Internalizing Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of the Family.

Objective: Several studies have highlighted that internalizing problems have not received all the attention it deserves because they are not visible in children's observable behavior. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between differences in parenting practices and internalizing problems in children and adolescents. Methods: Our study sample consisted of 554 children (288 boys and 266 girls) between 3 and 13 years of age who participated in the study. Their respective parents provided the information about them. The instruments used have been the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and Adolescents and parenting style, defined according to the Parental Parenting Questionnaire. The Parenting Questionnaire considers 7 factors: social and emotional support received by a mother or father, satisfaction with parenting, involvement, communication, limit setting, autonomy, and role orientation. Results: The results showed that children with high scores in internalizing problems tended to have parents with low levels of support, limit setting, and autonomy, along with low levels of maternal satisfaction with parenting. A regression analysis was also conducted, producing a model capable of predicting 14% of the variance in internalizing problems. The model was based on the following parenting variables: maternal support, autonomy and satisfaction with parenting, and paternal limit setting and role orientation. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the information obtained is very useful for the design of parenting programs related to certain aspects of current educational practice. Furthermore, parents' responses to the instruments used revealed patterns of behavior that can be modified in both parents and children.

Cigarette, e-cigarette and waterpipe cognitions and use among university students in Guangzhou, China.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently little research on polytobacco use in China. The present study examined cognitions that predicted the use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes and waterpipes in a Chinese sample of students. METHODS: A convenience sample of 281 university students, obtained using snowball sampling, completed an online survey during the 2019-2020 academic year in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS: Men more strongly agreed, than women, with the possible advantages of using alternative nicotine and tobacco products, including: young people who smoke have more friends, smoking makes young people look cool, smoking makes young people feel more comfortable, smoking helps relieve stress, and it would be easy to quit. Factors significantly associated with regular cigarette use were the cognitions: 'I would smoke if my best friend offered', 'Young people who use these products have more friends', and 'It would be easy to quit these products' (global good classifications= 80.1%). In the case of waterpipes, agreement with the cognition: 'The product helps people relieve stress' was significantly associated with its use (global good classifications=80.1%). In the case of e-cigarettes, agreement with the cognitions: 'I would smoke if my best friend offered' and 'It would be easy to quit using these products' were significantly associated with the use of e-cigarettes (global good classifications=74.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the need to develop prevention programs that prepare young Chinese people to resist social pressure from friends to use tobacco products. There is also evidence of the need to facilitate and disseminate rigorous scientific information among young people about the possible negative health effects of alternative tobacco products. There were also gender differences in the use of these products and in the cognitions towards their use, so it is important to take the gender perspective into account in the analysis of the results and when writing future questionnaire items.

Problematic Internet Use and Psychological Problems among University Students with Disabilities. / Uso problemático de Internet y problemas psicológicos entre estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad.

Problematic internet use (PIU) among people with disabilities has received very little attention in scientific literature. The objective of this work is to study PIU among Spanish university students with disabilities, and determine whether it is related to the presence of psychological problems and discomfort. A total of 432 Spanish university students with disabilities from six universities participated in the study (35% motor disability, 22.7% sensory disability and 42.1% other disabilities, excluding psychical or intellectual disability). PIU in the sample was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), while psychological problems were assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). PIU prevalence was 6.3%, and significant differences were found by age (< 22 had a PIU prevalence five times higher), onset of disability (prevalence was 3.7 times higher in those with congenital disability) and main type of internet use (recreational). There were no differences by sex, level of education or type of disability. In all the dimensions measured by CORE-OM (psychological problems, subjective well-being, life functioning and risk of self-harm and harm to others), the prevalence of psychological problems was significantly higher among problematic internet users. In conclusion, university students who are disabled from birth (regardless of their type of disability and sex), under the age of 22, and use the internet mainly for social networking and recreational purposes are at greater risk of psychological distress and are more vulnerable to problems like anxiety and difficulties with social relationships.

El uso problemático de internet (UPI) entre las personas con discapacidad ha recibido muy poca atención en la literatura científica. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el UPI entre los estudiantes universitarios españoles con discapacidad, y si se relaciona con malestar y problemas psicológicos. En el estudio participaron 432 universitarios españoles con discapacidad de seis universidades (35 %: discapacidad motora, 22,7 %: discapacidad sensorial y 42,1 %: otras discapacidades, excluyendo la discapacidad psíquica o intelectual). El UPI se evaluó mediante el Test de Adicción a Internet (IAT), mientras que los problemas psicológicos se evaluaron mediante el cuestionario Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). La prevalencia del UPI fue del 6,3 %, y no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo, tipo de discapacidad o estudios. Sí hubo diferencias en función de la edad (< 22 mostraron una prevalencia 5 veces mayor), origen de la discapacidad (discapacidad congénita mostraron una prevalencia 3,7 veces mayor) y tipo principal de uso (recreativo). La prevalencia de problemas psicológicos es significativamente mayor entre los usuarios problemáticos de Internet, en todas las dimensiones medidas por el CORE-OM (problemas psicológicos, bienestar subjetivo, funcionamiento general y riesgo de autolesión y de daño a otros). En conclusión, los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad desde el nacimiento (independientemente del tipo de discapacidad y del sexo), menores de 22 años y que utilizan Internet principalmente con fines recreativos y las redes sociales tienen mayor riesgo de sufrir trastornos psicológicos y mayor vulnerabilidad a problemas como ansiedad y dificultades en las relaciones sociales.

Uso problemático de Internet y problemas psicológicos entre estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad / Problematic Internet Use and Psychological Problems among University Students with Disabilities

El uso problemático de internet (UPI) entre las personas con discapacidadha recibido muy poca atención en la literatura científica. El objetivo de estetrabajo es estudiar el UPI entre los estudiantes universitarios españoles condiscapacidad, y si se relaciona con malestar y problemas psicológicos. En elestudio participaron 432 universitarios españoles con discapacidad de seisuniversidades (35 %: discapacidad motora, 22,7 %: discapacidad sensorialy 42,1 %: otras discapacidades, excluyendo la discapacidad psíquicao intelectual). El UPI se evaluó mediante el Test de Adicción a Internet(IAT), mientras que los problemas psicológicos se evaluaron mediante elcuestionario Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure(CORE-OM). La prevalencia del UPI fue del 6,3 %, y no hubo diferenciasestadísticamente significativas por sexo, tipo de discapacidad o estudios. Síhubo diferencias en función de la edad (< 22 mostraron una prevalencia 5veces mayor), origen de la discapacidad (discapacidad congénita mostraronuna prevalencia 3,7 veces mayor) y tipo principal de uso (recreativo). Laprevalencia de problemas psicológicos es significativamente mayor entre losusuarios problemáticos de Internet, en todas las dimensiones medidas porel CORE-OM (problemas psicológicos, bienestar subjetivo, funcionamientogeneral y riesgo de autolesión y de daño a otros). En conclusión, los estudiantesuniversitarios con discapacidad desde el nacimiento (independientementedel tipo de discapacidad y del sexo), menores de 22 años y que utilizanInternet principalmente con fines recreativos y las redes sociales tienenmayor riesgo de sufrir trastornos psicológicos y mayor vulnerabilidad aproblemas como ansiedad y dificultades en las relaciones sociales. (AU)

Problematic internet use (PIU) among people with disabilities has receivedvery little attention in scientific literature. The objective of this work isto study PIU among Spanish university students with disabilities, anddetermine whether it is related to the presence of psychological problemsand discomfort. A total of 432 Spanish university students with disabilitiesfrom six universities participated in the study (35% motor disability, 22.7%sensory disability and 42.1% other disabilities, excluding psychical orintellectual disability). PIU in the sample was assessed using the InternetAddiction Test (IAT), while psychological problems were assessed usingthe Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (COREOM). PIU prevalence was 6.3%, and significant differences were foundby age (< 22 had a PIU prevalence five times higher), onset of disability(prevalence was 3.7 times higher in those with congenital disability) andmain type of internet use (recreational). There were no differences by sex,level of education or type of disability. In all the dimensions measured byCORE-OM (psychological problems, subjective well-being, life functioningand risk of self-harm and harm to others), the prevalence of psychologicalproblems was significantly higher among problematic internet users. Inconclusion, university students who are disabled from birth (regardless oftheir type of disability and sex), under the age of 22, and use the internetmainly for social networking and recreational purposes are at greater risk ofpsychological distress and are more vulnerable to problems like anxiety anddifficulties with social relationships. (AU)

Nursing and Telemental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Measures taken to reduce the rate of contagion during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain led to the interruption of nursing interventions for many patients with serious mental illness (SMI), while others stayed in touch with their nurses telematically. However, published research into the impact of mental telehealth and the outcome of the changes that took place in the pandemic is very limited. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in nursing interventions received by severe mental illness (SMI) patients and to test whether telemental health (TH) has been effective in reducing relapses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: Information was gathered retrospectively from about 270 patients under treatment at 15 mental health day hospitals (MHDHs) in Spain during the year 2020. Results: Face-to-face nursing interventions were found to have decreased and TH interventions were found to have increased in the first few months of the pandemic. In the following months, TH interventions-especially those conducted by video call-helped reduce the number of relapses. Conclusions: TH helps provide news forms of effective telematic nursing interventions that reduce the number of relapses and admissions in patients with serious mental health disorders.