[Lactase deficiency in children of the first year of life]. / Laktaznaia nedostatochnost' u detei pervogo goda zhizni.

In the article the new aspects of development of lactose malabsorbtion at children of the first year of life are resulted. The oligosaccharides and glycosydases of female milk have the certain importance in development of this pathology.

[Medical and biological assessment of genetically modified corn line MON 810 resistant to European corn borer and line GA 21 resistant to glyphosate: a chemical study]. / Mediko-biologicheskaia otsenka geneticheski modifitsirovannoi kukuruzy linii MON 810, ustoichivoi k steblevomu motyl'ku, i linii GA 21, ustoichivoi k glifosatu: khimicheskii sostav.

Chemical analysis of genetically modified corns MON 810 resistance to European corn borer and GA 21 tolerance to glyphosphate was performed. Results of these studies showed that there is no difference between genetically modified and conventional corn products.

[Effect of fructose-containing beverages on glycemic parameters in patients with type II diabetes mellitus]. / Vliianie fruktozosoderzhashchikh napitkov na pokazateli glikemii u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom II tipa.

The dynamics of glycemia after meal in 21 patients with type II diabetes under the influence of drinks with fructose or sugar and enriched with soluble fibres was investigated. To estimate glycemia after meal in first stage of investigation the test-meals with 50 g carbohydrates (cocktails of juices "Multivitamin" with fructose and sugar, or bread) were used. In second stage, carbohydrates "Peach nectar with fructose" and cocktail of juices "Multivitamin with fructose" were used. The level of glucose in capillary blood was defined after 14-h fasting and 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after every test-meal. "Peach nectar with fructose" enriched with fructose and soluble food fibres (pectin) caused glycemic response in a less degree.

[The status of the Moscow pathoanatomical service and the outlook for its improvement]. / Sostoianie moskovskoi patologoanatomicheskoi sluzhby i perspektivy ee sovershenstvovaniia.

The paper concerns the problems facing pathologic anatomy service in Moscow. It is stated that the service needs reorganization. The advances in methodology, staffing, continued training, salary system, connections with other services should be accomplished.

[Lactose digestion and absorption in the jejunum of man: studies using the regional perfusion method]. / Perevarivanie i vsasyvanie laktozy v toshchei kishke cheloveka, izuchennye s pomoshch'iu metoda regional'noi perfuzii.

Continuous jejunal perfusion with 0.1, 1 and 10% lactose solutions was made in 9 patients with good milk tolerance and 25 patients with secondary hypolactasia. In normal tolerance lactose is assimilated in amounts of 30-60% along the 30 cm of the jejunal length. Hypolactasia results in inhibited hydrolysis and absorption of lactose whose activity rapidly diminishes. The phenomenon of substrate lactose induction is demonstrated available both in normal and hypolactasia conditions. In stepwise introduction of lactose in the intestine the tolerance to milk sugar noticeably rises. This fact should be allowed for when conducting enteral feeding.

[Effects of sodium oxybutyrate on the level of catecholamines and serotonin and monoamine oxidase activity in patients with alcoholism]. / Vliianie natriia oksibutirata na urovni katekholaminov, serotonina i aktivnost' monoaminoksidazy u bol'nykh alkogolizmom.

Sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (Na-GHB) was administered to 37 drug-free alcoholic men in placebo controlled study. The psychotropic effect was evaluated using psychometric scale of 4 ranges. Changes in plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and platelet MAO-B activity were assessed. The psychotropic effect was observed in 27 (76%) patients. The baseline of dopamine concentration was significantly correlated with the expression of psychotropic effect. Na-GHB decreased dopamine concentration in responders. The possible involvement of dopaminergic system in the realization of psychotropic effect of Na-GHB was discussed.

[Changes in lipid metabolism and renewal of sialic acids in the composition of glycoproteins of adipose tissue during carbohydrate loading]. / Izmenenie lipidnogo obmena i obnovleniia sialovykh kislot v sostave glikoproteinov zhirovoi tkani pri uglevodnoi nagruzke.

With an increase in content of sugar in a diet from 10% to 50% of the caloric value the rate of synthesis and accumulation of lipids were increased in perinephric adipose tissue of rats exhibiting the maximal values at 30% content of sugar in rations. Under these conditions content of insulin was decreased in blood and half-life of sialic acids was decreased in glycoproteins of adipose tissue. Interrelationship between sensitivity of the adipose tissue receptors to insulin and the half-life of sialic acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic acids appears to be of importance for accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue under conditions of sugar loading.

[Effect of fructose on the hexosamine turnover in the rat crystalline lens]. / Vliianie fruktozy na obnovlenie geksozaminov khrustalika krys.

Rats were given isocaloric rations containing starch (control) and varying amounts of fructose as carbohydrates. Hexosamines were isolated from the lens, glycoproteins--from the blood serum, and their turnover was studied. A drastic deceleration of hexosamine turnover in the lens was observed at high-fructose diets (20 and 40% of fuel value), while glycoprotein turnover in the blood plasma was not changed as compared to the control, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells was decreased, insulin level was lowered, and glucose level in the blood serum rose insignificantly. It has been suggested that fructose may be cataractogenic in animals.

[Turnover of hexosamines in the lens and glycoproteins in the blood of rats given a xylose-containing diet]. / Obnovlenie geksozaminov khrustalika i glikoproteinov krovi krys pri vkliuchenii v ratsion ksilozy.

To elucidate the action of xylose admixtures during the biotechnological production of monosaccharides, rats were given rations containing xylose that comprised 2.10 and 20% of the total amount of carbohydrates. Hexosamines of the lens and general blood globulin fraction were isolated and their turnover was investigated. The activity of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the content of reduced and oxidized glutathione were assayed in the eyes and red blood cells. The content of xylose was determined in the plasma, eyes and red blood cells. Xylose inclusion into the ration of rats induced a pronounced increase in the half-life of hexosamines in the lens. The general blood globulin fraction turnover was unchanged. The activity of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the amount of total and reduced glutathione in red blood cells were decreased. Xylose content in the eyes and red blood cells was unchanged, while in the plasma it rose proportionally to the increase of its amount in the ration.

[Phospholipid turnover of the liver subcellular fractions in rats receiving diets with a varying protein content]. / Obnovlenie fosfolipidov subkletochnykh fraktsii pecheni krys, poluchavshikh ratsiony s razlichnym soderzhaniem belka.

Turnover of liver mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids was studied in rats kept on isocaloric diets containing 4.5, 6, 9, 18% protein (controls) and 36%. Turnover rate and half-life period of mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids were determined from degradation of membrane fractions of phospholipids labeled with 14C-palmitic acid. Increase or decrease of protein level in the diet resulted in reduced turnover rate of mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids and their prolonged half-life period in the membranes. Changed life span of phospholipid molecules during feeding the diets imbalanced with respect to proteins may be considered as adaptation reaction to alimentary exposures on the cellular level, this reaction being aimed at preservation of the optimum structure of subcellular membranes. Earlier findings on reduced half-life period of membrane proteins during low-protein (4.5%) and high-protein (36%) diets and the present data allow a conclusion on the independent nature of the mechanisms of degradation of subcellular membrane lipid and protein components.

[Turnover of the amino sugars of erythrocyte and thrombocyte glycoproteins in rats maintained on different carbohydrate diets]. / Obnovlenie aminosakharov glikoproteidov éritrotsitov i trombotsitov krys, soderzhavshikhsia na razlichnykh uglevodnykh ratsionakh.

The turnover of erythrocyte and platelet glycoprotein amino sugars in rats fed carbohydrates has been studied. Partial replacement of starch by sucrose results in an almost 3-fold increase in the half-life of erythrocyte glycoprotein amino sugars and in a 2-fold increase in that of platelets as early as 14 days after keeping the animals on carbohydrates. It is concluded that study of dynamic parameters of cell amino sugars can be used for evaluation of the role played by food in metabolic and adaptive reactions both in experimental animals and man.

[Phospholipid turnover of hepatic subcellular membranes in rats receiving diets with different fat content]. / Obnovlenie fosfolipidov subkletochnykh membran pecheni krys, poluchavshikh ratsiony s razlichnym soderzhaniem zhirov.

The renewal (turnover) of rat liver mitochondrial an microsomal phospholipids was studied by the pulse-labeled method. As the fat content in the diet was raised (to 9, 26 and 62%), the renewal of mitochondrial phospholipids increased. In the microsomes, the renewal of phospholipids exceeded the control fed both low-fatty and high-fatty diets. The feeding of rats with the low-fatty diet had a substantial effect on the half-life of mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids, while the half-life of phospholipids labeled in the polar part with 14C-glycerin reduced and that of phospholipids labeled in the fatty acid part by 3H-palmitate considerably rose. It is assumed that under the conditions of inadequate supply of fatty acids with food, the reutilization of fatty acids formed during degradation of membranous phospholipids is activated. As the times of the feeding with experimental diets were raised (up to 60 days), the turnover of membranous phospholipids did not differ significantly from the data obtained in experiments carried out for 30 days. The exception to the rule was the half-life of acyl chains of mitochondrial phospholipids that continued increasing dramatically under 60 days of the low-fatty diet.

[Protein turnover of subcellular rat liver fractions in a varying protein supply of the body]. / Obnovlenie belkov subkletochnykh fraktsii pecheni krys pri razlichnom snabzhenii organizma belkom.

Experiments on rats were made to study turnover and the content of total proteins of rat liver subcellular fractions under isocaloric diets with different amounts of protein. As a result of receiving low-protein diets (9 and particularly 4.5% as regards protein), the half-life of 14 C-lysine decreases apart from a certain reduction in the protein content in all the fractions. Upon unchanged protein content in respect of the control (18% protein), high-protein diet also leads to the half-life diminution. An increase in protein turnover by 4.5% as regards protein in the diet correlates with overall and specific activities of cytochromooxidase in the inner membranes of mitochondria.

[Effect of protein on the induction and renewal of a cytochrome P-450 complex in the rat liver]. / Vliianie belka na induktsiiu i obnovlenie kompleksa tsitokhroma P450 pecheni krys.

It was disclosed that the effect on the content of cytochrome P450 and renewal of the protein portion of the cytochrome P450 complex in rat liver microsomes is determined by the protein amount in the diet. Protein deficiency in the diet leads to the reduced rate of protein fraction renewal in the cytochrome P450 complex. The degree of cytochrome P450 induction with phenobarbital was found to be dependent on the diet. In the animals fed low-protein diet (4.5%), the degree of cytochrome P450 induction was decreased which was likely to be a consequence of the increased semi-renewal period.