RESUMEN
We have investigated the effects of tCFA15, a non-peptidic compound, on the differentiation of neural stem cell-derived neurospheres, and have found that tCFA15 promotes their differentiation into neurons and reduces their differentiation into astrocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. This response is reminiscent of that resulting from the loss-of-function of Notch signaling after inactivation of the Delta-like 1 (Dll1) gene. Further analysis of the expression of genes from the Notch pathway by reverse transcriptase-PCR revealed that tCFA15 treatment results in a consistent decrease in the level of Notch1 mRNA. We have confirmed this result in other cell lines and propose that it reflects a general effect of the tCFA15 molecule. We discuss the implications of this finding with respect to regulation of Notch activity in neural stem cells, and the possible use of tCFA15 as a therapeutic tool for various pathologies that result from impairment of Notch signaling.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclohexanonas/farmacología , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Células-Madre Neurales/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Animales , Astrocitos/citología , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptor Notch1/genéticaRESUMEN
A bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extracts of stem barks, combined with screening based on Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-responsive neural stem cells (erNSCs) differentiation assay, has been used. This study resulted in the isolation of 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 1, 3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside 2, ellagic acid 3, and arjunolic acid 4. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit potent induction of neuronal differentiation in neurosphere stem cells with no cytotoxic effect. These results indicate that compounds 1 and 2 may be useful as pharmacological agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds may account, for the use of T. superba in folk medicine for nervous system and mental disorders.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Elágico/farmacología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Terminalia/química , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Fraccionamiento Químico , Ácido Elágico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Elágico/química , Ácido Elágico/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Neuronas/citología , Células Madre/citologíaRESUMEN
Antibacterial bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba led to the isolation of four new triterpene glucosides (1-4) which were characterized as 2 alpha,3 beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2 alpha,3 beta, 21 beta-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2 alpha,3 beta, 29-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) and 2 alpha,3 beta,23,27-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4) together with the known triterpene 2 alpha,3 beta,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (5). Structures were established by spectroscopic methods including one- and two-dimensional NMR, EI-MS and HR-EI-MS. The antibacterial activity of 1-5 was also investigated against two gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), and four gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexenari, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi) bacterial strains.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Terminalia/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular , Corteza de la Planta , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Tallos de la Planta , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Fractionation of stem barks of Terminalia superba yielded two new ellagic acid derivatives, 3,4'-di-O-methylellagic acid 3'-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (1) and 4'-O-galloy-3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (2) together with known 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid, ellagic acid and 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside. Compounds (1) and (2) showed significant alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity and possessed significant immunoinhibitory activities with no cytotoxic effects.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Elágico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Elágico/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas , Inmunosupresores/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Terminalia/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Elágico/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrólisis , Luminiscencia , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Fagocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Fitohemaglutininas/farmacología , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales , Estallido Respiratorio/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Four alkaloids named piperumbellactams A-D (1-4) were isolated from branches of Piper umbellatum together with known N-hydroxyaristolam II (5), N-p-coumaroyl tyramine (6), 4-nerolidylcatechol (7), N-trans-feruloyltyramine, E-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-2-[4-hydroxyphenylethyl]-2-propenamide, beta-amyrin, friedelin, apigenin 8-C-neohesperidoside, acacetin 6-C-beta-d-glucopyranoside, beta-sitosterol, its 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and its 3-O-beta-d-[6'-dodecanoyl]-glucopyranoside. Glycosidase inhibition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of these compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 98.07+/-0.44, 43.80+/-0.56 and 29.64+/-0.46, respectively. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, compounds 2, 3 and 6 showed potent inhibitory activity while compounds 4, 5 and 7 showed potent antifungal activity.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/química , Antifúngicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/química , Lactamas/química , Piper/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/farmacología , Lactamas/aislamiento & purificación , Lactamas/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Three new sesquiterpene lactones, (4betaH)-5alpha-hydroxy-8alpha-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-2-oxo-1(10),11(13)-guaiadien-12,6alpha-olide (1), (4betaH)-8alpha-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-2-oxo-1(5),10(14),11(13)-guaiatrien-12,6alpha-olide (2) and 2,5-epoxy-2beta-hydroxy-4alpha-methoxy-8alpha-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4(15),10(14),11(13)-germacratrien-12,6alpha-olide (3), have been isolated from roots and stems of Elephantopus mollis together with two known sesquiterpene lactones (4, 5). The identification of the isolates was accomplished by spectroscopic methods. Compounds (1-5) exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against mouse neuroblastoma B104 cells.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Asteraceae/química , Lactonas/aislamiento & purificación , Lactonas/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Animales , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Colorantes , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Neuroblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuroblastoma/patología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Rodaminas , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
Bioassay-guided fractionation, combined with screening based on EGF-responsive neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation assay, has been used to search for active molecules from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenosides Rg3 (1), Rk1 (2), and Rg5 (3) were identified as potential neurogenic molecules. The degrees of their neurogenic effects were found to be 3 > 2 > 1. The neurogenic effect of 3 represents a biphasic dose- and time-dependent regulation. Transient exposure of NSCs to 8 microM 3 for 24 h followed by 1 microM and 72 h incubation was the optimal procedure for the induction of neurons in NSCs, and compound 3 resulted in an approximately 3-fold increase in neurogenesis at the expense of astrogliogenesis. The neurogenic effect of 3 was completely eliminated by the Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine. These findings imply that 3 may be utilized as a pharmacological agent in studying the molecular regulation of neurogenesis of brain stem cells and, subsequently, for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Ginsenósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/farmacología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Panax notoginseng/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/farmacología , Tronco Encefálico/citología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Ginsenósidos/química , Glicósidos/química , Estructura Molecular , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/etiología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/terapia , Nifedipino/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
The synthesis of resveratrol fatty alcohols (RFAs), a new class of small molecules presenting strong potential for the treatment of neurological diseases, is described. RFAs, hybrid compounds combining the resveratrol nucleus and omega-alkanol side chains, are able to modulate neuroinflammation and to induce differentiation of neural stem cells into mature neurons. Acting on neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, RFAs represent an innovative approach for the treatment or cure of neuropathies.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Inflamación/patología , Sistema Nervioso/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Estilbenos/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular , Ratones , Sistema Nervioso/citología , ResveratrolRESUMEN
Activity-guided fractionation of root and leaf extracts from Elephantopus mollis led to the isolation of a new triterpene (1) and a new sesquiterpene lactone (2) together with five known sesquiterpene lactones (3-7). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined based on their spectroscopic data. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against neuroblastoma B104 cells. The sesquiterpene lactone-type compounds 2-7 were highly cytotoxic. Among these, compound (5) was the most cytotoxic and induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma B104 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. No significant difference was observed for cytotoxicity of compound 5 towards all 3 cell lines tested.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Asteraceae , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Lactonas/administración & dosificación , Lactonas/farmacología , Lactonas/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Neuroblastoma/patología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Sesquiterpenos/administración & dosificación , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/uso terapéutico , Triterpenos/administración & dosificación , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Following the promising activity of Q2FA15 on axonal growth, two new series of N/O-substituted QFAs were synthesized, based on a SN2-type reaction. O-alkylated QFA bearing 14 carbon atoms on the side chain (n=14) shows a very potent activity on axonal growth though lowered when compared to Q2FA15. While O-alkylation allows good retention of the biological activity, N-alkylation abolishes it nonetheless. A solid-phase-supported synthesis of Q2FA15 allowing the conception of new hybrid compounds is also described.
Asunto(s)
Axones/efectos de los fármacos , Alcoholes Grasos/síntesis química , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Hidroquinonas/síntesis química , Hidroquinonas/farmacología , Animales , Alcoholes Grasos/química , Hidroquinonas/química , RatonesRESUMEN
The synthesis of three series of quinol fatty alcohols (QFAs) and their biological activities on the promotion of axonal growth are described. Interestingly, the 15-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pentadecan-1-ol, the QFA bearing 15 carbon atoms on the side chain (n=15), shows the most potent promotion of axonal growth in the presence of both permissive and non-permissive naturally occurring substrates such as Sema3A and myelin proteins.
Asunto(s)
Axones/efectos de los fármacos , Hidroquinonas/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohols constitute a family of synthetic compounds with trophic, secretagogue and antioxidant properties. Despite their multiple biological actions in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, the intracellular mechanisms underlying CFA activity remain unknown. In the present study, we show that 3-(15-hydroxypentadecyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (tCFA15) directly mobilizes Ca(2+) in the pituitary neural lobe synaptosomes and in primary sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia. This effect is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), but does not involve transmembrane voltage-operated calcium channels. Using a combination of pharmacological agents that block or deplete intracellular Ca(2+) stores, our results suggest the implication of a calcium induced-calcium release mechanism evoked by tCFA15-induced Ca(2+) influx. To our knowledge, these findings constitute the first attempt towards the comprehension of the biological actions of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohols at a molecular level.
Asunto(s)
Calcio/metabolismo , Ciclohexanonas/farmacología , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Sinaptosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Animales , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Canales de Calcio/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Espacio Intracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Espacio Intracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Neuronas Aferentes/citología , Neuronas Aferentes/metabolismo , Nifedipino/farmacología , Serotonina/farmacología , Sinaptosomas/metabolismo , omega-Conotoxina GVIA/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Neural stem cells cultured as neurospheres were used to assess the effects of P. notoginseng on the production of neurons and glia. The crude saponins (PNS) and ginsenoside-Rd promote the differentiation of neurospheres into astrocytes. Ginsenoside-Rd increases the production of astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, both PNS and ginsenoside-Rd induce a weak but significant effect by decreasing the number of neurons. The other ginsenosides do not induce any differentiation on both neurons and astrocytes.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Neuronas/citología , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Astrocitos/citología , Células Cultivadas , Ratones , Panax/química , Células Madre/citologíaRESUMEN
The synthesis of a series of Tocopherol long chain Fatty Alcohols (TFA) and their biological activities on the modulation of microglial activation are described. Specifically, the 2-(12-hydroxy-dodecyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-6-ol, the TFA bearing 12 carbon atoms on the side chain (n=12), shows the most potent inhibition of secretion on nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , alfa-Tocoferol/química , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular , Alcoholes Grasos/síntesis química , Alcoholes Grasos/química , Radicales Libres/antagonistas & inhibidores , Radicales Libres/metabolismo , Ratones , Microglía/citología , Microglía/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , alfa-Tocoferol/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
In a search for inducers of neuronal differentiation to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, a series of indole fatty alcohols (IFAs) were prepared. 13c (n = 18) was able to promote the differentiation of neural stem cell derived neurospheres into neurons at a concentration of 10 nM. Analysis of the expression of the Notch pathway genes in neurospheres treated during the differentiation phase with 13c (n = 18) revealed a significant decrease in the transcription of the Notch 4 receptor.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholes/síntesis química , Alcoholes Grasos/síntesis química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/síntesis química , Indoles/síntesis química , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Alcoholes/química , Alcoholes/farmacología , Animales , Benzotiazoles , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Alcoholes Grasos/química , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Radicales Libres/química , Técnicas In Vitro , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/fisiología , Ratones , Neuronas/citología , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Receptor Notch1 , Receptor Notch2 , Receptor Notch4 , Receptores de Superficie Celular/biosíntesis , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Receptores Notch , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Células Madre/citología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ácidos Sulfónicos/química , Factores de Transcripción/biosíntesis , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
One of the reasons for the lack of nerve regeneration in the CNS is the formation of a glial scar over-expressing multiple inhibitory factors including myelin-associated proteins and members of the Semaphorin family. Innovative therapeutic strategies must stimulate axon extension across the lesion site despite this inhibitory molecular barrier. We recently developed a synthetic neurotrophic compound combining an omega-alkanol with a retinol-like cycle (3-(15-hydroxy-pentadecyl)-2,4,4,-trimethyl-cyclohexen-2-one (tCFA15)). Here, we demonstrate that tCFA15 is able to promote cortical axon outgrowth in vitro even in the presence of the inhibitory Semaphorin 3A and myelin extracts. This growth-promoting effect is selectively observed in axons and requires multiple growth-associated intracellular pathways. Our results illustrate the potential use of synthetic neurotrophic compounds to promote nerve regeneration by counteracting the axonal growth inhibition triggered by glial scar-associated inhibitory factors.
Asunto(s)
Axones/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclohexanonas/farmacología , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/farmacología , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/farmacología , Neuronas/citología , Semaforina-3A/farmacología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Axones/fisiología , Western Blotting/métodos , Recuento de Células/métodos , Células Cultivadas , Corteza Cerebral/citología , Ciclohexanonas/química , Dendritas/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Alcoholes Grasos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Ratones , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neuritas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuritas/fisiología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Semaforina-3A/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Oxysterols compose a large class of natural substances endowed in a number of cases with marked antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. The consequences of treatments combining 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7beta-OHC) or XG-142 (a galactose-linked hydrosoluble derivative of 7beta-OHC) with drugs used in cancer chemotherapy or gamma radiation has been evaluated upon a variety of tumor cell lines: Hep-G2, U937, K562 cells, its adriamycin-resistant variant K562 Adr+ and RDM4. Proliferation was assessed by the Uptiblue assay and the [3H]Thymidine incorporation test. Results indicated that 7beta-OHC increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to adriamycin, VP-16, 5-FU and bleomycin to various degrees. 7beta-OHC was found to reinforce the susceptibility of K562 adriamycin-resistant cells to this drug. In RDM4 cells, an enhanced radiosensitivity by 7beta-OHC was also obtained, whereas XG-142 was less efficient in provoking such an effect.