¿Han influido el algoritmo de prescripción de la Administración y las guías de manejo de la dislipemia de la ACC/AHA 2013 en el manejo de la dislipemia? Proyecto MEJORA-LO CV / Have the Government's prescription algorithm and the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for managing dyslipidaemia influenced the management of dyslipidaemia? The MEJORALO-CV Project

OBJETIVO: Conocer el manejo de la dislipemia en atención primaria tras la publicación de la Guía de la American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) del año 2013 y el algoritmo de la Administración. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal descriptivo con encuesta a médicos de atención primaria de la Comunidad Valenciana entre enero y octubre de 2016. RESULTADOS: Participaron 199 facultativos con una media (desviación típica) de 48,9 (11) años de edad y 21,3 (11,1) años de experiencia. Las guías más seguidas eran las de la European Society of Cardiology (37,5%) y las de la Administración (23,4%). El 6,3% seguía la de la ACC/AHA 2013. El 88% establecía objetivos según colesterol LDL y riesgo cardiovascular. La elección del hipolipemiante estaba basada en su capacidad reductora de colesterol LDL (28,6%), algoritmo de la Administración (23,4%) y seguridad (20,4%). Estatinas, ezetimiba y fibratos eran los hipolipemiantes preferidos, y la combinación (51%) e incremento de dosis (35%) las estrategias en ausencia de control. Se determinaba perfil lipídico, transaminasas y creatincinasa cada 6 (59,5; 52,3 y 54,3%, respectivamente) o 12 meses (25,1; 29,2 y 30,3%, respectivamente). Un 41% era conocedor de la polémica con la Guía ACC/AHA 2013, y aunque un 60% reconocía su relevancia, solo un 21% modificó su quehacer diario por ella. CONCLUSIONES: El algoritmo de la Administración tuvo mayor impacto que la Guía ACC/AHA 2013 en atención primaria. Campos de mejora fueron el bajo uso de guías y tablas de riesgo validadas, y racionalización de la periodicidad de las analíticas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the management of dyslipidaemia in primary care after the publication of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 guidelines and Valencian government's algorithm. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed a survey of primary care physicians of the Community of Valencia between January and October 2016. RESULTS: A total of 199 physicians (mean age, 48.9±11.0 years; experience, 21.3±11.1 years) participated in the survey. The most followed guidelines were those of the European Society of Cardiology (37.5% of respondents) and Valencian government (23.4% of respondents). Some 6.3% of the respondents followed the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines, and 88.0% established objectives based on LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The choice of lipid-lowering drug was based on its LDL cholesterol lowering capacity (28.6% of respondents), on the Valencian government's algorithm (23.4%) and on the drug's safety (20.4%). Statins, ezetimibe and fibrates were the preferred hypolipemiant agents, and their combination (51% of respondents) and dosage increases (35%) were the strategies employed for poor control. Lipid profile and transaminase and creatine kinase levels were measured every 6 (59.5%, 52.3% and 54.3% of respondents, respectively) or 12 months (25.1%, 29.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Forty-one percent of the respondents were aware of the controversy surrounding the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Although 60% of the respondents acknowledged its relevance, only 21% changed their daily practices accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The Valencian government's algorithm had a greater impact than the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines in primary care in Valencia. Areas for improvement included the low use of validated guidelines and risk tables and the streamlining of laboratory test periodicity

Utilidad pronóstica del electrocardiograma en pacientes hipertensos mayores de 65 años. Estudio FAPRES / rognostic utility of electrocardiograms in patients with hypertension older than 65 years. The PAFRES study

Objetivo: La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es el marcador de daño de órgano diana más frecuente en la hipertensión arterial. Habitualmente se realiza un ECG para su identificación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad pronóstica de otras alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes hipertensos, más allá de la hipertrofia ventricular. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 1.003 pacientes hipertensos mayores de65años. Se recogieron factores de riesgo, historia cardiovascular previa y tratamiento médico. Se analizaron diferentes alteraciones electrocardiográficas, incluyendo índice de Sokolow-Lyon, índice de Cornell, presencia de sobrecarga ventricular y bloqueos de rama, entre otros. Se llevó a cabo un seguimiento de 2años con recogida de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (mortalidad, infarto de miocardio, accidentes cerebrovascular o ingreso por insuficiencia cardiaca). Resultados: La edad media de la población era de 72,9+/-5,8años, con un 47,5% de varones. Durante el seguimiento el 13,9% sufrieron un evento cardiovascular mayor. Estos pacientes eran de mayor edad, más fumadores y practicaban menos ejercicio físico, sin presentar diferencias en el tratamiento antihipertensivo empleado ni en el control tensional. El patrón de sobrecarga ventricular (HR: 1,93; IC95%: 1,160-3,196; p=0,011) y el bloqueo completo de rama izquierda (HR: 2,27; IC95%: 1,040-4,956; p=0,040) se comportaron como factores electrocardiográficos predictores independientes de eventos cardiovasculares mayores, no así la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda por Sokolow y/o Cornell. Conclusiones: En pacientes hipertensos, la existencia en el ECG basal de un bloqueo completo de rama izquierda o un patrón de sobrecarga ventricular identifica a una población de mayor riesgo cardiovascular

Objective: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common marker of target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Electrocardiograms are typically performed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic utility of other electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension, beyond ventricular hypertrophy. Materials and methods: The study included 1003 patients older than 65years with arterial hypertension. We recorded risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and medical treatment and analysed various electrocardiographic abnormalities including the Sokolow-Lyon index, the Cornell index, ventricular overload and branch blocks. The study conducted a 2-year follow-up, recording the major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure). Results: The study population's mean age was 72.9+/-5.8years, 47.5% of whom were men. During the follow-up, 13.9% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. These patients were older, more often smokers and engaged in less physical exercise, without presenting differences in the antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure control. The ventricular overload pattern (HR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.160-3.196; P=.011) and the complete left bundle branch block (HR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.040-4.956; P=.040) behaved as independent electrocardiographic predictors of major cardiovascular events; however, left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow and/or Cornell index did not behave as such. Conclusions: For patients with hypertension, the presence in the baseline electrocardiogram of complete left bundle branch block or a pattern of ventricular overload identifies a population at increased cardiovascular risk

Prognostic utility of electrocardiograms in patients with hypertension older than 65 years. The PAFRES study. / Utilidad pronóstica del electrocardiograma en pacientes hipertensos mayores de 65 años. Estudio FAPRES.

OBJECTIVE: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common marker of target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Electrocardiograms are typically performed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic utility of other electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension, beyond ventricular hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 1003 patients older than 65years with arterial hypertension. We recorded risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and medical treatment and analysed various electrocardiographic abnormalities including the Sokolow-Lyon index, the Cornell index, ventricular overload and branch blocks. The study conducted a 2-year follow-up, recording the major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure). RESULTS: The study population's mean age was 72.9±5.8years, 47.5% of whom were men. During the follow-up, 13.9% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. These patients were older, more often smokers and engaged in less physical exercise, without presenting differences in the antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure control. The ventricular overload pattern (HR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.160-3.196; P=.011) and the complete left bundle branch block (HR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.040-4.956; P=.040) behaved as independent electrocardiographic predictors of major cardiovascular events; however, left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow and/or Cornell index did not behave as such. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with hypertension, the presence in the baseline electrocardiogram of complete left bundle branch block or a pattern of ventricular overload identifies a population at increased cardiovascular risk.

Have the Government's prescription algorithm and the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for managing dyslipidaemia influenced the management of dyslipidaemia? The MEJORALO-CV Project. / ¿Han influido el algoritmo de prescripción de la Administración y las guías de manejo de la dislipemia de la ACC/AHA 2013 en el manejo de la dislipemia? Proyecto MEJORA-LO CV.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the management of dyslipidaemia in primary care after the publication of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 guidelines and Valencian government's algorithm. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed a survey of primary care physicians of the Community of Valencia between January and October 2016. RESULTS: A total of 199 physicians (mean age, 48.9±11.0 years; experience, 21.3±11.1 years) participated in the survey. The most followed guidelines were those of the European Society of Cardiology (37.5% of respondents) and Valencian government (23.4% of respondents). Some 6.3% of the respondents followed the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines, and 88.0% established objectives based on LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The choice of lipid-lowering drug was based on its LDL cholesterol lowering capacity (28.6% of respondents), on the Valencian government's algorithm (23.4%) and on the drug's safety (20.4%). Statins, ezetimibe and fibrates were the preferred hypolipemiant agents, and their combination (51% of respondents) and dosage increases (35%) were the strategies employed for poor control. Lipid profile and transaminase and creatine kinase levels were measured every 6 (59.5%, 52.3% and 54.3% of respondents, respectively) or 12 months (25.1%, 29.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Forty-one percent of the respondents were aware of the controversy surrounding the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Although 60% of the respondents acknowledged its relevance, only 21% changed their daily practices accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The Valencian government's algorithm had a greater impact than the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines in primary care in Valencia. Areas for improvement included the low use of validated guidelines and risk tables and the streamlining of laboratory test periodicity.

Additive value of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease in the risk stratification of patients admitted after an acute coronary syndrome: a subanalysis of the PAMISCA Study.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing interest in the use of non-invasive methods for the detection of subclinical atherosclerosis to better identify patients with high risk of cardiovascular events The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with increased risk of events but their value in the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patient has not been ascertained. METHODS: We performed a subanalysis of the PAMISCA study, designed to investigate the prevalence of PAD in patients admitted to Spanish hospitals with a diagnosis of an ACS. RESULTS: A total of 1410 patients were analysed (71.4% men, age 66 +/- 11.9 years, 35% DM). The prevalence of PAD was higher in DM vs. no-DM (41.5% vs. 30.6% respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with PAD and DM had more in-hospital cardiac complications such as atrial fibrillation/flutter, recurrent myocardial ischaemia and heart failure and a trend towards higher in-hospital mortality (p = 0.08). Non-DM patients with PAD and DM without PAD shared similar cardiac complications and the group without neither PAD nor DM had the best prognosis. In patients without PAD, DM was an independent predictor of three-vessel coronary disease (OR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.5, p < 0.05) after adjustment by age, sex, low density lipoproteins (LDL), smoking and the previous myocardial infarction. However, in PAD patients, DM failed to be an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.6-1.6, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The concurrence of DM and PAD helps identify patients with an adverse risk profile.

Control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en el paciente hipertenso con disfunción cardíaca: Atención Primaria frente a Especializada / Cardiovascular risk factors control in hypertensive patients with cardiac dysfunction: Primary or Specialized Care

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el grado de control tensional y de los diferentes factores de riesgo cardiovascular en el paciente hipertenso con disfunción cardíaca en función del ámbito asistencial, sea Atención Primaria o Especializada, en España. Material y métodos. Se han reclutado de manera consecutiva 3.984 pacientes hipertensos con disfunción cardíaca (23,2 % desde Atención Primaria). Se han recogido parámetros demográficos y antropométricos, antecedentes cardiovasculares, factores de riesgo, presión arterial, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma, datos analíticos y tratamiento. Resultados. Los pacientes reclutados desde Atención Primaria tenían una significativa mayor edad (71,46 frente a 68,51 años; p < 0,0001), así como un mayor índice de masa corporal (29,78 frente a 29,46 kg/m2; p < 0,05). En el análisis multivariante se observó un manejo terapéutico diferente entre ambas poblaciones, con un mayor empleo de betabloqueantes, antagonistas del calcio e inhibidores del eje renina-angiotensina en Atención Especializada. En ésta se observó una significativa mayor proporción de pacientes con colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dl, triglicéridos > 150 mg/dl, glucemias elevadas y microalbuminuria. No hubo diferencias en el control de las cifras de presión arterial, con un alto porcentaje de pacientes con valores > 130/80 mmHg (83,7 % en Atención Primaria frente a 85,9 % en Atención Especializada). Conclusiones. El manejo terapéutico del paciente hipertenso con disfunción cardíaca es diferente según el ámbito asistencial analizado. El control de las cifras de presión arterial y sobrepeso en esta población es subóptimo en ambos entornos

Introduction. This study aims to evaluate the degree of blood pressure (BP) and the control of different cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients with cardiac dysfunction, according to the type of health care setting in Spain: Primary or Specialized Care. Material and methods. A total of 3,984 hypertensive patients with cardiac dysfunction were recruited consecutively (23.2 % from Primary Care). Demographic and anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular events, risk factors, BP, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, laboratory analysis data and treatment were collected. Results. Patients from Primary Care were significantly older (71.46 vs 68.51 years; p < 0.0001), and had higher body mass index (29.78 vs 29.46 kg/m2; p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed differences between both groups regarding therapeutic management: beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin inhibitors were used more in specialized care vs. Primary Care setting. Patients recruited from specialized care settings showed significantly higher proportion of plasma HDL-cholesterol level < 40 mg/dl, plasma triglyceride level > 150 mg/dl, hyperglycemia and microalbuminuria. There were no differences in BP control between groups, with a very high percentage of patients with values of BP > 130/80 mmHg (83.7 % in Primary Care versus 85.9 % in Specialized Care). Conclusion. Therapeutic management of hypertensive patients with cardiac dysfunction differs according to the health-care setting analyzed. In this population analyzed, both BP and overweight control is suboptimal in both groups

Alteración electrocardiográfica en paciente con infección respiratoria / EKG changes in a patient with respiratory infection

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Fibrilación auricular de reciente comienzo / Recent beginning atrial fibrillation

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Efectos de la trimetazidina en la angina microvascular de origen hipertensivo / Effects of trimetazidine on hypertension's microvascular angina

La trimetazidina es un fármaco con propiedades antiisquémicas que protege el miocardio del daño isquémico a través de la preservación del metabolismo oxidativo mitocondrial, sin ejercer ninguna acción hemodinámica. Dicho fármaco ha demostrado disminuir las crisis de angina y mejorar la tolerancia al esfuerzo en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. Presentamos el efecto de dicho fármaco sobre la sintomatología anginosa de una paciente hipertensa diagnosticada de angina microvascular (AU)

¿Es eficaz la trimetazidina en el aturdimiento miocárdico? Estudio experimental en un modelo canino / Is trimetazidine effective in myocardial stunning? An experimental study in dogs

Objetivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la acción de la trimetazidina (TMZ), un fármaco antiisquémico, en el deterioro de la función sistólica que se produce en el miocardio sometido a isquemias breves y repetidas. Métodos. Se han analizado 12 perros mestizos de ambos sexos, randomizados a tratamiento con TMZ durante 7 días (grupo TMZ) o a tratamiento con placebo (grupo control). Se ha realizado un protocolo isquémico consistente en 20 obstrucciones completas de la arteria coronaria descendente anterior de 2 minutos de duración y separadas de 3 minutos de reperfusión entre ellas. Las variables analizadas al final de cada período de oclusión y reperfusión han sido: frecuencia cardíaca (FC), presión ventricular izquierda (PVI), dP/dt y las curvas de función regional de la zona isquémica y de una zona testigo (longitud telediastólica, telesistólica y fracción de acortamiento). Resultados. El grupo placebo está formado por 6 perros, con un peso medio de 30,08 kg; el grupo TMZ está constituido por 6 perros, con un peso medio de 24,25 kg. Los parámetros hemodinámicos (FC, PVI y dP/dt) no presentan diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, con poca variabilidad de sus valores respecto a los basales en los diferentes procesos de isquemia/reperfusión. La fracción de acortamiento de la zona isquémica experimenta una caída, estadísticamente significativa, durante las sucesivas fases de isquemia en ambas series, alcanzando valores de acinesia/discinesia, con recuperación parcial durante las reperfusiones en el grupo placebo (aturdimiento), mientras que en la serie TMZ la recuperación es completa (64 por ciento frente 94 por ciento).Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio indica que la TMZ mejora la recuperación de la contractilidad miocárdica afectada por isquemias/reperfusiones breves y repetidas, limitando la aparición de miocardio aturdido (AU)

[A right aorto-atrial fistula as a complication of early prosthetic endocarditis]. / Fístula aorta-aurícula derecha como complicación de endocarditis protésica precoz.

Early infectious endocarditis occurs in 3% of prostheses in the first 12 months after valvular surgery and is more aggressive than late prosthetic endocarditis. Mortality remains high, especially in early cases, despite combined medical and surgical treatment. Clinical manifestations of early cases are due to both bacteremia and prosthetic malfunction, and is mainly caused by staphylococci. We present a case report of early prosthetic endocarditis in aortic prostheses complicated with severe aortic regurgitation and right atria-aortic root fistula with auriculoventricular and intraventricular disturbance in electrocardiogram.

[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis)]. / Enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto (linfadenitis necrotizante histiocitaria.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis) is a benign, self-limited disease of unknown cause that often presents with persistently enlarged cervical lymph nodes that are unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. The disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopaty: viral infection, tuberculosis, hyperplastic lymphadenopathy, and metastatic disease. It can be confused histologically with malignant lymphoma.