Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in brewing barley grains from Brazil.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop for food and represents one of the main ingredients in beer production. Considering the importance of barley and its derived products, the knowledge about the mycotoxin contamination in the barley production is essential in order to assess its safety. In this study, the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in brewing barley were determined using a LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted in 2015 to estimate the mycotoxin levels in these products (n = 76) from four crop regions in Brazil. The results showed high levels of DON and ZEN in the analyzed samples, with contamination levels of 94 and 73.6%, respectively. The mean levels of DON and ZEN ranged from 1700 to 7500 µg/kg and from 300 to 630 µg/kg, respectively. Barley samples from regions 1 and 2 presented higher levels of ZEN and DON, respectively, and those from region 4 presented lower levels of both. Co-occurrence of DON and ZEN was seen in the majority of the barley grain samples, and the mycotoxin content was above the maximum levels established by the Brazilian and European regulations.

[Bimanual antalgic maneuver on the parturient conditioned with hypnosis: delivery without medical assistance]. / La manovra antalgica bimanuale su partoriente condizionata con l'ipnosi: "partorire da sola"

A personal bimanual antalgic manipulation on hypnotized parturient is proposed as a normal method of delivery assistance since it is quicker and takes less emotionally out of the physician than "delivery under hypnosis". The question of "childbirth without medical assistance" is also discussed, reference being made to an exceptional case of post-hypnotic control. This compared to all those cases of patients who deliver without the preparatory hypnotist being present.