[The organization of pre-clinical studies of bactericidal and wound healing effects of the impulse photoherapy device "Zarya"].

The purpose of the study is to determine therapeutic effectiveness of the pulsed high intensity optical irradiation device "Zarya" exemplified by treatment of model wounds in laboratory animals and to compare with traditional methods of wound treatment. The prototype of "Zarya" device was used whose operating principle was based on pulsed irradiation of affected areas with high intensity optical radiation in continuous spectrum generated by pulsed xenon lamp. The therapeutic effect of the "Zarya" device was compared with effectiveness of the certified medical ultraviolet irradiator based on low-pressure mercury lamp and also with known wound-healing and antibacterial medication Levomekol ointment. The mature male rats of Wistar line were used in the study. The animals were distributed to 4 groups: group 1 was irradiated by "Zarya" device, group 2 was irradiated by low-pressure mercury lamp, group 3 was treated with Levomekol ointment and group 4 was exposed to no exposure. The linear wound was modeled according to the standard method under ether anesthesia. The therapeutic procedures were applied daily during 7 days. The bactericidal effect was studied on the basis of smears from wound onto flora on the 2nd, 5th and 7th day. On the 8th day the animals were subjected to euthanasia. It was established that "Zarya" device application permits to reduce considerably both duration of therapeutic procedures and therapy course in general and also to achieve more pronounced bactericidal effect. The obtained data is supposed to be used for development of program of clinical trials.

Effect of Chronic Administration of Obestatin and Its Fragment FNAP-NH2 on Behavioral Activity and Nociceptive Threshold in Rats with Normal and Excess Body Weight.

The effects of chronic intranasal administration of 300 nmol/kg obestatin and its fragment FNAP-NH2 on behavioral activity and nociceptive threshold were examined in male Wistar rats with normal body weight or alimentary obesity. In normal rats, obestatin produced no effect on behavior and nociception, whereas FNAP-NH2 fragment enhanced risk-taking behavior. Rats with excess body weight demonstrated less pronounced risk-taking behavior and elevated nociceptive threshold in comparison with normal animals, but these differences were abolished by chronic administration of FNAP-NH2.

Effect of spatial coherence of light on the photoregulation processes in cells.

The effect of the statistical properties of light on the value of the photoinduced reaction of the biological objects, which differ in the morphological and physiological characteristics, the optical properties, and the size of cells, was studied. The fruit of apple trees, the pollen of cherries, the microcuttings of blackberries in vitro, and the spores and the mycelium of fungi were irradiated by quasimonochromatic light fluxes with identical energy parameters but different values of coherence length and radius of correlation. In all cases, the greatest stimulation effect occurred when the cells completely fit in the volume of the coherence of the field, while both temporal and spatial coherence have a significant and mathematically certain impact on the physiological activity of cells. It was concluded that not only the spectral, but also the statistical (coherent) properties of the acting light play an important role in the photoregulation process.

Changes in Behavior and Blood Corticosterone Level in Male and Female Rats after Single Administration of Obestatin Fragment 1-4.

Single administration of the obestatin fragment 1-4 (300 nmol/kg) to male Wistar rats produced a significant weight loss in male rats on observation days 5-8, while in female rats only on day 8. In addition, males demonstrated decreased risk factor in the elevated plus-maze test, but no effect of the preparation on behavior of female rats was revealed. Obestatin fragment 1-4 had no effect on corticosterone level 1 week after single administration in both females and male rats.

Antioxidant Defense System after Single and Chronic Administration of Obestatin and Its Fragment (1-4) to Normal and Overweight Male Rats.

We studied the effects of anorectic peptide obestatin and its fragment (1-4) on the antioxidant defense system in animals with normal and experimentally induced increased body weight. In rats with normal body weight, no changes in activity of the antioxidant defense system 1 week after single administration of the substances. After chronic administration of obestatin and fragment (1-4) for 1 week, total antioxidant capacity of the plasma decreased; obestatin also lowered the content of TBA-reactive products. In the overweight rats, SOD-like activity in the plasma increased 1 week after chronic administration of obestatin. Hence, obestatin and its fragment (1-4) induced changes in the antioxidant defense system only after chronic administration.

Effect of anorexigenic peptide obestatin on platelet aggregation and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes.

We studied the effects of the anorexigenic peptide obestatin on the coagulation system and blood rheology (by the parameters of platelet aggregation and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes) in vitro and in vivo. Obestatin inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation in the entire dose range and reduced osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in all doses except 300 nmol/kg (obestatin in a dose of 300 nmol/kg had no effect on this parameter). Similar to the results of in vitro experiments, intranasal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous administration of obestatin in a dose of 300 nmol/kg inhibited platelet aggregation and had no effect on the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes.

Effects of GSM-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats.

Single exposure of white outbred rats to electromagnetic radiation with a frequency 905 MHz (GSM frequency) for 2 h increased anxiety, reduced locomotor, orientation, and exploration activities in females and orientation and exploration activities in males. Glucocorticoid levels and antioxidant system activity increased in both males and females. In addition to acute effects, delayed effects of radiation were observed in both males and females 1 day after the exposure. These results demonstrated significant effect of GSM-range radiation on the behavior and activity of stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems of the body.

[Transgenerational effects of prenatal stress of different etiology].

This paper considers the transgenerational effects of prenatal stress of different etiology. The impacts of stress factors on the biochemical and morphofunctional parameters of life of the mother, fetus, and offspring in the first and subsequent generations (F1-F4) are estimated. Particular attention is paid to assessing changes in the parameters of physical development, the state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, proinflammatory status, behavioral indicators, cognitive performance, and vegetative balance in the post-stress period. Contemporary concepts of possible mechanisms of transgenerational transmission of the effects of prenatal stress are considered.

[Transgenerational consequences of acute antenatal stress in pregnant rats].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia in early organogenesis on three following generations including pregnant females (FO) and two generations of their posterity (F1 and F2). Animals of all generations mentioned above demonstrated marked changes in motor and exploratory activity as well as in anxiety level while the litter of F1 and F2 generations showed also changes in learning ability. Besides, acute hypobaric hypoxia interfered in maternal behavior of females of the FO and F1 generations. The revealed changes kept till pubertal period. Possible mechanisms of gestational stress influence are discussed.

Comparative analysis of the effects of various stress factors at the stage of early organogenesis on heart rate variability in pregnant female rats and their offspring.

We studied changes in the autonomic balance of heart regulation (by the parameters of heart rate variability) in non-pregnant female rats and rats on the days 10-11 of pregnancy on the next day after stress provoked by acute hypobaric hypoxia, intermittent normobaric hypoxia, or immobilization. The same parameters were assessed in 36-day-old offspring. In non-pregnant rats, the intermittent hypoxia resulted in a shift of the autonomic balance of heart regulation towards activation of the parasympathetic nervous system; in pregnant females, immobilization led to a shift of the autonomic balance towards the sympathetic nervous system. In the offspring, the changes also depended on the type of stress.

[Postnatal behavioral consequences of antenatal intermittent hypoxia experienced during early organogenesis in mature rats].

This study analyses the spontaneous behavior and anxiety-phobic status of mature rats that were subjected to antenatal intermittent hypoxia during the early stages of organogenesis. Antenatal intermittent hypoxia caused a decrease of motor activity as well as an enhanced anxiety level in rats of both sexes, while males appeared to be more sensitive to hypoxic influence. The effects of single antenatal intermittent hypoxia were more expressed than those of double exposure.

[Influence of antenatal intermittent normobaric hypoxia during early organogenesis on the development of white rats].

The influence of antenatal intermittent normobaric hypoxia during early organogenesis (days 9-10 of intrauterine development) on the physical development, vegetative balance, and antioxidant defense system of 60-day-old rats was studied. Antenatal exposure to intermittent hypoxia resulted in the impaired physical development of all offspring during the early 15-day postnatal period and caused changes in the vegetative balance of heart regulation, which were differently directed in males and females. Moreover, females that survived antenatal hypoxia had a decreased superoxide dismutase activity in the brain, compared to that in the control rats.

Transgeneration effects of antenatal acute hypoxia during early organogenesis.

We studied the effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia in early organogenesis on physiological and behavioral parameters of second-generation albino rats. Antenatal acute hypoxia was followed by physical and sexual retardation, increase in the mortality rate, and behavioral changes in second-generation animals (hypoactivity of males and females on day 22 of life and hyperactivity of males on day 57 of life). Second-generation animals exhibited no gender differences in body weight and horizontal and vertical locomotor activity.

Effect of antenatal hypoxia on age-specific dynamics of ECG parameters and content of biogenic amines in the central nervous system.

We studied the effect of acute antenatal hypoxia during the stages of progestation and early organogenesis on some ECG parameters and level of biogenic amines in brain structures in rats. The effect of acute hypoxic exposure during the organogenesis period on the studied parameters was more pronounced than the effect of acute hypoxic exposure during the progestation period. The shift of the autonomic balance towards the sympathetic regulation of cardiac activity is linked with increased content of biogenic amines in the brain stem and cortical structures.

[Effect of prenatal hypoxia during organogenesis on albino rat behavior during postnatal period].

The survival rate, physical development, and spontaneous behavior has been evaluated in pups of albino rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia on the 9-10th day of gestation corresponding to the onset of organogenesis. Prenatal hypoxia increased the mortality among the offspring, delayed their physical development, and affected their spontaneous behavior up to the age of 2 months. The females exposed to intrauterine hypoxia proved to be more sensitive to hypoxia than males.

[Comparative investigation of the delayed effects of prenatal hypoxia in the period of progestation and organogenesis].

The aim of the present study was to compare the survival, physical development and spontaneous behavior of rat pups born from white rats subjected to acute hypobaric hypoxia on the 3rd-5th days of gestation (progestation) period or on the 9-10th day of gestation (period of early organogenesis). It was shown that the delayed effects of progestation hypoxia were less expressed than those following acute hypoxia modeled in the early organogenesis. In latter case, hypoxia led to the increased mortality among rat pups of both sexes while hypoxia-induced delay in physical development and changes in spontaneous behavior and anxiety level were registered up to the 57th day of postnatal period.

Effect of hypoxia during early organogenesis on cardiac activity and noradrenergic regulation in the postnatal period.

Cardiac activity in rats during the postnatal period was studied in vitro and in vivo after exposure of rat pups to antenatal acute hypobaric hypoxia at the stage of organogenesis (day 9-10 of gestation). Cultured cardiomyocytes from rat pups exposed to antenatal hypoxia were characterized by increased rate of contractions and decreased reactivity to norepinephrine. Heart rate elevation, predominance of sympathetic influences on cardiac activity, and significant increase in norepinephrine concentration in the cerebral cortex were found in freely moving animals exposed to antenatal hypoxia. Our results indicate that hypoxia at the stage of organogenesis modulated cardiac activity during the postnatal period, which manifested at the level of effector structures in the heart and activity of regulatory systems.

Acute hypoxia during organogenesis affects cardiac autonomic balance in pregnant rats.

Changes in ECG parameters were studied in pregnant rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 9 to 10). Rats with low, medium, and high tolerance to hypoxia exhibited pronounced autonomic nervous system imbalance, which become apparent as a loss of correlation between various parameters of ECG signals recorded at rest and during exposure to some stress factors existing under normal conditions.