism, overweight and substances use, like alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, was shown. The rate of condom use was low.
Asunto(s)
Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Adolescente , Argentina , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Introducción. Desde 2003, se está implementando en todo el orbe la Encuesta Mundial de Salud Escolar (EMSE), para estimar la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo y factores de protección entre los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años. En 2007 se aplicó por primera vez en la Argentina.Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de factores de riesgo en la población adolescente escolarizada de la Argentina. Metodología. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorizado bietápico con selección de 50 escuelas a nivel nacional. Los estudiantes de las divisiones elegidas al azar fueron invitados a responder el cuestionario autoadministrado de 75 preguntas sobre datos demográficos, consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas, comportamiento alimentario, higiene, violencia, salud mental, actividad física, comportamiento sexual y factores de protección. Resultados. La encuesta fue respondida por 1980 alumnos de 47 escuelas. Se incluyen en este informe los datos sobre consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (licitas e ilícitas), peso corporal, actividad física y salud reproductiva. Se observa que el 56,8 por ciento de los jóvenes consumió alcohol y el 25,5 por ciento fumó cigarrillos durante el último mes.La prevalencia de vida de drogas ilícitas fue del 11,7 por ciento. El 19 por ciento de los encuestados padece de sobrepeso. El 81 por ciento no realiza el mínimo de actividad física sugerido para la edad. El 33,6 por ciento tuvo relaciones sexuales, 10,4 por ciento comenzó a tenerlas antes de los 13 años y menos de la mitad utiliza siempre algún método anticonceptivo. Conclusiones. Se observó una elevada prevalencia de sedentarismo, sobrepeso y de consumo de sustancias como alcohol, drogas y tabaco. La utilización de preservativos resultó sumamente baja.(AU)
Introduction. The Global School Health Survey (EMSE, in Spanish) has been implemented globally since 2003 to estimate the prevalence of mayor risk behaviours and protective factors among teenagers aged 13 to 15 year old. In 2007, the first EMSE was implemented in Argentina. Objective. To describe the prevalence of certain risk factors among youth attending high school in Argentina. Methodology. A low stage probabilistic sampling was used to select 50 schools nationwide. All students in randomly selected classes were invited to fill the self-administered questionnaire including 75 questions on demographics, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use, eating habits, hygiene, violence, mental health, physical activity, sexual activity and protective factors. Results. Overall, the survey was answered by 1980 students from 47 schools. We include in this report data related to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, weight, physical and sexual activity. In the last 30 days, 56,8% had consumed alcohol and 25,5% cigarettes. Overall, 11,7% had tried an illegal drug in their lifetime. Nineteen percent is overweight and less than 81% has completed the minimum required exercise for their age. Also, 33,6% had already had sex; 10,4% before age 13 and less than half of them always use a contraceptive method.Conclusions. A high prevalence of sedentarism, overweight and substances use, like alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, was shown. The rate of condom use was low.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Recolección de Datos , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta del Adolescente , Prevalencia , ArgentinaRESUMEN
Introducción. Desde 2003, se está implementando en todo el orbe la Encuesta Mundial de Salud Escolar (EMSE), para estimar la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo y factores de protección entre los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años. En 2007 se aplicó por primera vez en la Argentina.Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de factores de riesgo en la población adolescente escolarizada de la Argentina. Metodología. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorizado bietápico con selección de 50 escuelas a nivel nacional. Los estudiantes de las divisiones elegidas al azar fueron invitados a responder el cuestionario autoadministrado de 75 preguntas sobre datos demográficos, consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas, comportamiento alimentario, higiene, violencia, salud mental, actividad física, comportamiento sexual y factores de protección. Resultados. La encuesta fue respondida por 1980 alumnos de 47 escuelas. Se incluyen en este informe los datos sobre consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (licitas e ilícitas), peso corporal, actividad física y salud reproductiva. Se observa que el 56,8 por ciento de los jóvenes consumió alcohol y el 25,5 por ciento fumó cigarrillos durante el último mes.La prevalencia de vida de drogas ilícitas fue del 11,7 por ciento. El 19 por ciento de los encuestados padece de sobrepeso. El 81 por ciento no realiza el mínimo de actividad física sugerido para la edad. El 33,6 por ciento tuvo relaciones sexuales, 10,4 por ciento comenzó a tenerlas antes de los 13 años y menos de la mitad utiliza siempre algún método anticonceptivo. Conclusiones. Se observó una elevada prevalencia de sedentarismo, sobrepeso y de consumo de sustancias como alcohol, drogas y tabaco. La utilización de preservativos resultó sumamente baja.
Introduction. The Global School Health Survey (EMSE, in Spanish) has been implemented globally since 2003 to estimate the prevalence of mayor risk behaviours and protective factors among teenagers aged 13 to 15 year old. In 2007, the first EMSE was implemented in Argentina. Objective. To describe the prevalence of certain risk factors among youth attending high school in Argentina. Methodology. A low stage probabilistic sampling was used to select 50 schools nationwide. All students in randomly selected classes were invited to fill the self-administered questionnaire including 75 questions on demographics, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use, eating habits, hygiene, violence, mental health, physical activity, sexual activity and protective factors. Results. Overall, the survey was answered by 1980 students from 47 schools. We include in this report data related to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, weight, physical and sexual activity. In the last 30 days, 56,8% had consumed alcohol and 25,5% cigarettes. Overall, 11,7% had tried an illegal drug in their lifetime. Nineteen percent is overweight and less than 81% has completed the minimum required exercise for their age. Also, 33,6% had already had sex; 10,4% before age 13 and less than half of them always use a contraceptive method.Conclusions. A high prevalence of sedentarism, overweight and substances use, like alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, was shown. The rate of condom use was low.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Recolección de Datos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Servicios de Salud Escolar , ArgentinaRESUMEN
INTRODUCCION: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en Argentina causan o están relacionadas con aproximadamente el 80
de la mortalidad. La forma más costoefectivapara su vigilancia es a través de encuestas de factores de riesgo. En 2009, se realizó la segunda Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo (ENFR). OBJETIVOS: monitorear la evolución de los principales factores de riesgo de las ECNT y describir su distribuciónen subgrupos. METODOS: Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico, incluyendo a personas de 18 años y más, no institucionalizadas, de la población general, a partir de un muestreo de viviendas de ciudades de más de 5.000 habitantes de todo el país. Fueron incluidos en el relevamiento los principales factores de riesgo de las ECNT al igual que en la primera ENFR (2005). RESULTADOS: se incluyeron a34.372 encuestados, con una tasa de respuesta de 75
INTRODUCTION: In Argentina, non-communicable diseases (NCD) account for about 80
of the mortality. Themost cost-effective way for their surveillance is through risk factor surveys. In 2009 we conducted the second National Risk Factor Survey (NRFS). OBJECTIVES: To monitor the evolution of the main risk factors of chronic diseases and describe thedistribution of major risk factors in subgroups. METHODS: A probabilistic sample was performed, including general urban population (cities with more than 5.000 habitants) aged 18and over across the country. The main risk factors for chronic diseases were included in the survey. RESULTS: We included 34.372 respondents, with a response rate of 75
. Los factores de riesgo que presentaron una mejoría respecto a la ENFR 2005 a nivel nacional fueron el tabaquismo, la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno, la realización de mediciones de presión arterial, colesterol y glucemia, mamografías y Papanicolau. Por el contrario, se incrementaron la obesidad, el sedentarismo, la inactividad física y la alimentación no saludable. Las poblaciones más desfavorecidas (de menores ingresos y menor nivel educativo) presentaron peores indicadores. CONCLUSIONES: las políticas de prevención y control de las ECNT deben continuar intensificándose para revertir esta epidemia. Dadoel impacto de las ECNT en el desarrollo y el costo sanitario y social, su abordaje debe priorizarse aún más en la agenda política y sanitaria nacional e internacional (AU)
. The risk factorsat the national level that showed improvement compared with 2005 NRFS were smoking, exposure to second hand smoke, blood pressure measurement, cholesterol measurement, glucosemeasurement, mammography and Papanicolau. However, obesity, physical inactivity and unhealthy diets increased.Disadvantaged populations (with lower incomes and less education) had worse indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Policies forprevention and control of NCDs should continue to intensify to reverse this epidemic. Further actions will be needed both at environmental and individual levels. The NCDs, given theirimpact on development and social and health costs, should be highly prioritized into the political and health agendas inour country and globally (AU)